A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

[In general, italics are shown with _lines_, and boldface with #marks#. The # symbol occurs in its own right in the section on prosody and versification, but there should be no...

Definitions and Classifications, 1714-1716. Primary and Secondary Tenses, 1717. Virtual Futures, 1718. Mood of the Subordinate Sentence, 1720-1731. The Indicative, 1721. The Sub...

#au# sounded like _ou_ in _house_. #ae# had the sound of short Latin #a# rapidly combined with the sound of _e_ in English _men_. But it is the common practice now to give to #a...

101. CHANGE OF #eu#. Primitive (48) #eu# appears in classical Latin only in the interjections #eu#, #heu#, #ē̆heu#, #heus#. Every other original #eu# had, even in old Latin, pas...

(4.) It may be mentioned here that #rēī# is said to occur in verse 6 times (Plaut. G. 2, Lucr. G. 2, D. 2); #reī# 9 times (Plaut. G. 2, Ter. G. 4, D. 1, Juv. G. 1, Sulp. Apoll....

(2.) An unvoiced mute before a voiced consonant became voiced. The prepositions #ob#, #ab#, #sub#, for #*op#, #*ap#, #*sup#, owe their final #b# to their frequent position befor...

191. Verbs in #-ēre#, and those in #-āre# and #-īre# in which the #ā# or #ī# is confined to the present system (868, 874) usually have parallel nouns formed directly from a root...

245. #-bulo-#, N. #-bulu-m# (202): #pā-bulo-#, N. #pā-bulu-m#, _fodder_ (√#pā-#, _keep_); #vēnā-bulu-m#, _hunting-spear_ (#vēnā-rī#); #pat-ibulu-m#, _pillory_ (√#pat-#, _stretch...

313. #-ā-li-#, N. #-ā-li-s#: #rēg-āli-#, N. #rēg-āli-s#, _kingly_ (#rēg-#); #decemvir-āli-s#, _of a decemvir_ (#decemviro-#); #fāt-āli-s#, _fated_ (#fāto-#); #t-āli-s#, _such_ (...

377. A DIRECT COMPOUND is one formed directly from two parts: as, #con-iug-#, N. #coniūnx#, _yoke-fellow_ (#com-#, _together_, √#iug-#, _yoke_); #con-iungere#, _join together_ (...

G. #-ai#, which may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in pronunciation: PVLCHRAI; LAVERNAI; #-āēs#, after 80 B.C., chiefly in proper names, mostly Greek: HERAES; rarely in appellati...

#-ebs#, #-ibis# #caelebs#, _unmarried_, adjective, the only stem in #-b-#. #----#, #-apis# #dapis#, G., F., _feast_, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430). #-eps#, #-ipis# #ad...

+--------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------+ |Examples| sedīle, _seat_, | mare, _sea_, | Stem and | | Stems | sedīli-, Ne. | mari-, Ne. | case endings| +-...

580. Four in #-s# preceded by a consonant are masculine: #dēns#, _tooth_, #fōns#, _fountain_, #pōns#, _bridge_, #mōns#, _mountain_; also factors of twelve: #sextāns#, _one sixth...

+--------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+ | Example| M. F. and Ne. audāx, | M. F. Ne. regēns, _ruling_, | | | _bold_, | | | Stems | audāc(i)- | regent(i...

#quisquam#, #quicquam# or #quidquam#, _anybody at all_, _anything at all_, generally a substantive, less frequently an adjective, _any at all_. There is no distinctive feminine...

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. | | sum esse (fuī) ---- | +-------...

771. #comedō#, _eat up_, has also the following root forms: #comēs#, #comēst#, #comēstis#; #comēstō#; #comēsse#; #comēssēs#, #comēsset#, #comēssēmus#. The present subjunctive ha...

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | regor, _I am ru...

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | laudor, | laudā...

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. | | audiō audīre audīvī audītus |...

+---------+----------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | regendus sum, | regendī sumus, | | | es, | estis, | | | est | s...

856. The first person of the perfect ends in #-ī#, sometimes written #ei# (29, 2). #-t#, #-stī#, sometimes written #-stei# (29, 2), #-stis#, and #-mus# are preceded by short #i#...

919. As #citus#, so always #percitus# and #incitus# (once #incītus#, doubtful); usually #concitus#, rarely #concītus#; #excitus# and #excītus# equally common; always #accītus#....

ab-olēscō, _vanish away_ ab-olēscere ab-olēvī ---- ad-olēscō, _grow up_ ad-olēscere ad-olēvī ad-ultus con-cupīscō, _hanker for_ con-cupīscere con-cupīvī con-cupītus -dormīscō, _...

Perfect participle also #misertus# (Val. Max., Sen., Curt.). Active forms are: #miserēte#, #miserērent# (Enn.), #misereās# (Ter.), #miseret# (Lucr.), #miserent# (Val. Fl.). Pass...

(_a._) #flammae lātē fūsae, certiōris clādis indicium, prōgredī longius prohibuit#, L. 10, 43, 11, _wide-spread flames, sign of a surer disaster, prevented a further advance_. W...

1124. The accusative is used primarily with verbs, or with expressions equivalent to verbs. The relations expressed by the accusative are all of one general kind; but they vary...

#nōsne hoc cēlātōs tam diū#, T. _Hec._ 645, _for us not to be told of this so long_; rarely with reversed construction: #quōr haec cēlāta mē sunt?# Pl. _Ps._ 490, _why was this...

1221. Instead of the dative of tendency, a predicative nominative or accusative is rarely used: thus, #possessiōnem līberam Dardaniae sōlāciō fore#, L. 40, 57, 9, _that the unre...

Such are chiefly adjectives meaning (_a._) _desirous_, (_b._) _knowing_, or _remembering_, (_c._) _participating_, _controlling_, or _guilty_, (_d._) _full_, and most of their o...

1309. The ablative of a town or country name is rarely attached immediately to a substantive, to denote origin: as, #Periphanēs Rhodō mercātor dīves#, Pl. _As._ 499, _Periphanes...

1347. (4.) With country names and most appellatives, the place where is generally expressed by the ablative with #in#. But even without an attribute, the ablative alone is somet...

(_a._) #quod magnōs hominēs virtūte mētīmur#, N. 18, 1, 1, _because we gauge great men by their merit_. (_b._) #nēmō nisi vīctor pāce bellum mūtāvit#, S. _C._ 58, 15, _nobody ex...

#nōn metuō mihi#, Pl. _B._ 225, _I fear not for myself_. #nōn semper imbrēs nūbibus hīspidōs mānant in agrōs#, H. 2, 9, 1, _not always from the clouds do showers on stubbly fiel...

1501. There are two kinds of questions: (1.) Such questions as call for the answer _yes_ or _no_ in English: as, _is he gone?_ These may conveniently be called _Yes or No Questi...

(_a._) #eās#, Pl. _R._ 519, _be off_. #hīc apud nōs hodiē cēnēs#, Pl. _Most._ 1129, _dine here with us today_. #cautus sīs, mī Tirō#, _Fam._ 16, 9, 4, _you must be careful, dear...

#agrī cultūrae nōn student#, 6, 22, 1, _they do not apply themselves to farming_. #virī in uxōrēs vītae necisque habent potestātem#, 6, 19, 3, _the married men have power of lif...

1635. The present subjunctive is sometimes used in reference to past action, like the indicative present of vivid narration (1590): as, #migrantīs cernās#, V. 4, 401, _you can d...

#brevis ā nātūrā nōbīs vīta data est; at memoria bene redditae vītae sempiterna#, _Ph._ 14, 32, _a short life hath been given by nature unto man; but the memory of a life laid d...

#noctū ambulābat in pūblicō Themistoclēs, quod somnum capere nōn posset#, _TD._ 4, 44, _Themistocles used to walk the streets nights, ‘because he could not sleep,’_ given as The...

(_a._) #exspectō eius modī litterās ex quibus nōn quid fīat, sed quid futūrum sit sciam#, _Att._ 5, 12, 2, _I am expecting a letter of a kind to let me know not what is going on...

#haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram#, _Fam._ 12, 14, 7, _all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend_. #inīquos es, quī mē tacēre postulēs#, T. _Hau._ 1011,...

(_a._) #in hīs locīs, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriōnēs vergit, mātūrae sunt hiemēs#, 4, 20, 1, _in these parts the winter sets in early, owing to the fact that Gaul in general...

1886. #quotiēns# has sometimes as a correlative #totiēns#, or a combination with #tot# which is equivalent to #totiēns#: as, #quotiēns dīcimus, totiēns dē nōbīs iūdicātur#, _DO....

#plērīque interfectī sunt, priusquam occultum hostem vidērent#, L. 35, 29, 3, _most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy_. #antequam verbum facerem, dē sell...

Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as, #dīcō#, #respondeō#, #nūntiō#, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire: #volō# (#...

#quō dēlictum maius est, eō poena est tardior#, _Caec._ 7, _the greater the sin is, the slower is the punishment_. The #eō# or #hōc# is sometimes omitted: as, #quō plūrēs sumus,...

#ōderint dum metuant#, Poet. in Suet. _Cal._ 30, _let them hate, so they fear_. #absit, dum modo laude partā domum recipiat sē#, Pl. _Am._ 644, _let him go, so only he come home...

#sī quid vēnāle habuit Heius, sī id quantī aestimābat, tantī vēndidit, dēsinō quaerere cūr ēmeris#, _V._ 4, 10, _if Hejus had anything for sale, if he sold it at his own valuati...

(_a._) #nam dolī nōn dolī sunt nisi astū colās, sed malum maxumum, sī id palam prōvenit#, Pl. _Cap._ 221, _for tricks are never tricks, unless you handle them with craft, but da...

#nōn potuit reperīre, sī ipsī sōlī quaerendās darēs, lepidiōrēs duās#, Pl. _MG._ 803, _if you assigned the search to Sol himself, he couldn’t have found two jollier girls_. #quō...

#canōrum illud in vōce splendēscit etiam in senectūte, quod equidem adhūc nōn āmīsī; et vidētis annōs#, _CM._ 28, _the musical element in the voice actually improves in old age,...

#phasēlus ille quem vidētis, hospitēs, ait fuisse nāvium celerrimus#, Cat. 4, 1, _the clipper you see yonder, friends, says she was once the fleetest of the fleet_. #uxor invict...

#iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum#, Caes. _C._ 3, 87, 5, _he swore he would not come back to camp except as a victor_. #quod sē factūrōs minābantur#, Caes. _C._...

#nūllum tempus illī umquam vacābat aut ā scrībendō aut ā cōgitandō#, _Br._ 272, _he never had any time free from writing or from thinking_. #quod verbum ductum est ā nimis intue...

(_a._) #quae nōs nostramque adulēscentiam habent dēspicātam et quae nōs semper omnibus cruciant modīs#, T. _Eu._ 383, _who hold us and our youth in scorn and torment us in every...

#Caesarem arbitrārī profectum in Ītaliam; neque aliter Carnūtēs interficiundī Tasgetiī cōnsilium fuisse captūrōs, neque Eburōnēs, sī ille adesset, ad castra ventūrōs esse#, 5, 2...

2376. #ipse# is often used with personals and reflexives agreeing with the emphatic word. But the nominative is usually preferred, especially when #ipse# stands before the other...

1 ūnus, _one_ (638) prīmus, _first_ (643) singulī, _one each_ (643) semel, _once_ I 2 duo, _two_ (639) secundus, _second_ bīnī, _two each_ bis, _twice_ II 3 trēs, _three_ (639)...

2460. The natural quantity of such a vowel may sometimes be ascertained: (_a._) from the statements of ancient writers; (_b._) from the way in which the vowel is written in Lati...

2536. NAMES OF VERSES. Verses are called _trochaic_, _iambic_, _dactylic_, &c., according to their fundamental (or characteristic) feet. A verse which contains one foot (or one...

2589. (4.) The fifth foot is very often a spondee. It must not be a pure iambus except (_a._) when the line ends with a polysyllable of four or more syllables; (_b._) when it en...

2659. This verse is used by Catullus (34, 61), and by Horace (as the third line of the Third Asclepiadean Strophe: see 2733). It is a logaoedic tripody, with the dactyl in the s...

2714. This consists of four Ionic _ā minōre_ feet, the last one incomplete. _Anaclasis_, resolution, and contraction are extremely common, and the multiplication of short syllab...

+---------------------+------------------------------------+ | Abbreviations. | Authors and Works. | +---------------------+------------------------------------+ | Caes. | Caesa...

With gen., 1242, 1248, 1253, 1254; acc. of appellative used as, 1145; compar., followed by abl. or #quam#, 1327-1330; development into preps., 696, 1402-1404; preps. with force...

#Conjunctive#, particle sentences, 1838-2122; introduced by #quod#, #quia#, 1838-1858; by #nōn quod#, #nōn quō#, &c., 1855; by #cum#, 1859-1881; by #quoniam#, 1882-1884; by #quo...

#Formation#, one of the divisions of Latin grammar, treated, 1, 180-396; defined, 180; roots and stems, 183-198; of nouns, without formative suffix, 195, 198, 199; with formativ...

Uses of, in declarations, 1493; the neg. of, 1494; in verbal expressions denoting ability, duty, propriety, necessity, &c., 1495-1497; in questions and exclamations, 1499-1533,...

#Object#, of a subst., defined, 1046; of a verb, direct, becomes nom. in pass., 1125; constructions of, 1132-1150, 1167-1174, see #Accusative#; subordinate sentence as, 1715; ex...

Agreement of, 1093-1098, 1801-1811, see #Agreement#; adj., equivalent to gen., 1098, 1234, 1262; used in neut. acc. with verbal expressions, 1144; as connectives, 2129-2132; use...

#Stems#, defined, 195; roots used as, 195, 198, 199; root used as stem in root verbs, 738-743, 828, 844; pres., used as roots, 190-194, 855; new, how formed, 196; root stem, def...

#Wish#, expressed by subjv., 1540-1546; introduced by #utinam#, #utī#, #ut#, #quī#, #modo#, #nē#, #nōn#, #nec#, 1540; with #sī#, #ō sī#, 1546; expressed by subjv. in subordinate...

#cum#, conj., #quom#, 157; in expressions of time after which, 1397; with infin., 1539, 1868, 1869, 2317; with perf. indic. of anterior time, 1613; with fut. perf., 1626; pres....

#ferō#, conjug. of, 772, 780, 781; form #tulī#, 860, 2435; form #tetulī#, 781, 860; form #tolī#, 781; compound forms, #rettulī#, #rētulī#, 781, 861; defective, 780, 807, 900; fo...

#magnus#, comparison of, 353; agreeing with dat. of tendency or result, 1220; #magnī# as gen. of value, 1271, 1279; #magnō# as abl. of value, 1273, 1390, 1391; #magnum est# impl...

#oportet#, forms of, 816; implying non-occurrent action, 1496; coordinated, 1709; with subj. infin., 2209; in past tense with pres. infin., translation of, 2222; with perf. pass...

#quī#, decl. of, 681-683; #quot#, 659; stems of, 681, 687; rel., 682; interrogative adj., 683; interrogative subst., 685; #quōius#, #quoi#, 658, 688; dat. and abl. plur. #quīs#,...

#super#, compounds of, with dat., 1188, 1189, 1194; compounds of, other constructions with, 1190, 1191, 1196; with acc. and abl., 1422, 1425; #super id# introductory to sentence...

These selections are intended to give a more comprehensive idea of Livy’s genius and versatility than can be had from the reading of any one or two books, and also to provide ma...