Category: Language & Communication
[In general, italics are shown with _lines_, and boldface with #marks#. The # symbol occurs in its own right in the section on prosody and versification, but there should be no ambiguity. Single letters shown as #A#, #B# were printed in sans-serif type. Spaced-out text, primar...
#au# sounded like _ou_ in _house_. #ae# had the sound of short Latin #a# rapidly combined with the sound of _e_ in English _men_. But it is the common practice now to give to #a...
41. Part 41#noctū ambulābat in pūblicō Themistoclēs, quod somnum capere nōn posset#, _TD._ 4, 44, _Themistocles used to walk the streets nights, ‘because he could not sleep,’_ given as The...
52. Part 52#nōn potuit reperīre, sī ipsī sōlī quaerendās darēs, lepidiōrēs duās#, Pl. _MG._ 803, _if you assigned the search to Sol himself, he couldn’t have found two jollier girls_. #quō...
49. Part 49#ōderint dum metuant#, Poet. in Suet. _Cal._ 30, _let them hate, so they fear_. #absit, dum modo laude partā domum recipiat sē#, Pl. _Am._ 644, _let him go, so only he come home...
62. Part 622536. NAMES OF VERSES. Verses are called _trochaic_, _iambic_, _dactylic_, &c., according to their fundamental (or characteristic) feet. A verse which contains one foot (or one...
51. Part 51(_a._) #nam dolī nōn dolī sunt nisi astū colās, sed malum maxumum, sī id palam prōvenit#, Pl. _Cap._ 221, _for tricks are never tricks, unless you handle them with craft, but da...
50. Part 50#sī quid vēnāle habuit Heius, sī id quantī aestimābat, tantī vēndidit, dēsinō quaerere cūr ēmeris#, _V._ 4, 10, _if Hejus had anything for sale, if he sold it at his own valuati...
44. Part 44(_a._) #in hīs locīs, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriōnēs vergit, mātūrae sunt hiemēs#, 4, 20, 1, _in these parts the winter sets in early, owing to the fact that Gaul in general...
38. Part 38#agrī cultūrae nōn student#, 6, 22, 1, _they do not apply themselves to farming_. #virī in uxōrēs vītae necisque habent potestātem#, 6, 19, 3, _the married men have power of lif...
36. Part 361501. There are two kinds of questions: (1.) Such questions as call for the answer _yes_ or _no_ in English: as, _is he gone?_ These may conveniently be called _Yes or No Questi...
57. Part 57(_a._) #quae nōs nostramque adulēscentiam habent dēspicātam et quae nōs semper omnibus cruciant modīs#, T. _Eu._ 383, _who hold us and our youth in scorn and torment us in every...
58. Part 58#Caesarem arbitrārī profectum in Ītaliam; neque aliter Carnūtēs interficiundī Tasgetiī cōnsilium fuisse captūrōs, neque Eburōnēs, sī ille adesset, ad castra ventūrōs esse#, 5, 2...
46. Part 46#plērīque interfectī sunt, priusquam occultum hostem vidērent#, L. 35, 29, 3, _most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy_. #antequam verbum facerem, dē sell...
42. Part 42(_a._) #exspectō eius modī litterās ex quibus nōn quid fīat, sed quid futūrum sit sciam#, _Att._ 5, 12, 2, _I am expecting a letter of a kind to let me know not what is going on...
45. Part 451886. #quotiēns# has sometimes as a correlative #totiēns#, or a combination with #tot# which is equivalent to #totiēns#: as, #quotiēns dīcimus, totiēns dē nōbīs iūdicātur#, _DO....
39. Part 391635. The present subjunctive is sometimes used in reference to past action, like the indicative present of vivid narration (1590): as, #migrantīs cernās#, V. 4, 401, _you can d...
47. Part 47Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as, #dīcō#, #respondeō#, #nūntiō#, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire: #volō# (#...
54. Part 54#phasēlus ille quem vidētis, hospitēs, ait fuisse nāvium celerrimus#, Cat. 4, 1, _the clipper you see yonder, friends, says she was once the fleetest of the fleet_. #uxor invict...
53. Part 53#canōrum illud in vōce splendēscit etiam in senectūte, quod equidem adhūc nōn āmīsī; et vidētis annōs#, _CM._ 28, _the musical element in the voice actually improves in old age,...
29. Part 29#nōsne hoc cēlātōs tam diū#, T. _Hec._ 645, _for us not to be told of this so long_; rarely with reversed construction: #quōr haec cēlāta mē sunt?# Pl. _Ps._ 490, _why was this...
61. Part 612460. The natural quantity of such a vowel may sometimes be ascertained: (_a._) from the statements of ancient writers; (_b._) from the way in which the vowel is written in Lati...
40. Part 40#brevis ā nātūrā nōbīs vīta data est; at memoria bene redditae vītae sempiterna#, _Ph._ 14, 32, _a short life hath been given by nature unto man; but the memory of a life laid d...
5. Part 5(4.) It may be mentioned here that #rēī# is said to occur in verse 6 times (Plaut. G. 2, Lucr. G. 2, D. 2); #reī# 9 times (Plaut. G. 2, Ter. G. 4, D. 1, Juv. G. 1, Sulp. Apoll....
64. Part 642659. This verse is used by Catullus (34, 61), and by Horace (as the third line of the Third Asclepiadean Strophe: see 2733). It is a logaoedic tripody, with the dactyl in the s...
43. Part 43#haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram#, _Fam._ 12, 14, 7, _all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend_. #inīquos es, quī mē tacēre postulēs#, T. _Hau._ 1011,...
56. Part 56#nūllum tempus illī umquam vacābat aut ā scrībendō aut ā cōgitandō#, _Br._ 272, _he never had any time free from writing or from thinking_. #quod verbum ductum est ā nimis intue...
35. Part 35#nōn metuō mihi#, Pl. _B._ 225, _I fear not for myself_. #nōn semper imbrēs nūbibus hīspidōs mānant in agrōs#, H. 2, 9, 1, _not always from the clouds do showers on stubbly fiel...
27. Part 27(_a._) #flammae lātē fūsae, certiōris clādis indicium, prōgredī longius prohibuit#, L. 10, 43, 11, _wide-spread flames, sign of a surer disaster, prevented a further advance_. W...
55. Part 55#iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum#, Caes. _C._ 3, 87, 5, _he swore he would not come back to camp except as a victor_. #quod sē factūrōs minābantur#, Caes. _C._...
37. Part 37(_a._) #eās#, Pl. _R._ 519, _be off_. #hīc apud nōs hodiē cēnēs#, Pl. _Most._ 1129, _dine here with us today_. #cautus sīs, mī Tirō#, _Fam._ 16, 9, 4, _you must be careful, dear...
48. Part 48#quō dēlictum maius est, eō poena est tardior#, _Caec._ 7, _the greater the sin is, the slower is the punishment_. The #eō# or #hōc# is sometimes omitted: as, #quō plūrēs sumus,...
31. Part 31Such are chiefly adjectives meaning (_a._) _desirous_, (_b._) _knowing_, or _remembering_, (_c._) _participating_, _controlling_, or _guilty_, (_d._) _full_, and most of their o...
34. Part 34(_a._) #quod magnōs hominēs virtūte mētīmur#, N. 18, 1, 1, _because we gauge great men by their merit_. (_b._) #nēmō nisi vīctor pāce bellum mūtāvit#, S. _C._ 58, 15, _nobody ex...
32. Part 321309. The ablative of a town or country name is rarely attached immediately to a substantive, to denote origin: as, #Periphanēs Rhodō mercātor dīves#, Pl. _As._ 499, _Periphanes...
33. Part 331347. (4.) With country names and most appellatives, the place where is generally expressed by the ablative with #in#. But even without an attribute, the ablative alone is somet...
30. Part 301221. Instead of the dative of tendency, a predicative nominative or accusative is rarely used: thus, #possessiōnem līberam Dardaniae sōlāciō fore#, L. 40, 57, 9, _that the unre...
28. Part 281124. The accusative is used primarily with verbs, or with expressions equivalent to verbs. The relations expressed by the accusative are all of one general kind; but they vary...
4. Part 4101. CHANGE OF #eu#. Primitive (48) #eu# appears in classical Latin only in the interjections #eu#, #heu#, #ē̆heu#, #heus#. Every other original #eu# had, even in old Latin, pas...
6. Part 6(2.) An unvoiced mute before a voiced consonant became voiced. The prepositions #ob#, #ab#, #sub#, for #*op#, #*ap#, #*sup#, owe their final #b# to their frequent position befor...
63. Part 632589. (4.) The fifth foot is very often a spondee. It must not be a pure iambus except (_a._) when the line ends with a polysyllable of four or more syllables; (_b._) when it en...
2. Part 2Definitions and Classifications, 1714-1716. Primary and Secondary Tenses, 1717. Virtual Futures, 1718. Mood of the Subordinate Sentence, 1720-1731. The Indicative, 1721. The Sub...
80. Part 80#super#, compounds of, with dat., 1188, 1189, 1194; compounds of, other constructions with, 1190, 1191, 1196; with acc. and abl., 1422, 1425; #super id# introductory to sentence...
79. Part 79#quī#, decl. of, 681-683; #quot#, 659; stems of, 681, 687; rel., 682; interrogative adj., 683; interrogative subst., 685; #quōius#, #quoi#, 658, 688; dat. and abl. plur. #quīs#,...
77. Part 77#magnus#, comparison of, 353; agreeing with dat. of tendency or result, 1220; #magnī# as gen. of value, 1271, 1279; #magnō# as abl. of value, 1273, 1390, 1391; #magnum est# impl...
74. Part 74#Wish#, expressed by subjv., 1540-1546; introduced by #utinam#, #utī#, #ut#, #quī#, #modo#, #nē#, #nōn#, #nec#, 1540; with #sī#, #ō sī#, 1546; expressed by subjv. in subordinate...
60. Part 601 ūnus, _one_ (638) prīmus, _first_ (643) singulī, _one each_ (643) semel, _once_ I 2 duo, _two_ (639) secundus, _second_ bīnī, _two each_ bis, _twice_ II 3 trēs, _three_ (639)...
76. Part 76#ferō#, conjug. of, 772, 780, 781; form #tulī#, 860, 2435; form #tetulī#, 781, 860; form #tolī#, 781; compound forms, #rettulī#, #rētulī#, 781, 861; defective, 780, 807, 900; fo...
75. Part 75#cum#, conj., #quom#, 157; in expressions of time after which, 1397; with infin., 1539, 1868, 1869, 2317; with perf. indic. of anterior time, 1613; with fut. perf., 1626; pres....
26. Part 26Perfect participle also #misertus# (Val. Max., Sen., Curt.). Active forms are: #miserēte#, #miserērent# (Enn.), #misereās# (Ter.), #miseret# (Lucr.), #miserent# (Val. Fl.). Pass...
70. Part 70Uses of, in declarations, 1493; the neg. of, 1494; in verbal expressions denoting ability, duty, propriety, necessity, &c., 1495-1497; in questions and exclamations, 1499-1533,...
23. Part 23856. The first person of the perfect ends in #-ī#, sometimes written #ei# (29, 2). #-t#, #-stī#, sometimes written #-stei# (29, 2), #-stis#, and #-mus# are preceded by short #i#...
71. Part 71#Object#, of a subst., defined, 1046; of a verb, direct, becomes nom. in pass., 1125; constructions of, 1132-1150, 1167-1174, see #Accusative#; subordinate sentence as, 1715; ex...
73. Part 73#Stems#, defined, 195; roots used as, 195, 198, 199; root used as stem in root verbs, 738-743, 828, 844; pres., used as roots, 190-194, 855; new, how formed, 196; root stem, def...
67. Part 67With gen., 1242, 1248, 1253, 1254; acc. of appellative used as, 1145; compar., followed by abl. or #quam#, 1327-1330; development into preps., 696, 1402-1404; preps. with force...
68. Part 68#Conjunctive#, particle sentences, 1838-2122; introduced by #quod#, #quia#, 1838-1858; by #nōn quod#, #nōn quō#, &c., 1855; by #cum#, 1859-1881; by #quoniam#, 1882-1884; by #quo...
69. Part 69#Formation#, one of the divisions of Latin grammar, treated, 1, 180-396; defined, 180; roots and stems, 183-198; of nouns, without formative suffix, 195, 198, 199; with formativ...
78. Part 78#oportet#, forms of, 816; implying non-occurrent action, 1496; coordinated, 1709; with subj. infin., 2209; in past tense with pres. infin., translation of, 2222; with perf. pass...
72. Part 72Agreement of, 1093-1098, 1801-1811, see #Agreement#; adj., equivalent to gen., 1098, 1234, 1262; used in neut. acc. with verbal expressions, 1144; as connectives, 2129-2132; use...
10. Part 10377. A DIRECT COMPOUND is one formed directly from two parts: as, #con-iug-#, N. #coniūnx#, _yoke-fellow_ (#com-#, _together_, √#iug-#, _yoke_); #con-iungere#, _join together_ (...
15. Part 15+--------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+ | Example| M. F. and Ne. audāx, | M. F. Ne. regēns, _ruling_, | | | _bold_, | | | Stems | audāc(i)- | regent(i...
1. Part 1[In general, italics are shown with _lines_, and boldface with #marks#. The # symbol occurs in its own right in the section on prosody and versification, but there should be no...
22. Part 22+---------+----------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | regendus sum, | regendī sumus, | | | es, | estis, | | | est | s...
12. Part 12#-ebs#, #-ibis# #caelebs#, _unmarried_, adjective, the only stem in #-b-#. #----#, #-apis# #dapis#, G., F., _feast_, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430). #-eps#, #-ipis# #ad...
24. Part 24919. As #citus#, so always #percitus# and #incitus# (once #incītus#, doubtful); usually #concitus#, rarely #concītus#; #excitus# and #excītus# equally common; always #accītus#....
59. Part 592376. #ipse# is often used with personals and reflexives agreeing with the emphatic word. But the nominative is usually preferred, especially when #ipse# stands before the other...
13. Part 13+--------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------+ |Examples| sedīle, _seat_, | mare, _sea_, | Stem and | | Stems | sedīli-, Ne. | mari-, Ne. | case endings| +-...
25. Part 25ab-olēscō, _vanish away_ ab-olēscere ab-olēvī ---- ad-olēscō, _grow up_ ad-olēscere ad-olēvī ad-ultus con-cupīscō, _hanker for_ con-cupīscere con-cupīvī con-cupītus -dormīscō, _...
16. Part 16#quisquam#, #quicquam# or #quidquam#, _anybody at all_, _anything at all_, generally a substantive, less frequently an adjective, _any at all_. There is no distinctive feminine...
7. Part 7191. Verbs in #-ēre#, and those in #-āre# and #-īre# in which the #ā# or #ī# is confined to the present system (868, 874) usually have parallel nouns formed directly from a root...
11. Part 11G. #-ai#, which may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in pronunciation: PVLCHRAI; LAVERNAI; #-āēs#, after 80 B.C., chiefly in proper names, mostly Greek: HERAES; rarely in appellati...
9. Part 9313. #-ā-li-#, N. #-ā-li-s#: #rēg-āli-#, N. #rēg-āli-s#, _kingly_ (#rēg-#); #decemvir-āli-s#, _of a decemvir_ (#decemviro-#); #fāt-āli-s#, _fated_ (#fāto-#); #t-āli-s#, _such_ (...
14. Part 14580. Four in #-s# preceded by a consonant are masculine: #dēns#, _tooth_, #fōns#, _fountain_, #pōns#, _bridge_, #mōns#, _mountain_; also factors of twelve: #sextāns#, _one sixth...
8. Part 8245. #-bulo-#, N. #-bulu-m# (202): #pā-bulo-#, N. #pā-bulu-m#, _fodder_ (√#pā-#, _keep_); #vēnā-bulu-m#, _hunting-spear_ (#vēnā-rī#); #pat-ibulu-m#, _pillory_ (√#pat-#, _stretch...
66. Part 66+---------------------+------------------------------------+ | Abbreviations. | Authors and Works. | +---------------------+------------------------------------+ | Caes. | Caesa...
81. Part 81These selections are intended to give a more comprehensive idea of Livy’s genius and versatility than can be had from the reading of any one or two books, and also to provide ma...
17. Part 17+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. | | sum esse (fuī) ---- | +-------...
65. Part 652714. This consists of four Ionic _ā minōre_ feet, the last one incomplete. _Anaclasis_, resolution, and contraction are extremely common, and the multiplication of short syllab...
19. Part 19+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | regor, _I am ru...
21. Part 21+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. | | audiō audīre audīvī audītus |...
18. Part 18771. #comedō#, _eat up_, has also the following root forms: #comēs#, #comēst#, #comēstis#; #comēstō#; #comēsse#; #comēssēs#, #comēsset#, #comēssēmus#. The present subjunctive ha...
20. Part 20+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | laudor, | laudā...