Part 51

(_a._) #nam dolī nōn dolī sunt nisi astū colās, sed malum maxumum, sī id palam prōvenit#, Pl. _Cap._ 221, _for tricks are never tricks, unless you handle them with craft, but damage dire, in case the thing gets out_; here the indicative #prōvenit# shows that #colās# is due to the person. #nec calidae citius dēcēdunt corpore febrēs, textilibus sī in pīctūrīs ostrōque rubentī iactēris, quam sī in plēbēiā veste cubandum est#, Lucr. 2, 34, _nor sooner will hot fevers leave the limbs, if on gay tapestries and blushing purple you should toss, than if perforce your bed you make on pallet rude_. #quod est difficile, nisi speciem prae tē bonī virī ferās#, _Off._ 2, 39, _and this is a hard thing, unless you have the exterior of a good man_. #nec habēre virtūtem satis est nisi ūtāre#, _RP._ 1, 2, _and to have virtue is not enough, unless one use it_. #sīquoi mūtuom quid dederīs, fit prō propriō perditum#, Pl. _Tri._ 1051, _if aught you’ve lent to anyone, ’tis not your own, but lost_. #nam nūllae magis rēs duae plūs negōtī habent, sī occēperīs exōrnāre#, Pl. _Poen._ 212, _for no two things give more trouble if you once begin to fit them out_. #nūlla est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcī causā peccāverīs#, _L._ 37, _it is no excuse for a sin if you have sinned from friendship_.

(_b._) #suōs quisque opprimī nōn patitur, neque, aliter sī faciat, ūllam inter suōs habet auctōritātem#, 6, 11, 4, _nobody suffers his vassals to be put down, and if he ever act otherwise, he has no influence among his people_. #laeduntur artēriae, sī ācrī clāmōre compleantur#, Cornif. 3, 21, _it always hurts the windpipe, if it be filled out with a sharp scream_. #turpis excūsātiō est, sī quis contrā rem pūblicam sē amīcī causā fēcisse fateātur#, _L._ 40, _it is always a discreditable apology, if a man confess that he has been unpatriotic from motives of friendship_. #Britannī iniūncta imperiī mūnera impigrē obeunt, sī iniūriae absint#, Ta. _Agr._ 13, _the Britons are always perfectly ready to perform the duties enjoined on them by the Roman government, if they be not maltreated_.

2071. (2.) The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used in general past suppositions (1730).

This use begins with Catullus and Caesar, the indicative being the regular classical construction (2044, 2050).

#chommoda dīcēbat, sī quandō commoda vellet dīcere Arrius#, Cat. 84, 1, _hadvantages said Arrius, if advantages he ever meant to say_. #sī quis prehenderētur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēripiēbātur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 110, 4, _every time a man was taken up, he was rescued by the joint action of the rank and file_. #sīn autem locum tenēre vellent, nec virtūtī locus relinquēbātur, neque coniecta tēla vītāre poterant#, 5, 35, 4, _but if on the other hand they undertook to hold their position, there was never any opening for bravery, nor could they ever dodge the shower of missiles_. #sīn Numidae propius accessissent, ibī̆ virtūtem ostendere#, S. _I._ 58, 3, _they showed forth their valour every time the Numidians drew near_ (1535).

(B.) SUBJUNCTIVE USE.

2072. The present or perfect subjunctive may be used in a conditional protasis of future time.

2073. The apodosis is usually in the present subjunctive, less frequently in the perfect subjunctive. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are rare (2089).

2074. The indicative is sometimes used in the apodosis, especially in expressions of ability, duty, &c. (1495); #nōn possum# is regularly in the indicative when the protasis is also negative. For the future indicative the periphrastic form is sometimes used.

2075. In the early period, before the imperfect subjunctive had been shifted to denote present time in conditional sentences (2091), the present subjunctive was used to express action non-occurrent in present time. Examples of this use are found in Plautus: as, #sī honestē cēnseam tē facere posse, suādeam; vērum nōn potest; cave faxīs#, Pl. _MG._ 1371, _if I thought that you could do the thing with credit to yourself, I should advise you to; but ’tis impossible; so don’t you do it_. #vocem tē ad cēnam, nisi egomet cēnem forīs#, Pl. _St._ 190, _I should ask you home to dine, if I were not dining out myself_. Such sentences must not be confused with those in which an action from the nature of things impossible is represented as of possible occurrence.

(1.) PROTASIS IN THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2076. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#at pigeat posteā nostrum erum, sī vōs eximat vinculīs#, Pl. _Cap._ 203, _but it may rue our master by and by, if he should take you out of bonds_. #quid sī ēveniat dēsubitō prandium, ubī̆ ego tum accumbam?# Pl. _B._ 79, _suppose a lunch should suddenly come off, where is your humble servant then to lie_ (1563)? #hanc viam sī asperam esse negem, mentiar#, _Sest._ 100, _if I say that this path is not rough, I should not tell the truth_. #sī deus tē interroget, quid respondeās?# _Ac._ 2, 80, _if a god ask you, what would you answer?_ #haec sī tēcum patria loquātur, nōnne impetrāre dēbeat?# _C._ 1, 19, _if thy country plead with thee thus, ought she not to carry her point?_ #sī existat hodiē ab īnferīs Lycūrgus, sē Spartam antīquam āgnōscere dīcat#, L. 39, 37, 3, _if Lycurgus rise this day from the dead, he would say that he recognized the Sparta of yore_. #eōs nōn cūrāre opīnor, quid agat hūmānum genus; nam sī cūrent, bene bonīs sit, male malīs, quod nunc abest#, E. in _Div._ 2, 104, _DN._ 3, 79, _but little care the gods, I trow, how fares the race of man; for should they care, the good were blest, the wicked curst; a thing that really cometh not to pass_.

2077. (_b._) #Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.#

#sī aequom siet mē plūs sapere quam vōs, dederim vōbīs cōnsilium catum#, Pl. _E._ 257, _if it becoming be for me to have more wit than ye, sage counsel might I give_ (1558). #aufūgerim potius quam redeam, sī eō mihi redeundum sciam#, T. _Hec._ 424, _I’d run away sooner than go back, if I should hear I had to_ (1558). #nec satis sciō, nec sī sciam, dīcere ausim#, L. _praef._ 1, _in the first place I do not know very well, and secondly if I should know, I should not venture to say_ (1555). #iniussū tuō extrā ōrdinem numquam pugnāverim, nōn sī certam victōriam videam#, L. 7, 10, 2, _without orders from you I never should fight out of ranks, no, not if I saw victory was certain_ (1558). #tum vērō nēquīquam hāc dextrā capitōlium servāverim, si cīvem commīlitōnemque meum in vincula dūcī videam#, L. 6, 14, 4, _upon my word, in that case I should prove to have saved the capital in vain, if I saw a townsman and brother-in-arms of mine haled to jail_. #multōs circā ūnam rem ambitūs fēcerim, sī quae variant auctōrēs omnia exequī velim#, L. 27, 27, 12, _I should make a long story about one subject, if I should undertake to go through all the different versions of the authorities_.

2078. (_c._) #Apodosis in the Present Indicative.#

#quī sī decem habeās linguās, mūtum esse addecet#, Pl. _B._ 128, _if you should have a dozen tongues, ’tis fit you should be dumb_ (2074). #sī prō peccātīs centum dūcat uxōrēs, parumst#, Pl. _Tri._ 1186, _if he should wed a hundred wives in payment for his sins, ’tis not enough_. #intrāre, sī possim, castra hostium volō#, L. 2, 12, 5, _I propose to enter the camp of the enemy, if I be able_. #tē neque dēbent adiuvāre, sī possint, neque possunt, sī velint#, _V._ 4, 20, _they ought not to help you, if they could, and cannot, if they would_. #sī vōcem rērum nātūra repente mittat, quid respondēmus?# Lucr. 3, 931, _if Nature of a sudden lift her voice, what answer shall we make?_ #sī quaerātur, idemne sit pertinācia et persevērantia, dēfīnītiōnibus iūdicandum est#, _T._ 87, _if it be asked whether obstinacy and perseverance are the same, it must be settled by definitions_ (2074).

2079. (_d._) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#quadrīgās sī īnscendās Iovis atque hinc fugiās, ita vix poteris effugere īnfortūnium#, Pl. _Am._ 450, _Jove’s four-in-hand if you should mount, and try to flee from here, even so you’ll scarce escape a dreadful doom_. #sīquidem summum Iovem tē dīcās dētinuisse, malam rem effugiēs numquam#, Pl. _As._ 414, _e’en shouldst thou say imperial Jove detained thee, chastisement thou’lt ne’er avoid_. #sī frāctus inlābātur orbis, inpavidum ferient ruīnae#, H. 3, 3, 7, _should heaven’s vault crumbling fall, him all undaunted will its ruin strike_. #neque tū hoc dīcere audēbis, nec sī cupiās, licēbit#, _V._ 2, 167, _you will not dare to say this, sir, nor if you wish, will you be allowed_.

2080. (_e._) #Apodosis in the Future Perfect.#

#nōn tantum, sī proeliō vincās, glōriae adiēceris, quantum adēmeris, sī quid adversī ēveniat#, L. 30, 30, 21, _you will not acquire as much glory, if you succeed in battle, as you will lose, if any reverse occur_.

2081. (_f._) #Apodosis in the Periphrastic Future.#

#nōn latūrus sum, sī iubeās maxumē#, Pl. _B._ 1004, _I don’t intend to be the bearer, should you urge me e’er so much_. #quid, sī hostēs ad urbem veniant, factūrī estis?# L. 3, 52, 7, _suppose the enemy march on the town, what do you intend to do?_

2082. (_g._) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

#cantus et Lūnam dēdūcere temptat et faceret, sī nōn aera repulsa sonent#, Tib. 1, 8, 21, _magic essays to draw Luna down and would succeed if clashing brass should not resound_ (1560). #nē sī nāvigāre quidem velim, ita gubernārem, ut somniāverim; praesēns enim poena sit#, _Div._ 2, 122, _again, suppose I undertake to go sailing, I should not lay my course as I may have dreamed; for the penalty would be swift_ (1560). #sī hodiē bella sint, quāle Etrūscum fuit, quāle Gallicum; possētisne ferre Sextium cōnsulem esse?# L. 6, 40, 17, _suppose there be wars to-day like the Etruscan and the Gallic wars: could you bear to see Sextius consul_ (1565)?

2083. (_h._) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.#

#carmina nī sint, ex umerō Pelopis nōn nituisset ebur#, Tib. 1, 4, 63, _suppose there be no verse, from Pelops’ shoulder ne’er had ivory gleamed_ (1561).

(2.) PROTASIS IN THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2084. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#dēbeam, crēdō, istī quicquam furciferō, sī id fēcerim#, T. _Eu._ 861, _I should be, forsooth, responsible to the rogue, if I should do it_ (1556). #sī dē caelō vīlla tācta siet, dē eā rē verba utī fīant#, Cato, _RR._ 14, 3, _if the villa be struck by lightning, let there be utterances about the case_ (1547). #sī ā corōnā relictus sim, nōn queam dīcere#, _Br._ 192, _if I should ever be abandoned by my audience, I should not be able to speak_. #id sī acciderit, sīmus armātī#, _TD._ 1, 78, _if this have happened, let us be on our guard_ (1548). #cūr ego simulem mē, sī quid in hīs studiīs operae posuerim, perdidisse?# _Par._ 33, _why should I have the affectation to say that if I have spent any time in these pursuits, I have thrown it away_ (1563)? See also 2090.

2085. (_b._) #Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.#

#sī paululum modo quid tē fūgerīt, ego perierim#, T. _Hau._ 316, _should you have missed the smallest point, a dead man I should be_. See also 2090.

2086. (_c._) #Apodosis in the Future Indicative.#

#sī forte līber fierī occēperim, mittam nūntium ad tē#, Pl. _MG._ 1362, _if haply I should be by way of getting free, I’ll send you word_. #sī forte morbus amplior factus siet, servom intrō iisse dīcent Sōstratae#, T. _Hec._ 330, _if her illness should get worse, they’ll say a slave of Sostrata’s went in there_.

2087. (_d._) #Apodosis in the Periphrastic Future.#

#sī Vēīs incendium ortum sit, Fĭ̄dēnās inde quaesītūrī sumus?# L. 5, 54, 1, _if a fire break out at Vei, are we going to move from there to Fidenae?_

2088. (_e._) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

#sīquis hoc gnātō tuō tuos servos faxit, quālem habērēs grātiam?# Pl. _Cap._ 711, _suppose a slave of yours has done this for a son of yours, how grateful should you have been?_

[Erratum: 2087d ... L. 5, 54, 1 L 5,]

CONVERSION TO PAST TIME.

2089. An indeterminate subjunctive protasis is rarely thrown into the past, the present and perfect becoming respectively imperfect and pluperfect. In this case the form is the same as that of a protasis of action non-occurrent (2091), and the conversion occurs only when it is evident from the context that past action is supposed, which may or may not have occurred: as,

#cūr igitur et Camillus dolēret, sī haec post trecentōs et quīnquāgintā ferē annōs ēventūra putāret, et ego doleam, sī ad decem mīlia annōrum gentem aliquam urbe nostrā potītūram putem?# _TD._ 1, 90, _why then would Camillus have fretted, if he thought this would occur after a lapse of some three hundred and fifty years, and why should I fret, if I think that some nation may seize Rome some ten thousand years hence?_ #erat sōla illa nāvis cōnstrāta; quae sī in praedōnum pugnā versārētur, urbis īnstar habēre inter illōs pīrāticōs myoparōnēs vidērētur#, _V._ 5, 89, _this was the only vessel with a deck; and supposing she figured in the engagement with the corsairs, she would have loomed up like a town, surrounded by those pirate cock-boats_. #Sardus habēbat ille Tigellius hoc; Caesar sī peteret nōn quicquam prōficeret#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 4, _Tigellius the Sardian had this way; supposing Caesar asked him, naught had he availed_.

PERIODS OF EXEMPLIFICATION.

2090. The present subjunctive is particularly common in exemplification. The perfect is sometimes used in the protasis, rarely in the apodosis: as,

#sī pater fāna expīlet, indicetne id magistrātibus fīlius?# _Off._ 3, 90, _if a father should plunder temples, would the son report it to the magistrates?_ #sī quis pater familiās supplicium nōn sūmpserit, utrum is clēmēns an crūdēlissimus esse videātur?# _C._ 4, 12, _assume for the sake of argument that a householder have not inflicted punishment, would he seem merciful, or a monster of cruelty?_ #sī scierīs aspidem occultē latēre uspiam, et velle aliquem imprūdentem super eam adsīdere, improbē fēcerīs, nisi monuerīs nē adsīdat#, _Fin._ 2, 59, _suppose a man should know, e.g. that there was a snake hiding somewhere, and that somebody was going to sit down on the snake unawares; he would do wrong, if he did not tell him he must not sit down there_. In such periods the future is also used, but less frequently: see 2054.

[Erratum: 2090 ... see 2054. final . missing]

II. PROTASES OF ACTION NON-OCCURRENT.

2091. A conditional period in which the non-occurrence of the action is implied takes the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive both in the protasis and in the apodosis. The imperfect usually denotes present or indefinite time, and the pluperfect denotes past time.

For the present subjunctive in such conditions, see 2075.

2092. The imperfect sometimes denotes past time (1559). When future time is referred to, the protasis is usually in the imperfect of the periphrastic future, commonly the subjunctive, but sometimes the indicative (2108).

2093. The apodosis is very rarely in the present subjunctive (2098). The periphrastic future is sometimes used, commonly in the indicative (2097, 2100).

(1.) PROTASIS IN THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2094. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

(a.) Protasis and apodosis both denoting present action; this is the usual application: #sī intus esset, ēvocārem#, Pl. _Ps._ 640, _I should call him out, if he were in_. #is iam prīdem est mortuus. sī vīveret, verba eius audīrētis#, _RC._ 42, _that person has long been dead; if he were alive, you would hear his evidence_. #adnuere tē videō; prōferrem librōs, sī negārēs#, _DN._ 1, 113, _I see you nod assent; I should bring out the books, if you maintained the opposite_. #sī L. Mummius aliquem istōrum vidēret Corinthium cupidissimē trāctantem, utrum illum cīvem excellentem, an ātriēnsem dīligentem putāret?# _Par._ 38, _if Mummius should see one of your connoisseurs nursing a piece of Corinthian, and going into perfect ecstasies over it, what would he think? that the man was a model citizen or a thoroughly competent indoor-man?_ #quod sī semper optima tenēre possēmus, haud sānē cōnsiliō multum egērēmus#, _OP._ 89, _now if we could always be in possession of what is best, we should not ever stand in any special need of reasoning_.

(b.) Protasis and apodosis both denoting past action: #haec sī neque ego neque tū fēcimus, nōn siit egestās facere nōs; nam sī esset unde id fīeret, facerēmus; et tū illum tuom, sī essēs homō, sinerēs nunc facere#, T. _Ad._ 103, _if neither you nor I have acted thus, ’twas poverty that stinted us; for if we’d had the means, we should have done so too; and you would let that boy of yours, if you were human, do it now_. Here #esset# refers to past time, #essēs# to present. #num igitur eum, sī tum essēs, temerārium cīvem putārēs?# _Ph._ 8, 14, _would you therefore have thought him, if you had lived then, a hotheaded citizen?_ #sī ūniversa prōvincia loquī posset, hāc vōce ūterētur; quoniam id nōn poterat, hārum rērum āctōrem ipsa dēlēgit#, _Caecil._ 19, _if the collective province could have spoken, she would have used these words; but since she could not, she chose a manager for the case herself_.

2095. (_b._) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.#

#invēnissēmus iam diū, sei vīveret#, Pl. _Men._ 241, _were he alive, we should have found him long ago_. #sī mihi secundae rēs dē amōre meō essent, iam dūdum sciō vēnissent#, T. _Hau._ 230, _if everything were well about my love, I know they would have been here long ago_. #quae nisi essent in senibus, nōn summum cōnsilium maiōrēs nostrī appellāssent senātum#, _CM._ 19, _unless the elderly were in general characterized by these qualities, our ancestors would not have called the highest deliberative body the body of elders_.

2096. (_c._) #Periphrastic Apodosis.#

#quibus, sī Rōmae esset, facile contentus futūrus erat#, _Att._ 12, 32, 2, _with which, if he were in Rome, he would readily be satisfied_ (2093). #quōs ego, sī tribūnī mē triumphāre prohibērent, testēs citātūrus fuī rērum ā mē gestārum#, L. 38, 47, 4, _the very men whom I was to call to bear witness to my deeds, if the tribunes should refuse me a triumph_.

(2.) PROTASIS IN THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2097. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

(a.) Protasis denoting past, apodosis present action: #sī ante voluissēs, essēs; nunc sērō cupis#, Pl. _Tri._ 568, _if you had wished it before, you might be; as it is, you long too late_. #sī nōn mēcum aetātem ēgisset, hodiē stulta vīveret#, Pl. _MG._ 1320, _if she hadn’t spent her life with me, she’d be a fool to-day_. #sī tum illī respondēre voluissem, nunc rē̆ī pūblicae cōnsulere nōn possem#, _Ph._ 3, 33, _if I had chosen to answer the man then, I should not be able to promote the public interest now_. #quō quidem tempore sī meum cōnsilium valuisset, tū hodiē egērēs, nōs līberī essēmus#, _Ph._ 2, 37, _if by the way at that time my counsel had been regarded, you, sir, would be a beggar to-day and we should be free_.

(b.) Protasis and apodosis both referring to past: #ōlim sī advēnissem, magis tū tum istūc dīcerēs#, Pl. _Cap._ 871, _if I had come before, you’d have said so then all the more_. #num igitur, sī ad centēsimum annum vīxisset, senectūtis eum suae paenitēret?# _CM._ 19, _suppose therefore he had lived to be a hundred, would he have regretted his years?_ #Indōs aliāsque sī adiūnxisset gentēs, impedimentum maius quam auxilium traheret#, L. 9, 19, 5, _if he had added the Indians and other nations, he would have found them a hindrance rather than a help in his train_.

2098. (_b._) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.#

#sī appellāssēs, respondisset nōminī#, Pl. _Tri._ 927, _if you had called him, he’d have answered to his name_. #nisi fūgissem, medium praemorsisset#, Pl. in Gell. 6, 9, 7, _if I hadn’t run away, he’d have bitten me in two_. #sī vēnissēs ad exercitum, ā tribūnīs vīsus essēs; nōn es autem ab hīs vīsus#; #nōn es igitur ad exercitum profectus#, _Inv._ 1, 87, _if you had come to the army, you would have been seen by the tribunes; but you have not been seen by them; therefore you have not been to the army_. #sī beātus umquam fuisset, beātam vītam usque ad rogum pertulisset#, _Fin._ 3, 76, _if he had ever been a child of fortune, he would have continued the life of bliss to the funeral pyre_. #nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent#, 7, 88, 6, _unless the soldiers had been utterly exhausted, the entire force of the enemy might have been exterminated_ (2101). #quod sī Catilīna in urbe remānsisset, dīmicandum nōbīs cum illō fuisset#, _C._ 3, 17, _but if Catiline had staid in town we should have had to fight with the villain_ (2101).

2099. (_c._) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#vocem ego tē ad mē ad cēnam, frāter tuos nisi dīxisset mihī̆ tē apud sē cēnātūrum esse hodiē#, Pl. _St._ 510, _I should like to invite you home to dinner, if my brother hadn’t told me that you were to dine with him to-day_.

2100. (_d._) #Periphrastic Apodosis.#

(a.) #sī tacuisset, ego eram dictūrus#, Pl. _Cist._ 152, _if she had held her peace, I was going to tell_ (2093). #sī P. Sēstius occīsus esset, fuistisne ad arma itūrī?# _Sest._ 81, _if Sestius had been slain, were you disposed to rush to arms?_ #conclāve illud, ubī̆ erat mānsūrus, sī īre perrēxisset, conruit#, _Div._ 1, 26, _the suite of rooms where he was going to spend the night, if he had pushed on, tumbled down_. #Teucrās fuerat mersūra carīnās, nī prius in scopulum trānsfōrmāta foret#, O. 14, 72, _she had gone on to sink the Trojan barks unless she had been changed into a rock_. (b.) #quem sī vīcisset, habitūrus esset impūnitātem sempiternam#, _Mil._ 84, _and if he overcame him, he would be likely to have exemption from punishment forever and ever_ (2093). #aut nōn fātō interiīt exercitus, aut sī fātō, etiam sī obtemperāsset auspiciīs, idem ēventūrum fuisset#, _Div._ 2, 21, _the destruction of his army was either not due to fate, or if to fate, it would have happened all the same, even if he had conformed to the auspices_.

[Erratum: 2100. (_d._) (_c._)]

INDICATIVE APODOSIS.

2101. (1.) The apodosis of verbs of ability, duty, &c. (1495-1497), including the gerundive with #sum#, is often in the indicative, the imperfect taking the place of the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, and the perfect that of the pluperfect subjunctive. But the subjunctive is also found, especially #possem# rather than #poteram#.

2102. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative.#

(a.) Of present action: #quod sī Rōmae Cn. Pompēius prīvātus esset, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat mittendus#, _IP._ 50, _now if Pompey were at Rome, in private station, still he would be the man to send to this important war_. #quem patris locō, sī ūlla in tē pietās esset, colere dēbēbās#, _Ph._ 2, 99, _whom you ought to honour as a father, if you had any such thing as affection in you_.

(b.) Of past action: #quid enim poterat Heius respondēre, sī esset improbus?# _V._ 4, 16, _for what answer could Hejus have given, if he were an unprincipled man?_ #sī sordidam vestem habuissent, lūgentium Perseī cāsum praebēre speciem poterant#, L. 45, 20, 5, _if they had worn dark clothing, they might have presented the mien of mourners for the fall of Perseus_.

2103. (_b._) #Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.#