Part 10

377. A DIRECT COMPOUND is one formed directly from two parts: as, #con-iug-#, N. #coniūnx#, _yoke-fellow_ (#com-#, _together_, √#iug-#, _yoke_); #con-iungere#, _join together_ (#com-#, #iungere#); an INDIRECT COMPOUND is one formed by the addition of a suffix to a direct compound: as, #iūdic-io-#, N. #iūudicium#, _trial_ (#iūdic-#): #iūdicā-re#, _judge_ (#iūdic-#).

378. A REAL COMPOUND is a word whose stem is formed from two stems, or an inseparable prefix and a stem, fused into one stem; an APPARENT COMPOUND is formed by the juxtaposition of an inflected word with another inflected word, a preposition, or an adverb.

I. COMPOSITION OF NOUNS.

(A.) REAL COMPOUNDS.

FORM OF COMPOUNDS.

379. If the first part is a noun, its stem is taken: as, #Ahēno-barbus#, _Redbeard_, _Barbarossa_; usually with weakening of a stem vowel (103-105): as, #aurifex#, _jeweller_ (#auro-#). On other changes of the final vowel in the first member of compounds, see 174. Sometimes with disappearance of a syllable (179); as, #*venēni-ficus#, #venē-ficus#, _poisoner_ (#venēno-#); or of a vowel (111): as, #man-ceps#, _contractor_ (#manu-#); particularly before a vowel (119): as, #magn-animus#, _great-souled_ (#magno-#). Consonant stems are often extended by #i# before a consonant: as, #mōri-gerus#, _complaisant_ (#mōr-#).

380. Stems in #-s-#, including those in #-er-#, #-or-# and #-ōr-# (236), are sometimes compounded as above (379): as, #nemori-vagus#, _woodranger_; #honōri-ficus#, _complimentary_; but usually they drop the suffix and take #i#: as, #opi-fex#, _work-man_ (#oper-#); #foedi-fragus#, _truce-breaker_ (#foeder-#); #volni-ficus#, _wounding_ (#volner-#); #mūni-ficus#, _generous_ (#mūner-#); #terri-ficus#, _awe-inspiring_ (#terrōr-#); #horri-fer#, _dreadful_, #horri-sonus#, _awful-sounding_ (#horrōr-#).

381. The second part, which often has weakening of the vowel (102), is sometimes a bare root used as a stem (199), oftener a root with a formative suffix; or a noun stem, sometimes with its stem ending modified: as, #iū-dic-#, N. #iūdex#, _juror_ (√#dic-#, _declare_); #causi-dic-o-#, N. #causidicus#, _pleader_ (209); #in-gen-io-#, N. #ingenium#, _disposition_ (√#gen-#, _beget_, 219); #con-tāg-iōn-#, N. #contāgiō#, _touching together_ (√#tag-#, _touch_, 227); #im-berb-i-#, N. #imberbis#, _beardless_ (#barbā-#).

MEANING OF COMPOUNDS.

382. DETERMINATIVES are compounds in which the second part keeps its original meaning, though determined or modified by the first part. The meaning of a determinative may often be best expressed by two words.

383. (1.) The first part of a determinative may be an adjective, an adverb, a preposition, or an inseparable prefix; the second part is a noun: as,

#lāti-fundium#, i.e. #lātī fundī#, _broad acres_; #prīvi-lēgium#, i.e. #prīva lēx#, _special act_; #alti-sonāns#, i.e. #altē sonāns#, _high-sounding_; #con-discipulus#, i.e. #cum alterō discipulus#, _fellow-pupil_; #per-magnus#, i.e. #valdē magnus#, _very great_; #in-dignus#, i.e. #nōn dignus#, _unworthy_.

384. (2.) The first part of a determinative may represent the oblique case of a noun, generally a substantive; the second part is a noun or verb stem. These compounds are called _Objectives_: as,

Accusative of direct object (1132), #armi-ger#, i.e. #quī arma gerit#, _armour-bearer_; dative of indirect object (1208), #man-tēle#, i.e. #manibus tēla#, _handkerchief_, _napkin_; genitive (1227), #sōl-stitium#, i.e. #sōlis statiō#, _solstice_; ablative instrumental (1300), #tubi-cen#, i.e. #quī tubā canit#, _trumpeter_; locative (1331), #Troiu-gena#, i.e. #Troiae nātus#, _Troy-born_; ablative locative (1350), #nocti-vagus#, _night-wandering_; #monti-vagus#, _mountain-ranging_.

385. POSSESSIVES are adjective compounds in which the meaning of the second part is changed. The second part of a possessive is always formed from a substantive, qualified by the noun, adverb, or inseparable prefix of the first part, and the whole expresses an attribute which something _has_: as,

#longi-manus#, _longarms_, _long-armed_; #miseri-cors#, _tender-hearted_; #bi-linguis#, _two-tongued_; #magn-animus#, _greatheart_, _great-hearted_; #im-berbis#, _beardless_.

(B.) APPARENT COMPOUNDS.

386. Apparent Compounds are formed:

387. (1.) By two nouns combined, one with an unchanging case ending, the other with full inflections: as, #aquae-ductus#, _aqueduct_; #senātūs-cōnsultum#, _decree of the senate_; #pater-familiās#, _father of a family_; #vērī-similis#, _like the truth_; in these words, #aquae#, #senātūs#, #familiās#, and #vērī# are genitives, and remain genitives, while the other part of the compound is declinable.

388. (2.) By a substantive with an adjective habitually agreeing with it, both parts being declined: as, #rēs pūblica#, _the common-weal_; #rēs gestae#, _exploits_; #iūs iūrandum#, _oath_; #pecūniae repetundae#, _money claim_.

389. (3.) By nouns, chiefly substantives, in the same case placed loosely side by side and making one idea. The two words may be used: (_a._) Copulatively: as, #ūsus-frūctus#, _use and enjoyment_; #pactum-conventum#, _bargain and covenant_; #duo-decim#, _two and ten_, _twelve_; or (_b._) Appositively: one word explaining the other (1045): as, #Iuppiter#, _Jove the Father_ (94; 133); #Mārspiter#, _Mars the Father_, for #Mārs pater#.

390. (4.) From an original combination of an oblique case with a preposition: as, #prōcōnsul#, _proconsul_, from #prō cōnsule#, _for a consul_; #ēgregius#, _select_, from #ē grege#, _out of the herd_; #dēlīrus#, _astray_, _mad_, from #dē līrā#, _out of the furrow_.

II. COMPOSITION OF VERBS.

(A.) REAL COMPOUNDS.

391. Real Compounds are direct compounds of a verb with a preposition; the root vowel or diphthong of the verb is often weakened (102): as,

#per-agere#, _put through_, _accomplish_; #ab-igere#, _drive away_; #ex-quīrere#, _seek out_. The prefix, which was originally a separate adverb modifying the verb, is in poetry sometimes separated from the verb by another word; the disyllabic prepositions in particular often remain as juxtaposed adverbs (396).

392. Some prepositions are inseparable, that is, used only in composition: #ambi-#, _round_, #an-#, _up_, #dis-#, _in two_, _apart_, #por-#, _towards_, #red-#, #re-#, _back_, #sēd-#, #sē-#, _by oneself_, _away_: as, #amb-īre#, _go round to_; #an-hēlāre#, _breathe up_; #dis-pellere#, _drive apart_; #por-rigere#, _stretch forth_; #red-dere#, _give back_; #sē-iungere#, _separate_.

(B.) APPARENT COMPOUNDS.

393. Apparent Compounds are formed by the juxtaposition of:

394. (1.) A verb with a verb: #faciō# and #fīō# are added to present stems, mostly of intransitive verbs in #-ēre#; the #-e-# of the first verb is sometimes long, and sometimes short (130, 5): as, #calē̆-facere#, _make warm_ (#calēre#); #excandē̆-facere#, _make blaze_ (#candēre#); #madē̆-facere#, _make wet_ (#madēre#). In these apparent compounds, the accent of #faciō# remains the same as in the simple verb: as, #calē̆fácis#.

395. (2.) A substantive with a verb: as, #anim-advertere#, _pay heed to_, #animum advertere#; #vēnum-dare#, or #vēndere#, _sell_, #vēnum dare#; #vēn-īre#, _be sold_, #vēnum īre#; #lucrī-facere#, _make gain_, #lucrī facere#; #manū-mittere#, _set free_.

396. (3.) An adverb with a verb: as, #circum-dare#, _put round_; #satis-facere#, #satis-dare#, _give satisfaction_; #intro-īre#, _go inside_; #mālle#, _prefer_, for #magis velle# (170, 2); #nōlō#, _be unwilling_, for #ne volō#; #ne-scīre#, #hau-scīre#, _not know_.

[Erratum: 396. (3.) (2)]

C. INFLECTION.

397. INFLECTION is the change which nouns, pronouns, and verbs undergo, to indicate their relation in a sentence.

The inflection of a noun or pronoun is often called _Declension_, and that of a verb, _Conjugation_.

(A.) INFLECTION OF THE NOUN.

398. The noun or pronoun is inflected by attaching case endings to the stem.

The endings, which are called case endings for brevity, indicate number as well as case, and serve also to distinguish gender words from neuters in the nominative and accusative singular of some stems, and of all plurals. These endings are nearly the same for stems of all kinds.

THE STEM.

399. The stem contains the meaning of the noun. Noun stems are arranged in the following order: (1.) stems in #-ā-#, in #-o-#, in a consonant, or in #-i-#; these are substantive, including proper names, or adjective; (2.) stems in #-u-# or #-ē-#; these are substantive only, and include no proper names.

400. In some instances, a final stem vowel is retained before a case ending which begins with a vowel: as, #urbi-um#, #ācri-a#, #cornu-a#, #portu-ī#, #portu-um# (116, _c_); in others the stem vowel blends inseparably with the vowel of the case ending: as, #mēnsīs#, #dominīs# (108, _a_).

401. Some nouns have more than one form of the stem: as,

#sēdēs# (476); #femur#, #iecur# (489); #vās#, #mēnsis# (492); #vīrus#, #volgus# (493); #iter#, #nix#, #senex#, &c. (500); #vīs# (518); #caedēs# (523); #famēs#, #plēbēs# (524); #domus# (594); #angiportus#, &c. (595). Many nouns have a consonant stem in the singular, and an #-i-# stem in the plural: see 516; most substantives in #-iē-# or #-tiē-# have a collateral form in #-iā-# or #-tiā-# (604). Some adjectives have two different stems: as, #hilarus#, #hilara#, #hilarum#, and #hilaris#, #hilare#; #exanimus# and #exanimis#.

GENDER.

402. There are two genders, _Masculine_ and _Feminine_. Masculine and feminine nouns are called _Gender nouns_. Nouns without gender are called _Neuter_.

403. Gender is, properly speaking, the distinction of sex. In Latin, a great many things without life have gender in grammar, and are masculine or feminine.

404. Some classes of substantives may be brought under general heads of signification, as below, like the names of rivers and winds (405), which are usually of the masculine gender, or of plants (407), which are usually of the feminine. When the gender cannot be determined thus, it must be learned from the special rules for the several stems and their nominatives.

GENDER OF SOME CLASSES OF SUBSTANTIVES.

MASCULINES.

405. Names of male beings, rivers, winds, and mountains, are masculine: as,

#Caesar#, #Gāius#, #Sūlla#, men’s names; #pater#, _father_; #erus#, _master_; #scrība#, _scrivener_; #Tiberis#, _the Tiber_; #Aquilō#, _a Norther_; #Lūcrētilis#, _Mt. Lucretilis_.

406. The river names: #Allia#, #Dūria#, #Sagra#, #Lēthē#, and #Styx# are feminine. Also the mountain names #Alpēs#, plural, _the Alps_, and some Greek names of mountains in #-a# or #-ē#: as, #Aetna#, _Mt. Etna_; #Rhodopē#, a Thracian range. A few are neuter, as #Sōracte#.

FEMININES.

407. Names of female beings, plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees, are feminine: as,

#Gāia#, #Glycerium#, women’s names; #mālus#, _apple-tree_; #quercus#, _oak_; #īlex#, _holm-oak_; #abiēs#, _fir_.

408. Masculine are: #bōlētus#, _mushroom_, #carduus#, _thistle_, #dūmī#, plural, _brambles_, #intibus#, _endive_, #iuncus#, _rush_, #oleaster#, _bastard olive_, #rubus#, _bramble_, #rumex#, _sorrel_, #scirpus#, _bulrush_, and rarely #fīcus#, _fig_. Also some of Greek origin: as, #acanthus#, #amāracus#, #asparagus#, and #crocus#. Neuter are: #apium#, _parsley_, #balsamum#, _balsam-tree_, #rōbur#, _heart of oak_, and some names with stems in #-er-# (573).

MOBILE, COMMON, AND EPICENE NOUNS.

409. MOBILE NOUNS have different forms to distinguish sex: as, #Iūlius#, a man, _Julius_, #Iūlia#, a woman, _Julia_; #cervus#, _stag_, #cerva#, _hind_; #socer#, _father-in-law_, #socrus#, _mother-in-law_; #victor#, _conqueror_, #victrīx#, _conqueress_. Adjectives ‘of three endings’ (611), belong to this class.

410. Some nouns have one ending, but are applicable to either sex. Such are said, to be of _Common Gender_: as, #adulēscēns#, _young man_ or _young woman_; #dux#, _leader_; #īnfāns#, _baby_, _child_; and many other consonant stems or stems in #-i-#, denoting persons. Adjectives ‘of two endings’ or ‘of one ending’ (611), belong to this class.

411. EPICENES have one ending and one grammatical gender, though applicable to animals of either sex. Thus, #aquila#, _eagle_, is feminine, though it may denote a _he-eagle_ as well as a _she-eagle_; #anatēs#, _ducks_, feminine, includes _drakes_.

[Erratum: 411 ... as well as a _she-eagle_; _she-eagle_:]

NEUTERS.

412. Infinitives, words and expressions quoted or explained, and letters of the alphabet, are neuter: as,

#vīvere ipsum#, _mere living_; #istūc ‘taceō,’# _your ‘I won’t mention;’_ #longum vale#, _a long goodbye_; #o Graecum#, _Greek O_. But the letters have sometimes a feminine adjective, agreeing with #littera# understood.

VARIABLE GENDER.

413. Some substantives have different genders in the two numbers; the different gender is sometimes indicated by a difference of stem: as, #epulum#, neuter, #epulae#, feminine, _feast_. See #balneum#, #frēnum#, #jocus#, #locus#, #margarīta#, #ostrea#, #rāstrum#, in the dictionary.

NUMBER.

414. There are two numbers, the _Singular_ used of one, the _Plural_ of more than one.

415. #ambō#, _both_, and #duo#, _two_, nominative and accusative masculine and neuter, are the only remnants of an old _Dual_ number, denoting two.

416. Some substantives, from their meaning, have no plural.

Such are: proper names: as, #Cicerō#, _Cicero_; #Rōma#, _Rome_; material and abstract substantives: as, #oleum#, _oil_, #vīnum#, _wine_, #iūstitia#, _justice_; and gerunds: as, #regendī#, _of guiding_. For the occasional use of the plural, 1105-1110.

417. Some substantives, from their meaning, have no singular.

Such are: names of persons of a class: as, #maiōrēs#, _ancestors_; #superī#, _the beings above_; #mānēs#, _ghosts_; of feasts, sacrifices, days: as, #Sāturnālia#, _festival of Saturn_; #kalendae#, _first of the month_; of things made of parts or consisting of a series of acts: as, #arma#, _arms_; #artūs#, _joints_; #quadrīgae#, _four-in-hand_; #exsequiae#, _funeral rites_; of some places: as, #Faleriī#; #Vēī#; #Pompēī#; #Athēnae#, _Athens_; #Alpēs#, _the Alps_.

418. Some substantives have different meanings in the two numbers: as,

#aedis#, _temple_, #aedēs#, _house_; #auxilium#, _aid_, #auxilia#, _auxiliaries_; #carcer#, _jail_, #carcerēs#, _race-barriers_; #Castrum#, _Castle_, #castra#, _camp_; #comitium#, _meeting-place_, #comitia#, _election_; #cōpia#, _abundance_, #cōpiae#, _troops_; #facultās#, _ability_, #facultātēs#, _wealth_; #fīnis#, _end_, #fīnēs#, _boundaries_; #grātia#, _favour_, #grātiae#, _thanks_; #impedīmentum#, _hindrance_, #impedīmenta#, _baggage_; #littera#, _letter (of the alphabet)_, #litterae#, _epistle_; #rōstrum#, _beak_, #rōstra#, _speakers stand_. See also #aqua#, #bonum#, #fortūna#, #lūdus#, #opera#, #pars#, in the dictionary.

CASE.

419. Nouns have five cases, the _Nominative_, _Genitive_, _Dative_, _Accusative_, and _Ablative_.

The nominative represents a noun as subject, the accusative as object; the genitive denotes the relation of _of_, the dative of _to_ or _for_, and the ablative of _from_, _with_, _in_, or _by_. But the meanings of the cases are best learnt from reading. All cases but the nominative and vocative (420) are called _Oblique Cases_.

420. Town names and a few appellatives have also a case denoting the place where, called the _Locative_. Masculine stems in #-o-# and some Greek stems with other endings have still another form used in addressing a person or thing, called the _Vocative_.

421. The stem of a noun is best seen in the genitive; in the genitive plural it is preserved without change, except that #o# of #-o-# stems is lengthened (123). In dictionaries the stem ending is indicated by the genitive singular, thus: #-ae#, #-ī#, #-is#, #-ūs# (#-ĕī#), indicate respectively stems in #-ā-#, #-o-#, a consonant or #-i-#, #-u-#, and #-ē-#, as follows:

GENITIVE SINGULAR. GENITIVE PLURAL. STEMS IN.

-ae, mēnsae, _table_ -ārum, mēnsā-rum -ā-, mēnsā-, N. mēnsa -ī, dominī, _master_ -ōrum, dominō-rum -o-, domino-, N. dominus -is, rēgis, _king_ -cons. um, rēg-um -consonant, rēg-, N. rēx -is, cīvis, _citizen_ -ium, cīvi-um -i-, cīvi-, N. cīvis -ūs, portus, _port_ -uum, portu-um -u-, portu-, N. portus (ĕ̄ī, rĕ̄ī), _thing_ (-ērum, rē-rum) -ē, rē-, N. rēs

422. Gender nominatives usually add #-s# to the stem: as, #servo-s# or #servu-s#, _slave_, #rēx# (164, 1), #cīvi-s#, #portu-s#, #rē-s#. But stems in #-ā-# or in a continuous consonant (#-l-#, #-n-#, #-r-#, or #-s-#) have no #-s#: as, #mēnsa#, #cōnsul#, _consul_, #flāmen#, _special priest_, #pater#, _father_, #flōs#, _flower_.

423. Neuters have the nominative and accusative alike; in the singular the stem is used: as #nōmen#, _name_; or a shortened stem: as, #exemplar#, _pattern_; but stems in #-o-# take #-m#: as, #aevo-m# or #aevu-m#, _age_. In the plural #-a# is always used: as, #rēgna#, _kingdoms_, #nōmina#, #cornua#, _horns_. For #-s# in adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see 612.

424. Gender accusatives singular add #-m# to the stem: as, #mēnsa-m#, #servo-m# or #servu-m#, #nāvi-m#, _ship_, #portu-m#, #die-m#. The consonant stems have the ending #-em#: as, #rēg-em#; most substantive stems in #-i-# and all adjectives also drop #-i-# and take #-em#: as, NĀV-EM, #trīst-em#, _sad_. In the plural, gender stems add #-s# before which the vowel is long: as, #mēnsā-s#, #servō-s#, #rēgē-s#, #nāvī-s# or #nāvē-s#, #portū-s#, #rē-s#.

425. The ablative singular usually ends in the long vowel of the stem: as, #mēnsā#, #dominō#, #nāvī#, #portū#, #rē#. The ablative of consonant stems usually has #-e# (rarely #-ī-#, see 502): as, #patre#, _father_; and that of substantive #-i-# stems has #-e# more commonly than #-ī#: as, #nāve#.

426. The ablative singular of #-ā-# and #-o-# stems ended anciently in #-ād# and #-ōd# respectively: as, PRAIDAD, PREIVATOD; that of consonant stems in #-īd#: as, AIRID, COVENTIONID. But #-d# is almost entirely confined to inscriptions and disappeared early (149).

427. The genitive plural adds #-rum# to #-ā-#, #-o-#, and #-ē-# stems: as, #mēnsā-rum#, #dominō-rum#, #rē-rum#; and #-um# to consonant stems, #-i-# stems, and #-u-# stems: as, #rēg-um#, #cīvi-um#, #portu-um#.

428. The dative and ablative plural are always alike: stems in #-ā-# and #-o-# take #-is#, which blends with the stem vowel (400): as, #mēnsīs#, #dominīs#; other stems have #-bus#, before which consonant stems are extended by #i#: as, #rēgi-bus#, #nāvi-bus#, #portu-bus# or #porti-bus#, #rē-bus#.

429. Some pronouns and a few adjectives have some peculiar case endings; see 618-694.

430. Many nouns are defective in case.

Thus, many monosyllables have no genitive plural: as, #aes#, _copper_, #cor#, _heart_, #cōs#, _whetstone_, #dōs#, _dowry_, #ōs#, _face_, #pāx#, _peace_, #pix#, _pitch_, #rōs#, _dew_, #sāl#, _salt_, #lūx#, _light_; many words have no genitive, dative, or ablative plural: as, #hiemps#, _winter_; especially neuters: as, #fār#, _spelt_, #fel#, _gall_, #mel#, _honey_, #pūs#, _matter_, #rūs#, _country_, #tūs#, _frankincense_. Many words in #-tu-# (#-su-#) have only the ablative (235). For #-ē-# stems, see 600. Other words more or less defective are #exlēx#, #exspēs#, #fās# and #nefās#, #īnfitiās#, #inquiēs#, #īnstar#, #luēs#, #nēmō#, #opis# and #vicis# genitives, #pondō# and #sponte# ablatives, #secus#, #vīs#. Many adjectives ‘of one ending’ want the nominative and accusative neuter plural and genitive plural.

431. Some adjectives are altogether indeclinable: as, #frūgī#, _thrifty_, an old dative; #nēquam#, _naughty_, an old accusative; #quot#, _how many_; #tot#, _so many_; and most numerals (637). These adjectives are attached to any case of a substantive without varying their own forms.

THE SUBSTANTIVE

STEMS IN #-ā-#.

_The First Declension._

Genitive singular #-ae#, genitive plural #-ā-rum#.

432. Stems in #-ā-# include substantives and adjectives; both substantives and adjectives are feminine.

433. Names of males are masculine (405): as, #scrība#, _writer_; also #Hadria#, _the Adriatic_, and rarely #damma#, _deer_, and #talpa#, _mole_.

434. The nominative of stems in #-ā-# ends in the shortened stem vowel #-a#.

435. Stems in #-ā-# are declined as follows:

+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+ | Example | mēnsa, _table_, mēnsā-, F. | Stem and | | | | case | | Stem | | endings | +----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+ | Singular | | | | _Nom._ | mēnsa _table_, _a_ (or _the_) _table_ | -a | | _Gen._ | mēnsae _a table’s_, _of a table_ | -ae | | _Dat._ | mēnsae _to_ or _for a table_ | -ae | | _Acc._ | mēnsam _a table_ | -am | | _Abl._ | mēnsā _from_, _with_, or _by a table_ | -ā | +----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+ | Plural | | | | _Nom._ | mēnsae _tables_ (or _the_) _tables_ | -ae | | _Gen._ | mēnsārum _tables’_, _of tables_ | -ārum | | _Dat._ | mēnsīs _to_ or _for tables_ | -īs | | _Acc._ | mēnsās _tables_ | -ās | | _Abl._ | mēnsīs _from_, _with_, or _by tables_ | -īs | +----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+

[Erratum: THE SUBSTANTIVE header supplied from Table of Contents]

SINGULAR CASES.

436. #-ā-# of the stem was shortened in the nominative and accusative singular at an early period (130, 132). A few apparent examples of the nominative in #-ā#, found in the oldest writers, seem due to metrical causes: as, #aquilā́# (Enn.). But #-ā# occurs in Greek proper names (445). A couple of old masculine nominatives in #-ās# are quoted (422): #pāricīdās#, _murderer_, and #hosticapās#, _taker of enemies_. In the accusative singular #-ām# occurs once: #inimīcitiā́m# (Enn.).

437. The genitive sometimes ends (1.) in #-āī# in poetry: as, #aulāī#, _of the hall_; #pīctāī#, _embroidered_; (2.) in #-ās#: as, #molās#, _of a mill_. This genitive is rare, but was always kept up in the word #familiās# with #pater# or #māter#, sometimes with #fīlius# or #fīlia#: #pater familiās#, _the goodman_, #māter familiās#, _the housewife_. But #pater familiae#, or in the plural #patrēs familiārum#, is equally common.

438. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in #-ae#: as, #Rōmae#, _at Rome_, _in Rome_; #mīlitiae#, _in war_, _in the field_, _in the army_.

PLURAL CASES.

439. Compounds ending with #-cola#, _inhabiting_, and #-gena#, _born_, and patronymics, sometimes have the genitive plural in #-ū̆m# in poetry: as, #caelicolū̆m#, _of occupants of heaven_; #Graiugenū̆m#, _of Greek-born men_; #Aeneadū̆m#, _of Aeneas’s sons_; also names of peoples: as, #Lapithū̆m#, _of the Lapithae_. With these last #-ū̆m# occurs even in prose: as, #Crotōniātū̆m#, _of the Crotona people_. Others in #-ŭm# are #drachmŭm#, #amphorū̆m#.

440. In the dative and ablative plural, #-eis# sometimes occurs (443): as, #tueis ingrātieis#, _against your will_ (Plaut.). Nouns in #-ia# have rarely a single #ī#: as, #pecūnīs#, _by moneys_ (Cic.); #taenīs#, _with fillets_ (Verg.); #nōnīs Iūnīs#, _on the fifth of June_ (Cic.). See 24.

441. In the dative and ablative plural, words in #-āia#, or plural #-āiae#, have #-āīs#, and those in #-ēia# have #-ēīs# (127, 7): as KAL. MAIS, _on the calends of May_ (inscr.); #Bāīs#, _at Bajae_ (Hor.); #plēbēīs#, _plebeian_.

442. The dative and ablative plural sometimes end in #-ābus#, particularly in #deābus#, _goddesses_, and #fīliābus#, _daughters_, to distinguish them from #deīs#, _gods_, and #fīliīs#, _sons_. #ambae#, _both_, and #duae#, _two_, regularly have #ambābus# and #duābus#.

443. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows: