A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Part 11

Chapter 112,412 wordsPublic domain

G. #-ai#, which may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in pronunciation: PVLCHRAI; LAVERNAI; #-āēs#, after 80 B.C., chiefly in proper names, mostly Greek: HERAES; rarely in appellatives: DOMINAES; #-ēs#: MINERVES; #-ā#, VESTA; COIRA, i.e. #Cūrae#. D. #-ai#, in all periods (96): FILIAI; #-ā#: FORTVNA; #-ē# (96): FORTVNE. Ac. #-a# (61): TAVRASIA; MAGNA SAPIENTIA. Ab. #-ād# (426): PRAIDAD. Loc. #-ai#: ROMAI. Plural: N. #-ai# (96): TABELAI DATAI; #-ā#, rare: MATRONA; #-ē#, rare and provincial (96): MVSTE, i.e. #mystae#. D. and Ab. #-eis#, very often (98): SCRIBEIS; D. #-ās#, once: DEVAS CORNISCAS, i.e. #dīvīs Cornīscīs#. Ab. #-ēs# once (98): NVGES, i.e. #nūgīs#.

[Erratum: 443 ... TABELAI DATAI; #-ā#, rare DATAI:]

GREEK NOUNS.

444. Greek appellatives always take a Latin form in the dative singular and in the plural, and usually throughout: thus, #poēta#, M., _poet_, and #aula#, F., _court_, are declined like #mēnsa#. Masculines have sometimes a nominative #-ēs# and accusative #-ēn#: as, #anagnōstēs#, _reader_, #anagnōstēn#; rarely an ablative #-ē#: as, #sophistē#, _sophist_. Greek feminines in #-ē# sometimes have Greek forms in late writers: as, N. #grammaticē#, _philology_, G. #grammaticēs#, Ac. #grammaticēn#, Ab. #grammaticē# (Quintil.).

445. Greek proper names sometimes have the following forms. Nominative masculine #-ās#, #-ēs#: as, #Prūsiās#, #Atrīdēs#; feminine #-ā#: as, #Gelā#, #Phaedrā#; #-ē#: as, #Circē#. Genitive feminine #-ēs#: as, #Circēs#. Accusative masculine #-ān#, #-dēn#: as, #Aenēān#, #Pēlīdēn#; feminine #-ēn#: as, #Circēn#. Ablative feminine #-ē#: as, #Tīsiphonē#. Vocative #-ā# or #-a#: as, #Atrīdā#, #Atrīda#, #Thyesta#; #-tē#: as, #Boōtē#; #-dē#: as, #Aeacidē#.

STEMS IN #-o-#.

_The Second Declension._

Genitive singular #-ī#, genitive plural #-ō-rum#.

446. Stems in #-o-# include substantives and adjectives, masculine or neuter.

447. Most names of plants in #-us# are feminine (407); also the following: #alvos# or #alvus#, _belly_, #colus#, _distaff_, #domus#, _house_, #humus#, _ground_, #vannus#, _fan_.

448. The nominative of masculines ends, including the stem vowel, in #-o-s#, or usually #-u-s#; some end in #-r#; neuters end in #-o-m#, or usually #-u-m#.

449. (1.) Stems in #-o-# with the nominative in #-us# or #-um# are declined as follows:

+--------+----------------------------+------------+--------------+ |Examples| dominus, _master_, |rēgnum, | Stem | | | domino-, M. | _kingdom_,| and case | | Stems | |rēgno-, Ne. | endings | +--------+----------------------------+------------+------+-------+ |Singular| | | M. | Ne. | | _Nom._ | dominus, _a_ (or _the_) | rēgnum | -us | -um | | | _master_ | | | | | _Gen._ | dominī, _a master’s_ | rēgnī | -ī | -ī | | _Dat._ | dominō, _to_ | | | | | | or _for a master_ | rēgnō | -ō | -ō | | _Acc._ | dominum, _a master_ | rēgnum | -um | -um | | _Abl._ | dominō, _from_, _with_, | rēgnō | -ō | -ō | | | or _by a master_ | | | | | _Voc._ | domine, _master_ | | -e | | +--------+----------------------------+------------+------+-------+ | Plural | | | | | | _Nom._ | dominī, (_the_) _masters_ | rēgna | -ī | -a | | _Gen._ | dominōrum, _of masters_ | rēgnōrum | -ōrum| -ōrum | | _Dat._ | dominīs, _to_ or | | | | | | _for masters_ | rēgnīs | -īs | -īs | | _Acc._ | dominōs, _masters_ | rēgna | -ōs | -a | | _Abl._ | dominīs, _from_, _with_, | rēgnīs | -īs | -īs | | | or _by masters_ | | | | +--------+----------------------------+------------+------+-------+

450. #deus#, _god_, is declined as follows: N. #deus#, G. #deī#, D. and Ab. #deō#, Ac. #deum#. Plural: N. #deī#, #di͡i#, commonly #dī#, G. #deōrum# or #deŭm#, D. and Ab. #deīs#, #di͡is#, commonly #dīs#, Ac. #deōs#.

451. (2.) Stems in #-o-# with the nominative in #-r# or in #-āius#, #-ēius#, or #-ōius# are declined as follows:

SINGULAR CASES.

452. #-us# and #-um# were originally #-os# and #-om#. But #-us# was used in the earliest times, #-um# somewhat later, and both became prevalent between 218 and 55 B.C. (107, _c_). After #u# or #v#, however, the #-os# and #-om# were retained till toward 50 A.D. (107, _c_); also after #qu#; but #-cus# and #-cum# often displaced #-quos# and #-quom# (157): as, #equos#, #equom#, or #ecus#, #ecum#, _horse_; #antīquos#, #antīquom#, or #antīcus#, #antīcum#, _ancient_. In the vocative #-e# was always used, and is retained by Plautus in #puere#, _thou boy_.

453. Words in #-rus# with a long penult, as, #sevērus#, _stern_, and the following substantives with a short penult are declined like #domimus# (449):

erus, _master_ iūniperus, _juniper_ numerus, _number_ umerus, _shoulder_ uterus, _womb_

For adjective stems in #-ro-# with nominative #-rus#, see 615.

454. Masculine stems in #-ro-# preceded by a short vowel or a mute, except those above (453), drop #-os# in the nominative, and have no vocative: as, stem #puero-#, N. #puer#, _boy_ (111, _b_). Most masculines in #-ro-# have a vowel before #r# only in the nominative #-er# (111, _b_): as #agro-#, N. #ager#. But in compounds ending in #-fer# and #-ger#, _carrying_, _having_, and the following, the vowel before #-r# is a part of the stem, and is found in all the cases:

adulter, Līber, _paramour_, _Liber_ gener, socer, _son-in-law_, _father-in-law_ puer, vir, _boy_, _man_ līberī, vesper, _children_, _evening_

For #Mulciber#, #Hibēr#, and #Celtibē̆r#, see the dictionary; for adjective stems in #-ro-# with nominative #-r#, see 616. Once #socerus# (Pl.).

455. #nihilum#, _nothing_, usually drops #-um# in the nominative and accusative, becoming #nihil# or #nīl#, and similarly #nōn#, _not_, may be for #noenum#, _naught_ (99). #famul# is used for #famulus#, _slave_, by Ennius and Lucretius, once each (111, _b_).

456. Substantives ending in #-ius# or #-ium# (but never adjectives), have commonly a single #-ī# in the genitive singular: as,

#Vergilius#, G. #Vergílī# (87); #fīlius#, _son_, G. #fīlī#; #cōnūbium#, _marriage_, G. #cōnūbī#.

457. Vergil has once a genitive #-iī#, #fluviī#, _river’s_. Propertius has #-iī# two or three times; with Ovid, Seneca, and later writers, #-iī# is common: as, #gladiī#, _of a sword_; even in proper names, which were the last to take #-iī#: as, #Tarquiniī#; but family names almost always retain a single #-ī#. Locatives have #-iī#: as, #Iconiī# (Cic.).

458. Proper names ending in #-āius#, #-ēius#, or #-ōius# have #-āī#, #-ēī#, or #-ōī# in the genitive and vocative singular and nominative plural, and #-āīs#, #-ēīs#, or #-ōīs# in the dative and ablative plural (127, 7): as,

#Gāius#, G., V., and N. Pl. #Gāī#, D. and Ab. Pl. #Gāīs#; #Pompēī#, #Pompēīs#; #Bōī#, #Bōīs#. In verse #-ēī# of the vocative is sometimes made one syllable (120): as, #Pompe͡i#; #Volte͡i# (Hor.).

459. Latin proper names in #-ius# have the vocative in #-ī# only: as,

#Vergilius#, V. #Vergílī#; #Mercurius#, V. #Mercúrī# (87). So, also, #fīlius#, #fīlī#, _son_; #genius#, #genī#, _good angel_; #volturius#, #volturī#, _vulture_; #meus#, #mī#, _my_.

460. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in #-ī#: as, #Ephesī#, _in Ephesus_; #humī#, _on the ground_; #bellī#, _in war_.

[Erratum: 455 ... #noenum#, _naught_ (99). final . invisible]

PLURAL CASES.

461. In the nominative plural masculine, #-ei# sometimes occurs (465): as, #nātei geminei#, _twins born_ (Plaut.); #-eis# or #-īs# is rare (465): as, #Sardeis#, _Sardians_; #oculīs#, _eyes_; not infrequently #hīsce#, _these here_ (Plaut.); masculine stems in #-io-# have rarely a single #-ī#: as, #fīlī#, _sons_. For #-āī#, #-ēī#, or #-ōī#, see 458. The nominative and accusative plural of neuters ended anciently in #-ā# (130, 2). But #-ā# was shortened at an early period.

462. In the common genitive plural #-ōrum#, the #-o-# of the stem is lengthened (123). A genitive plural in #-ū̆m# (or, after #v#, in #-ŏ̄m#) is common from #dīvos#, #dīvus#, and #deus#, _god_; from #dēnārius#, _denar_, #modius#, _peck_, #nummus#, _money_, #sēstertius#, _sesterce_, and #talentum#, _talent_, with numerals; and from cardinals and distributives (641): as, #dīvŏ̄m#, #divū̆m#, #deū̆m#; #mīlle sēstertiŭm#; #ducentū̆m#; #bīnŭm#. The #u# was originally long (132); but it was shortened before 100 A.D.

463. Other masculine substantives have occasionally this genitive: as, #līberū̆m#, _of children_; particularly in set phrases and in verse: as, #centuria fabrū̆m#, _century of mechanics_; #Graiū̆m#, _of Greeks_. With neuter substantives, as #oppidū̆m#, for #oppidōrum#, _of towns_, and with adjectives it is rare.

464. In the dative and ablative plural, #-eis# is rare (98): as, #Epidamnieis# (Plaut.). Stems in #-io-# have rarely a single #ī#: as, #fīlīs#, _for sons_. For #-āīs#, #-ēīs#, or #-ōīs#, see 458. #ambō#, _both_, and #duo#, _two_, have #ambōbus# and #duōbus# (640).

465. Other case forms are found in inscriptions as follows:

N. #-os#, #-om#, with #o# retained (107, _c_): FILIOS, TRIBVNOS; POCOLOM; in proper names #-o# (66): CORNELIO; #-u#, rare: LECTV; #-is#, or #-i#, for #-ius# (135, 2): CAECILIS; CLAVDI; neuter #-o# (61): POCOLO. G. oldest form #-ī#: VRBANI; #-ei#, from 146 B.C. to Augustus: POPVLEI; CONLEGEI; #-iī# from stems in #-io-# not before Tiberius: COLLEGII. Ac. #-om# (107, _c_): VOLCANOM; #-o# (61): OPTVMO VIRO; #-u#: GREMIV. Ab. #-od#, not after 186 B.C. (426): POPLICOD, PREIVATOD. Plural: N. #-ei#, always common (98): VIREI; FILEI; -ēs, #-eis#, #-īs# (461): ATILIES; COQVES; LEIBEREIS, i.e. #līnerī#; MAGISTREIS; MAGISTRIS; #-ē#, rare: PLOIRVME, i.e. #plūrumī#. G. #-ōm# or #-ō# (61) ROMANOM; ROMANO; #-ōro# (61): DVONORO. D. and Ab. #-eis#, the only form down to about 130 B.C. (98): ANTIQVEIS; PROXSVMEIS; #-ēs#, twice: CAVATVRINES.

[Erratum: 465 ... COLLEGII. Ac. #-om# (107, _c_): VOLCANOM (107 _c_)]

GREEK NOUNS.

466. Greek stems in #-o-# are generally declined like Latin nouns, but in the singular sometimes have #-os# in the nominative, #-on# in the nominative or accusative neuter, rarely #-ū# in the genitive, or #-ō# in the feminine ablative. Plural, nominative sometimes #-oe#, masculine or feminine, and genitive, chiefly in book-titles, #-ōn#: as,

Nominative #Īlios#; #Īlion# or #Īlium#. Genitive #Menandrū#, _of Menander_. Ablative feminine adjective #lectīcā octōphorō#, _in a sedan with eight bearers_. Plural: nominative #Adelphoe#, _the Brothers_; #canēphoroe#, _basket-bearers_, feminine. Genitive #Geōrgicōn liber#, _book of Husbandry_. For #Androgeōs#, #Athŏ̄s# and #Panthūs#, see the dictionary.

CONSONANT STEMS.

_The Third Declension._

Genitive singular #-is#, genitive plural #-um#.

467. Consonant stems are mostly substantive, and include both gender words and neuters.

Comparatives and a few other words are adjective. For the gender of substantives, see 570.

468. The nominative of consonant stems ends in #-s# (or #-x#); or in #-n# (#-ō#), #-l#, #-r#, or #-s# of the stem, rarely in #-c# or #-t#.

469. Most consonant stems have one syllable less in the nominative than in the genitive.

Such words are called _Imparisyllabic_ words or _Imparisyllables_: as, nominative #rēx#, _king_, one syllable; genitive #rēgis#, _of a king_, two syllables.

470. Many consonant stems have a double form: one form used in the nominative singular (neuters have this form in the accusative also), another form in the other cases: as,

#iūdex#, _juror_, stem of nominative #iūdec-# (136, 2), of other cases #iūdic-#; #flāmen# (103, _a_), _special priest_, #flāmin-# (103, _a_); #virgō#, _maid_, #virgin-# (105, _g_); #auceps# (107, _d_), _fowler_, #aucup-# (104, _c_); #ebur# (107, _c_), _ivory_, #ebor-#; #genus#, _race_, #gener-# (145; 107, _c_); #trīstius# (346), _sadder_, #trīstiōr-# (346); #corpus# (107, _c_), _body_, #corpor-# (105, _i_); #pater# (135, 2), _father_, #patr-#. In such instances the stem of the oblique cases is taken for brevity to represent both forms of the stem.

I. MUTE STEMS.

471. (1.) Stems in a guttural mute, #-g-# or #-c-#, are declined as follows:

In the nominative and accusative, neuters have no case ending in the singular, and #-a# in the plural. In the other cases they have the same case endings as gender stems.

472. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-g-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-gis#, are:

#-ex#, #-egis# #grex#, M., (F.), _herd_; #aquilex#, M., _spring-hunter_, _hydraulic engineer_. #-ēx#, #-ēgis# #rēx#, M., _king_; #interrēx#, _regent_; #lēx#, F., _law_; and N. and Ac. #exlēx#, #exlēgem#, _beyond the law_, adjective. #-ex#, #-igis# #rēmex#, M., _oarsman_. #-ī̆x#, #-ī̆gis# #strī̆x#, F., _screech-owl_. #-ūnx#, #-ūgis# #coniūnx# (122, _e_) or #coniux#, M., F., _spouse_. #-ūx#, #-ūgis# #frūx#, F., _fruit_.

473. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-c-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-cis#, are:

#-ax#, #-acis# #fax#, F., _torch_, no G. Pl. in good writers (430). #-āx#, #-ācis# #pāx#, F., _peace_, Pl. only N. and Ac. #pācēs#; #līmāx#, F., _snail_. #-ex#, #-ecis# #faenisex#, M., _haycutter_; #nex#, F., _murder_; #precī#, D., F., _prayer_, no N., usually plural. #-ēx#, #-ēcis# #vervēx#, M., _wether_; #allēx#, F., _fish-pickle_, also #allēc#, Ne. #-ex#, #-icis# Masculines mostly: #apex#, _point_; #cārex#, F., _rush_; #caudex# or #cōdex#, _block_, _book_; #cīmex#, _bug_; #cortex#, M., F., _bark_; #culex#, _gnat_; #forfex#, M., F., _shears_; #frutex#, _shrub_; #īlex#, F., _holm-oak_; #illex#, M., F., _seducer_; #imbrex#, _tile_; #latex#, _fluid_; #mūrex#, _purple-shell_; #obice#, Ab., M., F., _bar_, no N.; #paelex#, F., _concubine_, #pollex#, _thumb_; #pūlex#, _flea_; #pūmex#, _pumice-slone_; #rāmex#, _blood-vessel_; #rumex#, _sorrel_; #silex#, M., F., _flint_; #sōrex#, _shrew-mouse_; #vortex# or #vertex#, _whirl_; #vītex#, F., _a shrub_. Also some compounds: as, #iūdex#, _juror_; #artifex#, _artisan_; #auspex#, _bird-viewer_. #-ix#, #-icis# Feminines mostly: #appendix#, _addition_; #calix#, M., _cup_; #filix#, _fern_; #fulix#, _gull_; #fornix#, M., _arch_; #larix#, _larch_; #pix#, _pitch_, no G. Pl. (430); #salix#, _willow_; #vārix#, _swollen vein_; #vicis#, G., _change_, no N., D., or G. Pl. (430). #-īx#, #-īcis# Feminines: #cervīx#, _neck_; #cicātrīx#, _scar_; #cornīx#, _crow_; #cŏ̄turnīx# (62), _quail_; #lōdīx#, _blanket_; #rādīx#, _root_; #struīx#, _heap_. Also #coxendīx#, _hip_, later #coxendix#, #coxendicis#. #-ōx#, #-ōcis# #vōx#, F., _voice_. #-ux#, #-ucis# #crux#, F., _cross_; #dux#, M., F., _leader_; #nux#, F., _nut-tree_, _nut_; #trādux#, M., _vinelayer_.

474. (2.) Stems in a dental mute, #-d-# or #-t-#, are declined as follows:

475. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-d-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-dis#, are:

#-as#, #-adis# #vas#, M., F., _personal surety_, no G. Pl. (430). #-aes#, #-aedis# #praes#, M., _bondsman_. #-es#, #-idis# #obses#, M., F., _hostage_; #praeses#, M., F., _overseer_. #*dēses#, _slothful_, adjective. #-ēs#, #-edis# #pēs#, M., _foot_. #-ēs#, #-ēdis# #hērēs#, M., F., _heir_; #exhērēs#, _disinherited_, adjective; #mercēs#, F., _reward_. #-is#, #-idis# Feminines: #capis#, _cup_; #cassis#, _helmet_; #cuspis#, _spear-point_; #prōmulsis#, _appetizer_; #lapis#, M., _stone_. #-ōs#, #-ōdis# #custōs#, M., F., _guard_. #-aus#, #-audis# #laus#, F., _praise_. #-us#, #-udis# #pecus#, F., _beast_, _head of cattle_. #-ūs#, #-ūdis# Feminines: #incūs#, _anvil_; #palūs#, _swamp_, nominative once in Horace #palus#, as from an #-o-# stem; #subscūs#, _dovetail_.

476. #sēdēs#, F., _seat_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the nominative, and #sēd-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #sēdum#, once #sēdium# (Vell. Pat.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-d-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-dis#, is #cor# (171, 2), _heart_, #cordis#, no G. Pl. (430).

477. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-t-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-tis#, are:

#-as#, #-atis# #anas#, F., _duck_; G. Pl. also #anitum# (Cic.), and Ac. Pl. #anitēs# (Plaut.). #-ās#, #-ātis# #aetās#, F., _age_; also numerous other feminines in #-tās# (262). #-es#, #-etis# #interpres#, M., F., _go-between_; #seges#, F., _crop_; #teges#, F., _mat._ #-es#, #-itis# Masculines mostly: #ames#, _net-pole_; #antistes#, M., F., _overseer_; #caespes#, _sod_; #comes#, M., F., _companion_; #eques#, _horseman_; #fōmes#, _tinder_; #gurges#, _whirlpool_; #hospes#, M., F., _guest-friend_; #līmes#, _path_; #merges#, F., _sheaf_; #mīles#, M., F., _soldier_; #palmes#, _vine-sprout_; #pedes#, _man afoot_, _infantry_; #poples#, _hough_; #stīpes#, _trunk_; #termes#, _bough_; #trāmes#, _by-path_; #dīves#, _rich_; #sōspes#, _safe_; #superstes#, _surviving_; #caelite#, Ab., _occupant of heaven_, no N., adjectives. #-ēs#, #-etis# #abiēs#, F., _fir_; #ariēs#, M., _ram_; #pariēs#, M., _wall_. #-ēs#, #-ētis# Feminines: #quiēs# and #requiēs#, _rest_, no D., Ac. often #requiem#, Ab. usually #requiē# (603); #inquiēs#, _unrest_, N. only. #-os#, #-otis# #compos#, _master of_, adjective. #-ōs#, #-ōtis# #nepōs#, M., _grandson_, _profligate_; #sacerdōs#, M., _priest_; #cōs#, F., _whetstone_, no G. Pl. (130); #dōs#, F., _dowry_, no G. Pl. in good writers (430); #dōtum# once (Val. Max.), and #dōtium# in the jurists. #-ūs#, #-ūtis# Feminines: #iuventūs#, _youth_; #salūs#, _existence_; #senectūs#, _old age_; #servitūs#, _slavery_, all singular only; and #virtūs#, _virtue_, with a plural.

478. #vātēs#, _bard_, has an #-s-# stem, namely #-ēs# (236), in the nominative, and #vāt-# in the other cases (401); G. Pl. #vātum#, but thrice #vātium# (Cic.). The only example of a neuter stem in #-t-#, with nominative #-t#, genitive #-tis#, is #caput#, _head_, #capitis#, and its compounds #occiput#, _back of the head_ and #sinciput#, _jole_. #lac#, Ne., _milk_, #lactis#, has in old and late Latin nominative and accusative #lacte#, #lact# once in Varro (171, 2); acc. #lactem# occurs in Petronius once and later.

479. (3.) Stems in a labial mute, #-b-# or #-p-#, are declined as follows:

mūniceps, _burgess_, stem mūnicip-, M., F.

Singular: N. #mūniceps#, G. #mūnicipis#, D. #mūnicipī#, Ac. #mūnicipem#, Ab. #mūnicipe#. Plural: N. #mūnicipēs#, G. #mūnicipum#, D. #mūnicipibus#, Ac. #mūnicipēs#, Ab. #mūnicipibus#.