Part 57

(_a._) #quae nōs nostramque adulēscentiam habent dēspicātam et quae nōs semper omnibus cruciant modīs#, T. _Eu._ 383, _who hold us and our youth in scorn and torment us in every way_. #in eā prōvinciā pecūniās magnās collocātās habent#, _IP._ 18, _they have invested large funds in that province_. #Clōdiī animum perspectum habeō, cōgnitum, iūdicātum#, _ad Br._ 1, 1, 1, _Clodius’s mind I have looked into thoroughly, probed, formed a judgement on_. #clausum lacū ac montibus et circumfūsum suīs cōpiīs habuit hostem#, L. 22, 4, 5, _his enemy he had shut in by lake and mountains and surrounded by his troops_. See also 1606.

(_b._) #missa haec face#, T. _Ad._ 906, _let this pass_. #vērum haec missa faciō#, _RA._ 76, _but I let this pass_. #Mānlium missum fēcit#, _Off._ 3, 112, _he let Manlius go_. #factum et cūrātum dabō#, Pl. _Cas._ 439, _I’ll have it done and seen to_. #strātās legiōnēs Latīnōrum dabō#, L. 8, 6, 6, _I will lay the Latin legions low_. #ego iam tē commōtum reddam#, T. _Andr._ 864, _I’ll soon have you worked up_. #inventum tibī cūrābō tu͡om Pamphilum#, T. _Andr._ 684, _I’ll have your Pamphilus looked up for you_. In classical writers, #faciō# only is found in this use and only with the participle of #mittō#; #dō# occurs in late writers; #reddō# and #cūrō# only in old Latin. All these verbs are usually in the future tense or its equivalent. For #volō#, #cupiō#, and #nōlō# with the infinitive passive without #esse#, see 2229.

2298. The present participle is used predicatively with verbs signifying _represent_, and with verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind: as,

#facit Sōcratem disputantem#, _DN._ 1, 31, _he represents Socrates discussing_. #quasi ipsōs indūxī loquentēs#, _L._ 3, _I have brought on the men themselves as speaking_. #nōn illum miserum, īgnārum cāsūs suī, redeuntem ā cēnā vidētis?# _RA._ 98, _do you not see the poor man, little dreaming of his fate, returning from the dinner?_ #nōn audīvit dracōnem loquentem#, _Div._ 2, 141, _he did not hear the serpent speaking_. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Sallust, Horace, Nepos, Vitruvius, and Livy. Once in Piso (consul 133 B.C.), as cited by Gellius, 7, 9, 6. Verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind take the accusative with the infinitive to denote the fact or action; see 2175. For #audiō# with #cum#, see 1870. For the infinitive without #esse# with verbs of emotion, see 2184.

2299. A passive with a verb meaning _represent_ is expressed, for lack of a present passive participle, by the infinitive (2175). The infinitive active is rare.

(_a._) #cōnstruī ā deō atque aedificārī mundum facit#, _DN._ 1, 19, _he represents the world being put together and built by the gods_. (_b._) #poētae impendēre saxum Tantalō faciunt#, _TD._ 4, 35, _the poets represent a rock hanging over Tantalus_. Rarely the participle (2298) and the infinitive are united: as, #Polyphēmum Homērus cum ariete conloquentem facit eiusque laudāre fortūnās#, _TD._ 5, 115, _Homer represents Polyphemus chatting with the ram and his envy of the ram’s estate_. But the perfect infinitive active must be used when the action is to be distinctly marked as completed, for lack of a perfect active participle: as, #fēcit Dolābella Verrem accēpisse#, _V._ 1, 100, _Dolabella represented Verres as having received_.

APPENDIX.

(A.) SOME OCCASIONAL PECULIARITIES OF VERBS.

2300. In many cases where in English a verb like _wish_ or _try to have_ a thing done, _can_, _must_, or _am allowed to_, is used, the equivalent Latin verb is omitted. As this use generally extends through the entire system of the verb, examples of the nouns of the verb and of subordinate sentences thus used, are conveniently included here.

THE CONATIVE USE.

2301. A verb is sometimes used to denote action proposed, attempted, or begun, but not necessarily carried out. This is called the _Conative Use_ of the verb: as,

#ancillās dēdō#, T. _Hec._ 773, _I try to give_, or _I offer up the servant girls_. #sine ūllā dubitātiōne condemnant#, _Clu._ 75, _without a moment’s hesitation they vote to condemn_. #dum id inpetrant#, Pl. _Cap._ 233, _as long as they’re trying to get it_. #sī plācēs inlacrimābilem Plūtōna#, H. 2, 14, 5, _shouldst thou the stonyhearted Pluto strive to melt_. #sī discēdās#, J. 7. 50, _should you attempt to leave_. #in cūriam abiēcit, quam vīvus ēverterat#, _Mil._ 90, _he shoved the corpse into the senate house, which the man in his lifetime had done his best to overthrow_. #adsurgentem rēgem umbōne resupīnat#, L. 4, 19, 5, _with the boss of his shield he put the king flat on his back, when he tried to get up_.

2302. This use is particularly common in the imperfect indicative: as,

#nostrōs ingredī prohibēbant#, 5, 9, 6, _they tried to stop our people from getting in_. #Apellēs faciēbat#, Plin. _NH. praef._ 26, _Apelles undertook to do this_, or _an attempt of Apelles’s_. #sēdābant tumultūs, sēdandō interdum movēbant#, L. 3, 15, 7, _they tried to quell the riotings, but by trying they started them once in a while afresh_. #num dubitās id mē imperante facere, quod iam tuā sponte faciēbās?# _C._ 1, 13, _do you possibly hesitate to do at my command what you wanted to do, as it was, yourself?_ The conative use is not very common in old Latin, but more frequent from Cicero and Caesar on.

2303. When the conative use is to be expressed more distinctly, a form of #volō# or #cōnor# is used, or a frequentative, like #vēnditō#, _try to sell_, #adventō#, _strive to come_.

THE CAUSATIVE USE.

2304. A verb is sometimes used to denote not what the subject actually does himself, but what he has another do. This is called the _Causative Use_ of the verb: as,

#animī causā mihi nāvem faciam#, Pl. _R._ 932, _just for diversion I’ll build me a yacht_. #cum vellet sibī̆ ānulum facere, aurificem iussit vocārī#, _V._ 4, 56, _wanting to make him a ring, he ordered a goldsmith to be called_. #complūrēs pauperēs mortuōs suō sūmptū extulit#, N. 5, 4, 3, _he buried a good many poor dead people at his own expense_, i.e. had them buried. Also in the passive: as, #tondēmur#, Quintil. 1, 6, 44, _we get shaved_. When greater exactness is required, having a thing done may be expressed more distinctly by #faciō# (1965), by #cūrō# (2250), or by #iubeō#.

THE POTENTIAL USE.

2305. A verb is sometimes used to indicate action that can be done, and especially action that can be done at any time. This is called the _Potential Use_ of the verb: as,

#clārē oculīs videō#, Pl. _MG._ 630, _I can see distinctly_. #proptereā quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum Rhodanus fluit isque nōnnūllīs locīs vadō trānsītur#, 1, 6, 2, _because the Rhone runs between the district of the Helvetians and Allobrogans, and the river in some places can be forded_, or _is fordable_. Particularly with a negative: as, #apertē adūlantem nēmō nōn videt#, _L._ 99, _an open flatterer anybody can see through_. #nōn facile dīiūdicātur amor vērus et fīctus#, _Fam._ 9, 16, 2, _real love and pretended love cannot easily be told apart_. #ubī̆ Crassus animadvertit, suās cōpiās nōn facile dīdūcī, nōn cunctandum exīstimāvit#, 3, 23, 7, _when Crassus saw that his forces could not easily be divided, he thought he ought to lose no time_. #quoniam prōpositum nōn tenuerat#, Caes. _C._ 3, 65, 4, _seeing that he had not succeeded in carrying out his plan_. Sometimes this idea is expressed by the subjunctive (1554).

THE OBLIGATORY USE.

2306. A verb is sometimes used to denote obligatory action. This is called the _Obligatory Use_ of the verb: as,

#paulisper commorātus est#, _Mil._ 28, _he had to wait_. #aegra trahēbant corpora#, V. 3, 140, _they had to drag their sickly frames along_. #caruī patriā#, _Sest._ 145, _I had to keep away from the country of my birth_. #senātor populī Rōmānī pernoctāvit in pūblicō#, _V._ 4, 25, _a senator of Rome was fain to sleep in the streets_. #serēmus aliquid in dērelictō solō#, _Br._ 16, _we shall have to sow something in an abandoned field_. #erat summa inopia pābulī, adeō ut foliīs equōs alerent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 58, 3, _there was an utter lack of fodder, so that they were fain to feed their horses on leaves_.

THE PERMISSIVE USE.

2307. A verb is sometimes used to denote permitted action. This is called the _Permissive Use_ of the verb: as,

#Verrēsne habēbit domī suae candēlābrum Iovis?# _V._ 4, 71, _shall Verres be allowed to have at his house a candelabra of Jupiter?_ #petit ut ipse dē eō statuat#, 1, 19, 5, _he asks to be allowed to sit in judgement himself on the man_. #Pīsō ōrāvit ut manēret#, Ta. 2, 81, _Piso asked to be allowed to stay_.

(B.) INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

(#Ōrātiō Oblīqua.#)

2308. The speech or thought of another, quoted in his own words, is called _Direct Discourse_ (1723).

2309. The speech or thought of another, dependent on a verb of saying or thinking, is called _Indirect Discourse_ (1723).

One may, of course, quote his own words or thoughts indirectly, as well as those of another (1726).

2310. The verb of thinking or saying is often not distinctly expressed, but only implied in the context (1725).

2311. The principles which govern the change of direct discourse into indirect discourse have been already set forth in the foregoing pages; but, for the convenience of the learner, they are here put together.

MOOD.

(A.) MAIN SENTENCES.

2312. Declarative sentences of direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive, and interrogative and imperative sentences of direct discourse are put in the subjunctive, in indirect discourse.

(_a._) For examples of declarative sentences, see 2175-2184.

(_b._) Interrogative (1773): #quid vellet? cūr in suās possessiōnēs venīret?# 1, 44, 7, _what did he mean? why this movement into his property?_ from Ariovistus’s reply to Caesar. #dictātor litterās ad senātum mīsit: deum benignitāte Vēiōs iam fore in potestāte populī Rōmānī; quid dē praedā faciendum cēnsērent?# L. 5, 20, 1, _the dictator sent this letter to the senate: through the bounty of the gods Vei would soon belong to the Roman nation; what did they think should be done about the booty?_

(_c._) Imperative (1547): #Cicerō respondit: sī ab armīs discēdere velint, sē adiūtōre ūtantur lēgātōsque ad Caesarem mittant#, 5, 41, 7, _Cicero replied: if they wished to lay down their arms, let them take his advice and send envoys to Caesar_. #nūntius ē̆ī domō vēnit: bellum Athēniēnsēs et Boeōtōs indīxisse Lacedaemoniīs; quārē venīre nē dubitāret#, N. 17, 4, 1, _a message reached him from home: the Athenians and Boeotians had declared war on the Lacedaemonians; so he was to come without delay_. See also 1707, 1708.

2313. Rhetorical questions (that is, declarations made for effect in the form of questions) in the first or third person in the direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive in indirect discourse: as,

#sī veteris contumēliae oblīvīscī vellet, num etiam recentium iniūriārum memoriam dēpōnere posse?# 1, 14, 3, _if he were inclined to disregard the old affront, could he also forget their fresh insults?_ from Caesar’s reply to the Helvetians. #haud mīrum esse Superbō ē̆ī inditum Rōmae cōgnōmen: an quicquam superbius esse quam lūdificārī sīc omne nōmen Latīnum? cui nōn appārēre adfectāre eum imperium in Latīnōs?# L. 1, 50, 3, _no wonder Rome dubbed him ‘the Proud’: could there be a greater sign of pride than this mockery of the whole Latin nation? who did not see that he aspired to dominion over the Latins?_ This use is not found in old Latin. It occurs once or twice in Cicero’s letters and a few times in Caesar. In Livy and late writers, it is not uncommon. Such questions in the second person require the subjunctive (2312).

2314. Questions which are in the subjunctive in direct discourse retain the subjunctive in indirect discourse: as,

#quod vērō ad amīcitiam populī Rōmānī attulissent, id iīs ēripī quis patī posset?# 1, 43, 8, _who could allow them to be stripped of what they had possessed when they became the friends of the Roman nation?_ (1565).

(B.) SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.

2315. The verb of a subordinate sentence, introduced by a relative word or a conjunctive particle, stands in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (1722).

For the indicative with #dum#, _in the time while_, retained in indirect discourse, see 1995.

#sapientissimum esse dīcunt eum, cui quod opus sit ipsī veniat in mentem; proximē accēdere illum quī alterīus bene inventīs obtemperet#, _Clu._ 84, _they say he is the wisest man who thinks out of himself what is expedient; and that the man who avails himself of the wise devices of another comes next_. #ad haec Ariovistus respondit: iūs esse bellī, ut quī vīcissent iīs quōs vīcissent, quemadmodum vellent imperārent#, 1, 36, 1, _to this Ariovistus answered: that it was the right of war for the conquerors to dictate to the conquered such terms as they pleased_.

2316. Relative sentences equivalent to main sentences (1835) may be put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,

#ūnum medium diem fuisse, quem tōtum Galbam in cōnsīderandā causā compōnendāque posuisse#, _Br._ 87, _that a single day intervened and that this whole day Galba employed in studying up and arranging the case_. This use is found in Cicero, rarely in Caesar, in Livy, and a few times in other authors. Not in old Latin.

2317. So also sentences introduced by certain conjunctive particles are occasionally put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,

#id quod saepe dictum est: ut mare ventōrum vī agitārī atque turbārī, sīc populum Rōmānum hominum sēditiōsōrum vōcibus concitārī#, _Clu._ 138, _the oft-repeated saying: as the sea is ruffled and tossed by the mighty winds, so the people of Rome are stirred up by the talk of agitators_. #honōrificum id mīlitibus fore, quōrum favōrem ut largitiōne et ambitū male adquīrī, ita per bonās artēs haud spernendum#, Ta. _H._ 1, 17, _that would be a mark of respect to the troops, and their good will, though usually won by bribery and corruption, was certainly no small gain if honourably come by_. #fugere senātum testēs tabulās pūblicās cēnsūs cuiusque, cum interim obaerātam plēbem obiectārī aliīs atque aliīs hostibus#, L. 6, 27, 6, _that the senate sought to avoid evidence of each man’s property through making public returns, while at the same time the commons lay bankrupt and at the mercy of one enemy after another_. #ut# and #quemadmodum# are found with this infinitive in Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus; #cum interim# and #sī nōn# in Livy; #quia# in Livy and Seneca; #quamquam# in Livy and Tacitus; #nisi forte# in Tacitus. For #quam# with the infinitive, see 1898.

2318. Relative sentences which are not a part of the quotation, but an addition of the writer’s, or which are a circumlocution equivalent to a substantive, are marked by the indicative (1729): as,

#Condrūsōs, Eburōnēs, Caeroesōs, Paemānōs, quī ūnō nōmine Germānī appellantur, arbitrārī ad XL mīlia#, 2, 4, 10, _that they reckoned the Condrusians, Eburonians, Caeroesians and Paemanians (who are all called by one name Germans) at forty thousand_. For other examples of such sentences, see 1729.

2319. Sentences containing the thought of another, introduced by a relative pronoun or by causal, temporal, or other conjunctive particles, take the subjunctive, though not appended to the accusative with the infinitive (1725): as,

#numquis, quod bonus vir esset, grātiās dīs ēgit umquam?# _DN._ 3, 87, _did anybody ever thank the gods ‘because he was a good man’?_ (1853). #mihī̆ loquitur nec rēctē quia tibī̆ aurum reddidī et quia nōn tē dēfraudāverim#, Pl. _B._ 735, _he’s always pitching into me because I returned you the money and ‘because I didn’t do you out of it’_ (1856, 1853). #aedem Dīiovī vōvit, sī eō diē hostēs fūdisset#, L. 31, 21, 12, _he vowed a temple to infernal Jove, ‘if he should rout the enemy on that day.’_ For other examples, see 1725, 1852, 1853, 1884, &c.

2320. Sometimes a verb of saying or thinking is added, and is itself irrationally put in the subjunctive. For examples, see 1727.

(2.) TENSE.

(A.) OF THE INFINITIVE.

2321. The tenses of the infinitive follow their usual law (2218), representing the action as present, past, or future, from the speaker’s point of view.

#nūntiātum est Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontiōnem contendere trīduīque viam ā suīs fīnibus prōfēcisse#, 1, 38, 1, _it was reported that Ariovistus was pressing on_ (2219) _to seize Vesontio, and that he had done a three days’ journey from his own borders_ (2226). #fāma est āram esse in vestibulō templī#, L. 24, 3, 7, _rumour has it that there is an altar in the vestibule of the temple_ (2219). #lēgāti haec sē ad suōs relātūrōs dīxērunt#, 4, 9, 1, _the envoys said they would report this to their countrymen_ (2232). For other examples, see 2175-2203; for the infinitive equivalent of the indicative imperfect and pluperfect, see 2226, 2227.

(B.) OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

2322. The tenses of the subjunctive follow the law of the sequence of tenses; see 1745.

The tenses are usually imperfect or pluperfect, as the verb introducing a quotation is usually past.

#Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs#, _DO._ 1, 63, _Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter which they understood_ (1766). #dīcēbam quoad metuerēs, omnia tē prōmissūrum#, _Ph._ 2, 89, _I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything_ (1771). #cōgnōvit Suēbōs posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse#, 4, 19, 2, _he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction_ (1772). For other examples, see 1746-1772.

2323. But the present and perfect subjunctive are often used, especially when the main verb is present, or for vividness after a secondary tense.

#Alexandrum Philippus accūsat quod largitiōne benevolentiam Macedonum cōnsectētur#, _Off._ 2, 53, _Philip accuses Alexander of courting the favour of the Macedonians by the use of money_ (1746, 1853). #initium quod huic cum mātre fuerit simultātis audīstis#, _Clu._ 17, _you have heard the origin of the enmity which was between the defendant and his mother_ (1746). #Ariovistus respondit: stīpendium capere iūre bellī quod victōrēs victīs imponere cōnsuerint#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that it was by the laws of war that he took the tribute which victors were wont to lay upon the vanquished_ (1755). For other examples, see 1746-1772.

2324. The future of direct discourse is represented in indirect discourse by the imperfect, and the future perfect by the pluperfect subjunctive.

#sē quod ē rē pūblicā esset factūrum#, L. 28, 45, 3, _that he would do what should be for the interests of the state_ (1766). #sē nōn ante coeptūrum quam ignem in rēgiīs castrīs cōnspexisset#, L. 30, 5, 5, _that he would not begin before he saw fire in the royal camp_ (1766, 1921). The present or perfect subjunctive also is found when the main verb requires. For other examples, see 1746-1772.

(3.) PRONOUN.

2325. #ego# and #nōs#, of direct discourse, are represented by #sē# in indirect discourse, and #meus# and #noster# by #suus#. #tū# and #vōs#, of direct discourse, are represented in indirect discourse by #ille#, or, when less emphatic, by #is#.

For the use of the reflexive pronoun, see 2338-2342.

#sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum#, 1, 44, 7, _that he came into Gaul before the Roman nation_, said Ariovistus of himself. #sē ā patribus maiōribusque suīs didicisse#, 1, 13, 6, _that they had learned from their fathers and ancestors_, said the Helvetians of themselves. #trānsīsse Rhēnum sēsē nōn suā sponte#, 1, 44, 1, _that he had crossed the Rhine not of his own accord_, was the assertion of Ariovistus. #quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum nōn prō amīcō sed hoste habitūrum. quod sī eum interfēcerit, multīs sēsē prīncipibus populī Rōmānī grātum esse factūrum#, 1, 44, 11, _that unless he withdrew, he should consider him not a friend but a foe. Why, if he killed him, he should do a favour to numerous leading men in the Roman nation_. Here Ariovistus is reported as speaking to Caesar.

CONDITIONAL PERIODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

(A.) PROTASIS.

2326. The protasis of every kind (2023, 2024) has the verb in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (2315).

2327. The tense of the protasis is generally imperfect or pluperfect (2322): as,

#Ariovistus respondit: sī ipse populō Rōmānō nōn praescrīberet, nōn oportēre sēsē ā populō Rōmānō impedīrī#, 1, 36, 1, _Ariovistus answered: if he did not dictate to the Roman nation, no more ought the Roman nation to interfere with him_ (2026). #quae sī fēcisset, Pompēium in Hispāniās itūrum#, Caes. _C._ 1, 10, 3, _if he did that, Pompey would go to the Spains_ (2061).

2328. But indeterminate protases (2023) are sometimes put in the present or perfect subjunctive in indirect discourse, even with a main secondary tense: as,

#Ariovistus respondit: sī iterum experīrī velint, sē parātum esse dēcertāre#, 1, 44, 1, _Ariovistus answered that if the Romans wanted to try again, he was ready to fight it out_ (2026). #quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum prō hoste habitūrum#, 1, 44, 11, _that unless he withdrew, he should consider him an enemy_ (2054).

2329. Protases of action non-occurrent (2024) remain in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a main primary tense.

#licet Varrō Mūsās, Aelī Stilōnis sententiā, Plautīnō dīcat sermōne locutūrās fuisse sī Latīnē loquī vellent#, Quintil. 10, 1, 99, _though Varro, following Stilo’s dictum, may say that the Muses would have spoken in the style of Plautus, if they had wanted to speak Latin_ (2095). #quaeret ab accūsātōribus quid factūrī essent, sī in eō locō fuissent#, Cornif. 2, 22, _he will ask the accusers what they would have done if they had been in that predicament_ (2099).

(B.) APODOSIS.

2330. In indeterminate conditional periods (2023), the apodosis simply follows the general rule (2312): as,

#Iovem sīc aiunt philosophī, sī Graecē loquātur, loquī#, _Br._ 121, _the philosophers say that this is Jove’s style of speaking, if Jove speaks Greek_ (2026). #sīn bellō persequī persevērāret, reminīscerētur prīstinae virtūtis Helvētiōrum#, 1, 13, 4, _if he persisted in following them up with war, let him call to mind the old time valour of the Helvetians_ (2056). #in prōvinciīs intellegēbant sī is quī esset cum imperiō emere vellet, fore utī quod quisque vellet quantī vellet auferret#, _V._ 4, 10, _in the provinces they saw that if a man clothed in authority should wish to be a buyer, he would carry off every time whatever he wished at what he wished_ (2233; 2054 or 2076). #futūrum esse, nisi prōvīsum esset, ut Rōma caperētur#, _Div._ 1, 101, _that unless precaution was taken, Rome would be captured_ (2233, 2061). For other examples, see 2327, 2328.

2331. In conditional periods of action non-occurrent (2024), the future participle with #fuisse#, is used in apodoses of the active voice: as,

#an Cn. Pompēium cēnsēs maximārum rērum glōriā laetātūrum fuisse, sī scīret sē in sōlitūdine Aegyptiōrum trucīdātum īrī#, _Div._ 2, 22, _do you suppose that Pompey would have taken any pleasure in the fame which his peerless exploits brought him if he had known that he was going to be butchered in the wilds of Egypt?_

In one instance, found in Caesar, the future participle with #esse# occurs, representing the imperfect subjunctive of present time (2091):