Part 49

#ōderint dum metuant#, Poet. in Suet. _Cal._ 30, _let them hate, so they fear_. #absit, dum modo laude partā domum recipiat sē#, Pl. _Am._ 644, _let him go, so only he come home with glory won_. #postulābant prō homine miserrimō, quī vel ipse sēsē in cruciātum darī cuperet, dum dē patris morte quaererētur#, _RA._ 119, _they made the request in behalf of a pitiable wretch, who would be only too glad to be put to the rack himself, so his father’s death might be investigated_. #itaque dum locus comminus pugnandī darētur, aequō animō singulās bīnīs nāvibus obiciēbant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 4, _therefore, so a chance was given to fight hand to hand, they did not mind pitting one of their vessels against two of the enemy’s_. #sī ē̆ī permissum esset, ita id sacrum faceret, dum nē plūs quīnque sacrificiō interessent#, L. 39, 18, 9, _if he were allowed, he might perform the sacrifice far better, provided that not more than five people should have a part in the ceremonial_. #dum quidem nēquid percontēris quod nōn lubeat prōloquī#, Pl. _Aul._ 211, _provided at least you ask nothing that I may not like to disclose_. #volet, cīvis modo haec sit#, T. _Eu._ 889, _he’ll consent, only let her be a free born maid_. #magnō mē metū līberābis, dum modo inter mē atque tē mūrus intersit#, _C._ 1, 10, _you will relieve me of great fear, provided only there be a wall interposed between you and myself_.

(D.) #dum#, #quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.

2004. #dum#, #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, often has as correlative #usque#, #usque eō#, #usque ad eum fīnem# or #tamdiū#.

#dum#, _until_.

2005. The subjunctive present is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#, _until_, when the main verb denotes either indefinite or present time, and the subjunctive imperfect when the main verb is past.

The subjunctive is an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540); the clause denotes something expected or proposed.

#is dum veniat sedens ibī̆ opperībere#, Pl. _B._ 48, _you shall sit there waiting till he comes_. #ōrandī sunt, ut sī quam habent ulcīscendī vim, differant in tempus aliud, dum dēfervēscat īra#, _TD._ 4, 78, _we must always ask such people, if they have any chance to take vengeance, to put it off to some other time, till their rage cool down_. #cēnseō latendum tantisper ibīdem, dum effervēscit haec grātulātiō et simul dum audiāmus, quemadmodum negōtium cōnfectum sit#, _Fam._ 9, 2, 4, _I advise lying low where you are, while the present congratulation excitement is cooling off, and at the same time till we may hear how the job was done_. #dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, in ancorīs exspectāvit#, 4, 23, 4, _he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there_ (1725). #Verginius dum collēgam cōnsuleret morātus, dictātōrem dīxit#, L. 4, 21, 10, _Verginius, after waiting till he should consult his colleague, appointed a dictator_. #observāvit dum dormitāret canēs#, Pl. _Tri._ 170, _he watched till the dog should be napping_.

2006. The present indicative with #dum#, _while_, is sometimes used where the subjunctive might be expected with #dum#, _until_ (1593). Other indicative tenses are rarely thus used: as,

(_a._) #expectābō, dum venit#, T. _Eu._ 206, _I will wait while he comes_. #ego hīc tantisper, dum exīs, tē opperiar#, Pl. _Most._ 683, _I’ll wait for you here a while till you come out_. #ego in Arcānō opperior, dum ista cōgnōscō#, _Att._ 10, 3, _for myself I am waiting at the Arcae place, till I ascertain this_. (_b._) #mihī̆ quidem usque cūrae erit, quid agās, dum quid ēgerīs, scierō#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 3, _for me I shall be anxious all the time to know what you are doing, till I know what you have done_. #mānsit in condiciōne usque ad eum fīnem dum iūdicēs rēiectī sunt#, _V. a. pr._ 16, _he stuck to his bargain till the jurors were challenged_.

#quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.

2007. #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, introduces a protasis in the present subjunctive when the main verb is present or future; and in the perfect indicative when the main verb is past or a general present.

#quoad# is found once in Plautus with the imperfect subjunctive (2008); in other authors here and there with both moods; not in Tacitus. With #dōnec# the present subjunctive is found once in Plautus, rarely in late Latin and in poetry; the perfect indicative is found at all periods; the present indicative (1590), found once in Plautus, is poetic and late. But #dōnec# is rarely used by Cicero, and never by Caesar or Sallust. #dōnicum# is found in old Latin (not in Terence) with the indicative (2009), and once in Nepos with the subjunctive of indirect discourse. #dōnique# is found four times in Lucretius with the indicative, always before vowels (2009). #dōneque# and #dōneque cum# seem to occur a few times in Vitruvius.

(_a._) #ego hīc cōgitō commorārī, quoad mē reficiam#, _Fam._ 7, 26, 2, _I am thinking of staying here till I feel better_. #ea continēbis, quoad ipse tē videam#, _Att._ 13, 21, 4, _you will keep this back till I see you myself_. #expergēfactīque secuntur inānia saepe cervōrum simulācra, dōnec discussīs redeant errōribus ad sē#, Lucr. 4, 995, _and when awakened, often they still keep hunting the shadowy forms of stags, until the delusion is shaken off and they come to themselves_. #magnus mīrandusque cliēns sedet ad praetōria rēgis, dōnec Bīthȳnō libeat vigilāre tyrannō#, J. 10, 160, _a vassal great and strange he sits in the king’s gate, till it may suit his oriental majesty to wake_. #inter eadem pecora dēgunt, dōnec aetās sēparet ingenuōs#, Ta. _G._ 20, _they always live among the same flocks and herds, till maturity puts the free-born by themselves_.

(_b._) #nostrī reppulērunt neque fīnem sequendī fēcērunt, quoad equitēs praecipitēs hostēs ēgērunt#, 5, 17, 3, _our people routed them and did not give up the pursuit till the cavalry drove the enemy headlong_. #Milō cum in senātū fuisset eō diē quoad senātus est dīmissus, domum vēnit#, _Mil._ 28, _after staying in the senate that day till the senate adjourned, Milo went home_. #numquam dēstitit ōrāre usque adeō dōnec perpulit#, T. _Andr._ 660, _he never ceased to tease until he gained his point_. #usque eō timuī, dōnec ad rēiciundōs iūdicēs vēnimus#, _V._ 1, 17, _I was afraid all the time till we came to challenging jurors_. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) is found in Vergil and Livy: as, #sociī cōnsurgere tōnsīs, dōnec rōstra tenent siccum et sēdēre carīnae omnēs innocuae#, V. 10, 299, _with one accord the shipmates rose to oars, until the beaks dry land attain, and keels all sat unscathed_.

2008. An imperfect subjunctive is rarely found with #quoad#, _until_ (1725): as, #haec diēs praestitūtast, quoad referret#, Pl. _Ps._ 623, _this day was set by which he was to pay_. #exercēbātur currendō et lūctandō ad eum fīnem, quoad stāns complectī posset#, N. 15, 2, 5, _he used to practise running and wrestling, till he could give a grip standing_. For #dōnec#, see 2009 at the end.

2009. Other constructions occur, chiefly in old Latin or poetry, with #dōnec#, or #dōnicum#, _until_. (_a._) The future perfect: as, #haud dēsinam, dōnec perfēcerō hōc#, T. _Ph._ 419, _I shall not stop till I have finished this_. #dēlīcta maiōrum luēs, dōnec templa refēceris#, H. 3, 6, 1, _for sins of sires thou shalt atone, till thou hast shrines repaired_. (_b._) The future: #coquitō usque dōnec conmadēbit bene#, Cato, _RR._ 156, 5, _boil until it is very soft_. #ter centum rēgnābitur annōs, dōnec geminam partū dabit Īlia prōlem#, V. 1, 272, _for thrice a hundred years there will be kings, till Ilia gives birth to twins_. (_c._) The perfect indicative, less frequently the present, introductory to a general present: #impedit piscīs usque adeō, dōnicum ēdūxit forās#, Pl. _Tru._ 38, _he always draws his net about the fish, until he’s brought them out_ (1613). #usque mantant neque id faciunt, dōnicum parietēs ruont#, Pl. _Most._ 116, _they keep waiting and don’t do it until the walls are falling_. (_d._) The pluperfect indicative: #horriferīs accībant vōcibus Orcum, dōnique eōs vītā prīvārant vermina saeva#, Lucr. 5, 996, _with horrid cries on Death they’d call till gripings sore had set them free from life_. The imperfect indicative is found once in Tacitus, who also has the infinitive of intimation (1539) once or twice. An imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive sometimes occurs where purpose is intimated, and in Livy and late Latin to express repeated past action: as, #dōnec ēgregius properāret exsul#, H. 3, 5, 45, _till he could hasten forth a peerless exile_. #trepidātiōnis aliquantum ēdēbant, dōnec quiētem ipse timor fēcisset#, L. 21, 28, 11, _the elephants always displayed some nervousness, till terror itself restored quiet_ (1730). But the habit of using the imperfect subjunctive is very common in Tacitus where neither purpose nor repetition is intimated: as #neque proelium omīsit dōnec caderet#, Ta. 3, 20, _he ceased not fighting till he fell_.

#quandō.#

2010. #quandō#, originally a temporal particle, has the meaning _when_, which readily passes over to a causal meaning, _since_, _because_. In both meanings it introduces the indicative. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as in indirect discourse (1725) or of action conceivable (1731). #quandō# is also used to introduce a conditional protasis (2110).

In simple sentences, temporal #quandō# is used in pronoun questions (1526). As an indefinite adverb it has the meaning _ever_.

(A.) TEMPORAL #quandō#.

2011. #quandō#, _when_, introduces a temporal clause with the indicative.

The time is often indefinite or iterative; so usually in old Latin. #quandō# often has #tum# as correlative.

#fīō Iuppiter quandō lubet#, Pl. _Am._ 864, _I turn into Jupiter at my sweet will_. #laudātō quandō illud quod cupis effēcerō#, Pl. _Cu._ 364, _cry your bravo when I’ve done what you desire_. #quandō occāsiō illaec periīt, post sērō cupit#, Pl. _Aul._ 249, _when that chance is lost, he wants it all too late_ (1613). #quandō omnēs creātī sunt, tum ad eōs deus fātur#, _Tim._ 40, _when all were created, then to them spake the god_. #quandō pars maior in eandem sententiam ībat, bellum erat cōnsēnsum#, L. 1, 32, 12, _when the majority voted for the same motion, war was always agreed upon_. Temporal #quandō# is found sporadically at all periods; not in Terence or Caesar.

2012. #quandōque#, _whenever_, is found once in the Twelve Tables, a few times in Cicero (chiefly in legal formulae), three times in Horace, and here and there in later authors. Not in Caesar.

(B.) CAUSAL #quandō#.

2013. #quandō#, _since_, _seeing that_, introduces a causal clause with the indicative.

The reason is usually one known to the person addressed or one generally known (1884). #quandō# is often strengthened by #quidem#.

#quandō hīc serviō, haec patriast mea#, Pl. _Per._ 641, _now that I am a slave here, this is my country_. #quīn ergō abeis, quandō respōnsumst?# Pl. _MG._ 1085, _why don’t you go then, since you’ve had your answer?_ #melius est, quandōquidem hoc numquam mī ipse voluit dīcere#, T. _Ad._ 639, _better so, since he wouldn’t ever tell me about it of his own accord_. #quandō mē in hunc locum dēdūxit ōrātiō, docēbō#. _DN._ 3, 43, _seeing that my discourse has brought me to this point, I will show_. #haec dētur cūra cēnsōribus, quandōquidem eōs in rē pūblicā semper volumus esse#, _Leg._ 3, 47, _let this be the charge of the censors, seeing that we want such officers always in our state_. #prō urbe ac penātibus dīmicandum esse, quandō Ītaliam tuērī nequīssent#, L. 22, 8, 7, _that they must fight for home and country, now that they had failed to preserve Italy_ (1724). Causal #quandō# is found at all periods, though not in Caesar, and in Cicero’s orations only with #quidem#.

2014. #quandōque#, _inasmuch as_, is used a few times in a formal or legal sense in Cicero and Livy: as, #quandōque hīsce hominēs iniussū populī Rōmānī Quirītium foedus ictum īrī spopondērunt#, L. 9, 10, 9, _inasmuch as these persons have promised that a covenant should be made, without the order of the Roman nation of Quirites_.

#sī.#

2015. #sī#, in early Latin #sei#, is originally a locative, meaning _under those circumstances_, _so_. With the enclitic #-ce#, it forms #sīce# or #sīc#, _so_. The two are sometimes found as correlatives in colloquial style: as, #sīc scrībēs aliquid, sī vacābis#, _Att._ 12, 38, 2, _so you shall have time, so you will write something_. See 708.

CONDITIONAL PERIODS.

2016. A protasis introduced by #sī#, _so_, _if_, or #nisi#, _unless_, _if not_, states a condition; the apodosis states action occurring under that condition. The conditional protasis and apodosis combined make a _Conditional Period_.

Thus, #sī diēs est#, _if it is day_, is a conditional protasis; combined with an apodosis, #lūcet#, _it is light_, it makes a conditional period: #sī diēs est, lūcet#, _Inv._ 1, 86, _if it is day, it is light_.

2017. A parenthesis with #ut# (1943) is added when the speaker asserts that the action of the protasis is not only assumed, but actually occurs: as, #sī virtūs digna est glōriātiōne, ut est, beātus esse poterit virtūte ūnā praeditus#, _Fin._ 4, 51, _if virtue is entitled to glorification, as it really is, he will find it possible to be happy in the possession of virtue alone_. #sī nox opportūna est ēruptiōnī, sīcut est, haec profectō noctis aptissima hōra est#, L. 7, 35, 10, _if night is always favourable for a sortie, and it always is, this particular hour of the night is surely the very best time_.

2018. The apodosis is usually declarative. Often, however, it is interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative, or it may take any other form which the thought or the context may require. The apodosis has rarely a correlative to #sī#: as, #igitur#, _it follows that_, #idcircō#, _for all that_, #tum#, _then_, #ita#, #sīc#, _only_, #eā condiciōne#, _on condition_; #at#, _but_, #tamen#, _nevertheless_, #certē#, #saltem#, _at any rate_, #tum dēnique#, #tum dēmum#, _then and not till then_.

2019. #sī# is sometimes followed by #quidem# or, from Cicero on, by #modo#: #sī quidem#, _that is if_, _since_, _even if_, #sī modo#, _if only_. #sī tamen#, _at least if_, is found in Lucretius, Sallust, the Augustan poets and in late writers. #sīve ... sīve# (#seu . . . seu#) or, in old Latin, #sī . . . sīve#, _whether . . . or_, with the indicative or the subjunctive of the indefinite second person (1556), leaves a choice between two cases possible. By abbreviation of the protasis #sīve# becomes a coordinating particle: see 1672.

2020. The negative of #sī# is #sī nōn#, _if not_ (#sī nēmō#, #sī nūllus#, &c.), or #nisi#, _unless_, _if not_, used especially of an exception or after a negative, #nisi sī#, chiefly in old, colloquial, or late Latin, or, particularly in solemn language or poetry, #nī# is sometimes used for #nisi#. A restriction, usually an ironical afterthought, may be introduced by #nisi forte# (rare before Cicero) or #nisi vērō# (in Cicero and Pliny the Younger) with the indicative.

#nisi# is sometimes found in an adversative sense in old and colloquial Latin, especially after #nesciō#; from Cicero on, it may be strengthened by #tamen#. For #nisi quod#, see 1848.

2021. When a second conditional period is opposed to a first, it is sometimes introduced by #sī# (or #sī autem#), but usually by #sīn# (or #sīn autem#). If the second period is negative, and its verb is not expressed, #minus# or #aliter# is preferred to #nōn#.

CLASSES OF CONDITIONAL PROTASES.

2022. Conditional protases may be divided into two classes:

2023. I. INDETERMINATE protases, that is such as merely suppose an action, without implying either its occurrence or its non-occurrence; these may take:

(A.) Any tense of the indicative required by the sense; or (B.) the present subjunctive, less frequently the perfect subjunctive, to express a condition in the future.

2024. II. Protases of ACTION NON-OCCURRENT, that is such as suppose action not taking place. These take the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive.

Thus, in the period #sī diēs est, lūcet#, _Inv._ 1, 86, _if it is day, it is light_, the protasis _if it is day_ is indeterminate, neither implying that _it is_, or _is not day_. But in #sī vīveret, verba eius audīrētis#, _if he were alive, you would hear his evidence_, _RC._ 42, the protasis denotes action non-occurrent, _if he were alive_, implying _but he is not_. The whole period, like the protasis, is either an _Indeterminate Period_ or a _Period of Action non-occurrent_.

I. INDETERMINATE PROTASES.

(A.) INDICATIVE USE.

2025. The indicative in a conditional protasis may state present, past, or future time.

The mood and tense of the apodosis are determined by the sense. The following combinations occur:

(1.) PROTASIS IN THE PRESENT.

2026. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Present.#

#sī sunt dī, beneficī in hominēs sunt#, _Div._ 2, 104, _if there are gods, they are kind to men_. #sī nescīs, tibī̆ īgnōscō#, _Fam._ 10, 26, 3, _if you do not know, I pardon you_. #deus sum, sī hoc itast#, T. _Hec._ 843, _I am a god, if this is so_. #erus sī tuos domīst, quīn prōvocās?# Pl. _Ps._ 638, _in case your master is at home, why don’t you call him out?_ #hōc mortuō, aut sī quī ex reliquīs excellit dignitāte, succēdit, aut, sī sunt plūrēs parēs, dē prīncipātū contendunt#, 6, 13, 9, _when this man dies, if there is any one of the rest superior in position, he always takes his place; or if there are several with equal claims, they have a contest about the supremacy_. #sī vīs, potes#, H. _S._ 2, 6, 39, _you can, if you will_. #in corpore sī quid eius modī est quod reliquō corporī noceat, id ūrī secārīque patimur#, _Ph._ 8, 15, _in the human body if there is anything likely to damage the rest of the body, we always allow it to be cauterized and cut_. #sī cui vēnae sīc moventur, is habet febrim#, _Fat._ 15, _if a man’s pulse beats thus and so, he always has fever_. The present is sometimes loosely used of future time (1593): as, #sī illum relinquō, e͡i͡us vītae timeō#, T. _Andr._ 210, _if I desert him, I tremble for his life_. #assequor omnia, sī properō; sī cunctor, āmittō#, _Att._ 10, 8, 5, _I shall compass all my ends, if I hurry; if I delay, I shall lose everything_. #castra nunc vōbīs hostium praedae dō, sī mihī̆ pollicēminī vōs fortiter operam nāvātūrōs#, L. 7, 16, 4, _I give you the camp of the enemy as booty now, if you promise me you will quit you like men_.

2027. (_b._) #Apodosis in the Perfect.#

#sī hominēs ratiōnem ā dīs datam in fraudem convertunt, nōn darī illam quam darī hūmānō generī melius fuit#, _DN._ 3, 78, _if men apply reason, the gift of the gods, to purposes of mischief, it would have been better it should not be given to the human race than given_ (1495). The perfect of the apodosis is ordinarily used of future time (1612): as, #occidī, sī tū vēra memorās#, Pl. _Most._ 369, _I’m a dead man, if what you say is true_. #nunc sī indicium faciō, interiī; sī taceō, interiī tamen#, Pl. _MG._ 306, _now if I tell, I’m dead and gone; if I keep dark, I’m dead and gone the same_. #nī illōs hominēs expellō, ego occidī plānissumē#, Pl. _St._ 401, _if I don’t drive those people off, all’s up with me_. #nam sī argentum prius adfert, continuō nōs ambō exclūsī sumus#, Pl. _As._ 360, _for if he brings the money first, then we’re at once left out in the cold_.

2028. (_c._) #Apodosis in the Imperfect.#

#sed sī domīst, Dēmaenetum volēbam#, Pl. _As._ 452, _but if he is at home, Demaenetus I wanted_. #iam tum erat senex, senectūs sī verēcundōs facit#, T. _Ph._ 1023, _he was already old, if age is what makes shamefastness_. #sī singula vōs forte nōn movent, ūniversa certē tamen movēre dēbēbant#, _DN_. 2, 163, _if these points taken severally do not affect you, yet collectively they surely should have done so_ (1495).

2029. (_d._) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect.#

#cesseram, sī aliēnam ā mē plēbem fuisse voltis, quae nōn fuit, invidiae#, _Sest._ 64, _I had yielded, if you will have it that the commons were opposed to me, though they were not, to hatred_. #hoc mī ūnum relicuom fuerat malum, sī puerum ut tollam cōgit#, T. _Hec._ 570, _this was the only evil left in store for me, if he compels me to adopt the child_.

2030. (_e._) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#sī interpellās, ego tacēbō#, Pl. _Men._ 1121, _if you persist in breaking in, I’ll hold my tongue_. #hīc tū sī laesum tē esse dīcis, patiar et concēdam; sī iniūriam tibī̆ factam quereris, dēfendam et negābō#, _Caecil._ 58, _if you assert that you are hurt in this matter, I am perfectly willing to admit it; but if you complain that it is a violation of your rights, I shall stoutly maintain the contrary_. Often in this combination the present is loosely used of future time (1593): as, #nunc sī ille hūc salvos revenit, reddam suom sibī̆; sī quid eō fuerit, habeō dōtem unde dem#, Pl. _Tri._ 156, _now if our absent friend comes safely back, I’ll give him back his own again; if anything befalls him, I’ve wherewith a dower to give_. #nisi id cōnfestim facis, ego tē trādam magistrātuī#, N. 15, 4, 3, _if you do not do it at once, I will hand you over to a magistrate_. #sī pāce fruī volumus, bellum gerendum est; sī bellum omittimus, pāce numquam fruēmur#, _Ph._ 7, 19, _if we wish to enjoy peace, we shall have to make war; if we give up war, we never shall enjoy peace_. #convincam, sī negās#, _C._ 1, 8, _I will bring it home to you, if you deny it_. #tibi dīvitiās dabō, sī impetrās#, Pl. _MG._ 1213, _I’ll make you rich, if you succeed_.

2031. (_f._) #Apodosis in the Future Perfect.#

#sī nequeō facere ut abeās, egomet abierō#, Pl. _Poen._ 442, _if I can’t make you go, I’ll instantly begone myself_ (1629). #sī id nōn facis, ego quod mē in tē sit facere dignum invēnerō#, T. _Hau._ 107, _if you don’t do it, I will have a proper course devised to use with you_.

2032. (_g._) #Apodosis in the Imperative.#

#dā mihī̆ hoc, mel meum, sī mē amās#, Pl. _Tri._ 244, _give me this, honey mine, an thou lov’st me_. #redargue mē, sī mentior#, _Clu._ 62, _refute me, if I am not speaking the truth_. #dēsilīte, mīlitēs, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prōdere#, 4, 25, 3, _jump overboard, men, unless you choose to abandon your eagle to the enemy_. #nī iūdicātum facit, sēcum dūcitō, vincitō compedibus#, Twelve Tables in Gell. 20, 1, 45, _unless he satisfies the judgement, the complainant shall take him with him, and put him in gyves_ (1593, 1575). #quā rē, sī haec ita sunt, sīc mē colitōte ut deum#, _CM._ 81, _therefore, if this is so, you are to honour me as a god_.

2033. (_h._) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#sī quid habēs certius, velim scīre#, _Att._ 4, 10, 1, _if you have anything more definite, I should like to know_ (1554). #sīn aliter animātus es, bene, quod agās, ēveniat tibī̆#, Pl. _Tri._ 715, _but if you’re minded otherwise, may all you do betide you well_ (1540). #quod sī nōn possumus facere, moriāmur#, _Ph._ 7, 14, _if we cannot do it, let us die_ (1547). #sī mihī̆ fīlius genitur, isque prius moritur, et cētera, tum mihī̆ ille sit hērēs#, _DO._ 2, 141, _if a son is born to me, and the boy dies before &c., &c., then so and so is to be my heir_ (1593, 1548). #sī est spēs nostrī reditūs, eam cōnfirmēs#, _Fam._ 14, 4, 3, _if there is a hope of my coming back, strengthen that hope_ (1550). #eum sī reddis mihi, praetereā ūnum nummum nē duīs#, Pl. _Cap._ 331, _if you restore my boy to me, you needn’t give one penny more_ (1551). #sī hīc pernoctō, causae quid dīcam?# T. _Ad._ 531, _if I sleep here, what reason can I give_ (1563)?

[Erratum: 2026a ... #sī illum relinquō, e͡i͡us vītae timeō# The vowels “eiu” are joined with single ligature] 2028c ... _DN._ 2, 163 _DN_ 2,]

(2.) PROTASIS IN THE PERFECT.

2034. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Present.#