A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Part 63

Chapter 633,339 wordsPublic domain

2589. (4.) The fifth foot is very often a spondee. It must not be a pure iambus except (_a._) when the line ends with a polysyllable of four or more syllables; (_b._) when it ends with a word which forms a Cretic (2521); (_c._) when it ends with an iambic word preceded by one which forms a Fourth Paeon (2521), or by an anapaestic word which is itself preceded by a final short syllable; (_d._) when there is a change of speakers before the last foot; (_e._) when elision occurs in the fifth or sixth foot.

2590. (5.) The main caesura is rarely preceded by a monosyllable.

2591. (6.) In the Senarius, and in the other iambic and trochaic verses of the early dramatists, a resolved arsis or thesis is usually placed so that its first syllable _begins a word_, or so that the two shorts of the resolved arsis or thesis are _enclosed_ by other syllables belonging to the same word. Hence a dactylic word with the ictus on the penult or ultima (e.g. #tempóre#) rarely occurs. But there are occasional exceptions to the rule, especially in the case of words that are closely connected (e.g. a preposition with its case).

(B.) Later Period.

2592. Later writers conform more closely to Greek usage, but differ from one another in the degree of strictness with which they follow it. The general scheme is:

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ ‖ -́ |⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑ ‖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑| ⏑́ ⏑ > ⏑́ ⏑ | | > ‖ ⏑́ ⏑ | [⏑ -́] | [⏑ -̇] | [⏑ ⏑́ ⏑] |

The main caesura is usually the penthemimeral (2544). The hephthemimeral sometimes occurs, but usually in connection with the penthemimeral, or with a diaeresis after the second foot. If the hephthemimeral is used without either of these, the second and third trochees of the line must form one word, as in

2593. (1.) The anapaest is rare in nearly all classical writers; Catullus does not admit it at all, and Horace only five times in all. The proceleusmatic is admitted in the first foot by Seneca, the author of the _Octāvia_, Phaedrus, Publilius Syrus and Terentianus Maurus; other writers exclude it altogether. Catullus keeps the fifth foot pure, and Horace does not admit the tribrach in the fifth foot.

2594. (2.) Catullus (4 and 29), Horace (_Epod._ 16), Vergil (_Cat._ 3, 4, 8), and the authors of the _Priāpēa_ sometimes use the _pure_ iambic trimeter, without resolutions or substitutions.

2595. (3.) Phaedrus follows in part the earlier usage, admitting the spondee, dactyl, and anapaest, in every foot except the last. The dactyl he employs chiefly in the first, third, and fifth feet, the anapaest in the first and fifth. The proceleusmatic he admits only in the first.

2596. The rhythm of the Senarius may be illustrated by the following lines:

But one amid the throng of eager listeners, A sable form with scornful eye and look averse, Out-stretched a lean fore-finger and bespake Haroun.

THE CHOLIAMBUS (or _Scazon_).

2597. The CHOLIAMBUS is an iambic trimeter in which a trochee has been substituted for the final iambus. The penultimate syllable is therefore long instead of short. The caesura is generally the penthemimeral (2544). If it is hephthemimeral, there is regularly a diaeresis after the second foot. The scheme is:

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ -́ | -́ ⏑ [⏑́ ⏑] | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | | > ⏑́ ⏑ | | ⏑ -́ |

An example is:

2598. (1). The anacrustic scheme (see 2529) of the choliambus is:

⏑̆͐ ⁝ -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | ⏗́ | -́ ⏑ ⁝ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ |

i.e. trochaic trimeter with anacrusis (2529), syncope (2541), and protraction (2516).

2599. (2.) Resolutions and substitutions are less common in the choliambus than in the ordinary trimeter. No monosyllable except #est# is admitted at the end of the line. The tribrach in the first foot is rare, and the fifth foot is regularly an iambus.

2600. (3). The verse is named _Choliambus_ (i.e. “lame” or “limping iambus”) or _Scazon_ (“hobbler”) from its odd, limping movement. It is sometimes called Hipponactean from its inventor Hipponax, and is chiefly used to produce a satiric or ludicrous effect. It was introduced into Roman poetry by Cn. Mattius, and was employed by Varro, Catullus, Persius, Petronius, Martial, and others.

THE IAMBIC TRIMETER CATALECTIC.

2601. The IAMBIC TRIMETER CATALECTIC occurs in Horace (1, 4 and 2, 18). The caesura is regularly penthemimeral (2544). Resolutions are not admitted, except in one doubtful case, #rēgumque puerīs# (2, 18, 34), where #pu͡erīs# may be read (with synizesis: see 2499). The scheme is:

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ ⏗́ -̇ [⏑̇ ⏑] |

Examples are:

Meā́ | renī|det ‖ ín | domō | lacū́|nar. (H. 2, 18, 2.) ⏑ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ ⏗́ -̇

Seu pó|scit a|gnā sī́|ve mā|lit haé|dō. (H. 1, 4, 12.) > -́ | ⏑ -̇ | > ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ ⏗́ -̇

2602. (1.) The anacrustic scheme is:

⏑͐ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ # -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | ⏗́-̇ ⌃,

i.e. trochaic trimeter catalectic with anacrusis (2529), syncope (2541), and protraction (2516).

2603. (2.) Horace seems to have changed his practice with reference to the first foot. In 1, 4 the first foot is a spondee in nine lines out of ten; in 2, 18, it is a spondee in only two lines out of twenty.

THE IAMBIC TETRAMETER ACATALECTIC (or _Octonarius_).

2604. This verse consists of four iambic dipodies, or eight complete iambic feet. The substitutions enumerated in 2581 are admitted in the first seven feet; but the last foot is always an iambus. The principal break in the line is usually a diaeresis after the fourth foot (which in that case must be a pure iambus), or a caesura after the arsis of the fifth. The full scheme is:

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ |

2605. The following lines are examples of this metre:

⏖ -́ | > -̇ | ⏑ -́ | ⏑ -̇ # > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > -́ | ⏑ -̇ > -́ | > -̇ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑ -̇ # > -́ | ⏑ -̇ | > -́ | ⏑ -̇ > -́ | > -̇ | > -́ | ⏑ -̇ | > ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | > -́ | ⏑ -̇

2606. Compare in English:

He smote the rock, and forth a tide of crystal waters streamed amain; Up sprang the flowrets from the ground, and Nature smiled o’er all the plain.

2607. (1.) The iambic octonarius is chiefly a comic verse. Terence has about eight hundred lines in this measure, Plautus only about three hundred, Varro a few.

2608. (2.) Substitutions are much less common than in the senarius, especially in the even feet.

2609. (3.) When there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot, so that the line is divided into two equal halves, the verse is _asynartetic_ (2535). There seems, however, to be no certain instance of hiatus in the diaeresis in the Terentian plays.

IAMBIC SEPTENARIUS.

(A.) Early Usage.

2610. The IAMBIC SEPTENARIUS consists of seven and a half iambic feet. In any of the complete feet the substitutes mentioned in 2581 are admitted. There is usually a diaeresis after the fourth foot, which in that case must be a pure iambus. If there is not such a diaeresis, there is generally a caesura after the arsis of the fifth foot. The scheme of substitution is:--

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐⌅ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ |

2611. Examples of the Septenarius are the lines:

> -́ | > -̇ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑ -̇ ‖ ⏑ -́ | > -̇ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | >⌅ > -́ | ⏑ -̇ | > -́ | ⏑ -̇ ‖ > -́ | > -̇ | > -́ | ⏑ ⌅ > -́ | ⏑ -̇ | > -́ | ⏑ -̇ ‖ > ⏑́ ⏑ | > -̇ | > -́ | >⌅

Compare in English:

“Now who be ye would cross Lochgyle, this dark and stormy water?” (Campbell.)

2612. (1.) The Iambic Septenarius of the early comedy is not properly a “tetrameter catalectic” like the Greek, for the penultimate syllable is sometimes resolved, which is never the case in the Greek catalectic tetrameter. For the same reason the ordinary anacrustic (2529) scheme of the early Septenarius is erroneous; for a triseme cannot be resolved.

2613. (2.) When there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot, the verse is asynartetic (see 2535).

2614. (3.) The Septenarius seems not to have been used in tragedy.

(B.) Later Usage.

2615. Varro and Catullus (25) employ a form of the Septenarius which conforms more closely to Greek models, keeping the arses of the even feet pure and rarely admitting resolutions. There is regularly a diaeresis after the fourth foot. The scheme is:--

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ # ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐⏗́-̇

or anacrustically (2529)

⏑͐ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ‖ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ | ⏗́ | -̇ ⌃

2616. Catullus does not admit resolutions at all, save in one very doubtful case (25, 5). Varro seems to admit them in the first foot only.

IAMBIC DIMETER ACATALECTIC (or _Quaternarius_).

2617. The IAMBIC DIMETER ACATALECTIC consists of two complete iambic dipodies or four iambic feet. In the first three feet the tribrach, irrational spondee, irrational dactyl and cyclic anapaest are admitted; but the proceleusmatic is very rare, except in the first foot of the _Versus Reizianus_ (2625), (of which a Quaternarius forms the first colon). The scheme for substitution is:

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | [⏖ ⏑́ ⏑] | [⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑] | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑] |

Examples are:

Rogitā́|re quasi | diffíci|le sit ⏖ -́ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑ -̇ (T. _Eu._ 209).

Perū́n|xit hōc | Iā́|sonem ⏑ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ -́ | ⏑ -̇ (H. _Epod._ 3, 12).

2618. (1.) The verse may also be regarded as a trochaic dimeter catalectic with anacrusis (2529), with the normal scheme:

⏑ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃

2619. (2.) Horace admits resolutions only four times, the tribrach once in the second foot and the dactyl thrice in the first.

2620. (3.) Plautus (except in a few instances), Terence, and Horace employ the dimeter only as a _clausula_ (2536) to longer verses. Petronius, Seneca, and Prudentius use it to form _systems_ (2547); but it is rarely so employed by earlier writers.

[Erratum: 2617 ... [⏑ ⏑́ ⏑] | [⏑ ⏑̇ ⏑] | ⏑ ⏑́ ⏑] | line printed as shown, with mismatched bracket]

THE IAMBIC DIMETER CATALECTIC (or _Ternarius_).

2621. This is like the preceding verse, except that the last foot is incomplete. Examples are:--

2622. (1.) The verse may also be regarded as a syncopated catalectic trochaic dimeter with anacrusis (2529). The normal scheme will then be:--

⏑ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | ⏗́ | -̇ ⌃

2623. (2.) Plautus and Terence use this verse as a _clausula_ (2536). Petronius is the first who employs it to form _systems_ (2547).

OTHER IAMBIC VERSES.

THE VERSUS REIZIANUS.

2625. This is a composite verse, consisting of two cola, an iambic dimeter acatalectic and an iambic tripody catalectic. The scheme is therefore,

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ # ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ ⌅ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | [⏑́ ⏑] | ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑̇ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | > ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -̇ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ -́ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | [⏖ ⏑̇ ⏑] | [⏖ ⏑́ ⏑] | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏖ ⏑́ ⏑

Examples are:--

2626. The nature of the second colon of this verse has long been disputed. Reiz and Christ treat it substantially as above; Studemund regards it as a syncopated iambic dimeter catalectic (⏑ - ⏑ ⏗ - ⏑), Spengel and Gleditsch as anapaestic, Leo as logaoedic, Klotz as sometimes logaoedic and sometimes anapaestic! The view of Christ (_Metrik_^2, p. 348) seems, on the whole, the most reasonable, though the question cannot be said to be fully decided. The tribrach is rare in the second colon, but there seems to be a case in Plautus, _R._ 675 b.

2627. For other iambic verses and combinations of verses, see special editions of the dramatists.

TROCHAIC RHYTHMS.

2628. These are descending rhythms in 3/8 time. The fundamental foot is the trochee -́ ⏑, for which its metrical equivalent the tribrach ⏑́ ⏑, the irrational spondee -́ >, the cyclic dactyl -́ ⏑, the irrational anapaest ⏑́ ⏑ >, and (rarely) the proceleusmatic ⏑́ ⏑ ⏑, are sometimes substituted.

[Erratum: 2628 ... the tribrach ⏑́ ⏑, the irrational spondee ⏑́ ⏑ the]

THE TROCHAIC TETRAMETER CATALECTIC (or _Septenarius_).

2629. The TROCHAIC TETRAMETER CATALECTIC is, next to the iambic trimeter, the verse most frequently used by the early Roman dramatists. It consists of seven and a half trochaic feet, or four trochaic dipodies (the last one being incomplete). The ictus on the second thesis of each dipody was probably weaker than that on the first thesis. The normal scheme is:--

-́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃

As in the case of the senarius, we may distinguish two periods in the usage:--

(A.) Early Period.

2630. The tribrach is admitted in any of the complete feet, and the irrational spondee, cyclic dactyl, and irrational anapaest in any of the first six feet. Terence does not admit the proceleusmatic in the Septenarius (nor in any other kind of trochaic verse), but Plautus admits it in the first foot. The seventh foot of the Septenarius is usually a trochee, but the tribrach sometimes occurs there. The principal break in the line is usually a diaeresis after the fourth foot (which in that case must not be a dactyl), often accompanied by a secondary diaeresis after the second foot. Sometimes, however, the principal break is a diaeresis after the fifth foot, in which case there is generally a secondary diaeresis after the third foot or a caesura in the fourth. The full scheme of substitutions is:--

-́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | [-́ ⏖] ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | [⏑́ ⏑ ⏖] |

The following lines are examples of the Septenarius:--

⏑́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏖ | -́ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > # -́ > | -̇ > | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ -́ ⏖ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ > # -́ > | -̇ > | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ -́ ⏑ | -́ ⏖ | -́ > | -̇ > # ⏑́ ⏑ > | -̇ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ -́ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | -́ > | -̇ > # -́ > | -̇ > | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃

2631. (1.) When there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot, the verse is _asynartetic_ (2535). In Plautus hiatus in the diaeresis is not rare; but there seems to be no _certain_ instance of it in Terence (see _Ph._ 528, _Ad._ 697).

2632. (2.) An anapaest is not allowed to follow a dactyl.

2633. (3.) The seventh foot is usually a trochee; rarely a tribrach or dactyl. The tribrach and dactyl are seldom found in the fourth foot.

(B.) Later Usage.

2634. The later and stricter form of the Septenarius keeps the arses of the odd feet pure, and regularly shows a diaeresis after the fourth foot.

-́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ # -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃

Resolutions occur, but are far less common than in the earlier form of the verse. The strict form of the Septenarius is found in Varro, Seneca, and often in late poets (as Ausonius, Prudentius, &c.).

2635. The rhythm of the Septenarius may be illustrated by this line:--

“Comrades, leave me here a little, while as yet ’tis early morn.” (Tennyson.)

THE TROCHAIC TETRAMETER ACATALECTIC (or _Octonarius_).

2636. The TROCHAIC TETRAMETER ACATALECTIC is chiefly confined to the lyrical portions of the early comedy. It consists of four complete trochaic dipodies or eight trochaic feet. The tribrach, irrational spondee, irrational anapaest and cyclic dactyl may stand in any foot save the last. The last foot is regularly a trochee or a tribrach, though (the last syllable being _syllaba anceps_, 2533) an apparent spondee or anapaest, but not a dactyl, may arise. The principal break in the line is regularly a diaeresis after the fourth foot (which in that case must not be a dactyl). Occasionally, however, there is instead a caesura in the fourth or fifth foot. The scheme is:--

-́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | ⏑́ ⏑ | [⏑̇ ⏑] -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | -́ ⏖ | ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | ⏑́ ⏑ > | [⏑̇ ⏑ >]

Example:--

-́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ > | -̇ > # -́ > | -̇ ⏑ | -́ > | -̇ ⏑

Compare in English:--

Over stream and mount and valley sweeps the merry, careless rover, Toying with the fragrant blossoms, beating down the heads of clover.

2637. (1.) When there is a diaeresis after the fourth foot, the verse is _asynartetic_ (2535).

2638. (2.) The Octonarius is essentially a lyric metre, and is much less common than the Septenarius.

THE TROCHAIC TETRAMETER CLAUDUS (or _Scazon_).

2639. This verse is a trochaic tetrameter acatalectic, with syncope and protraction in the seventh foot. The normal scheme is:

-́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | ⏗́ | -́ ⏑

An example is:--

2640. (1.) Substitutions are much rarer in this verse than in the ordinary trochaic octonarius.

2641. (2.) The Scazon was introduced among the Greeks by Hipponax, whence it is sometimes called the Hipponactean. Varro seems to be the only Roman poet who uses it.

THE NINE-SYLLABLED ALCAIC.

2642. This verse consists of two complete trochaic dipodies, with anacrusis. The second foot is always an irrational spondee. The scheme is:--

⏑͐⁞-́ ⏑ | -̇ > | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑

An example is:--

Sil|vaé la|bōran|tḗs ge|lūque. (H. 1, 9, 3.)

This verse occurs only in Horace, where it forms the third line of the Alcaic Strophe (see 2736).

THE TROCHAIC DIMETER ACATALECTIC (or _Quaternarius_).

2643. This verse consists of two complete trochaic dipodies. It is very rare, but there are probably a few instances of it in Plautus, e.g. _Per._ 31:--

Básili|c(ō) accipi|ḗre | vīctū ⏑́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑

THE TROCHAIC DIMETER CATALECTIC (or _Ternarius_).

2644. This consists of two trochaic dipodies, the second being incomplete. It occurs in the early dramatists and in Horace. The scheme for Plautus and Terence is:--

-́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | [⏑́ ⏑] | -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > |

The Horatian scheme is:--

-́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃

Examples are:--

Aút un|d(e) auxili|úm pe|tam (T. _Ph._ 729).

Nṓn e|bur ne|qu(e) aúre|um (H. 2, 18, 1).

2645. (1.) This is sometimes called the Euripidean verse, from its use by Euripides. The tribrach in the third foot is rare, and is not found in Terence. Horace keeps all the feet pure.

2646. (2.) Plautus and Terence often use this verse between trochaic tetrameters, but sometimes employ several _Ternarii_ in succession, as in Plaut. _E._ 3-6, _Cas._ 953-6, _Ps._ 211-13.

THE TROCHAIC TRIPODY ACATALECTIC.

2647. This verse is confined to the early drama, where it is employed as a _clausula_ (2536), especially with Cretics. It consists of three complete trochaic feet. The same substitutions are admitted in every foot that are allowed in the first two feet of the Ternarius (2644). An example is:--

Haú bonŭm | teneō | sérvom -́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ > | -́ ⏑ (Pl. _Most._ 721).

This verse is sometimes called the _Ithyphallic_.

THE TROCHAIC TRIPODY CATALECTIC.

2648. This verse is employed by the early dramatists, usually either as a _clausula_ (2536) or in groups of two lines each. Terence generally uses it in the former way, Plautus in the latter. The scheme of substitutions is:--

-́ ⏑͐ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⌃ ⏑́ ⏑ | ⏑̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏖ | -̇ ⏖ | ⏑́ ⏑ > | ⏑̇ ⏑ > |

Example:--

Qu(ī) ímpi|ger fu|ī́ -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ (Pl. _R._ 925).

In one instance (_R._ 924 ff.) Plautus has six catalectic tripodies in succession.

OTHER TROCHAIC VERSES.

2649. The Trochaic Monometer Acatalectic is sometimes used by Plautus as a _clausula_ (2536) to Cretic tetrameters., It consists of one complete trochaic dipody, e.g. #nímis in|epta’ s#, _R._ 681. #iū́re in|iūstās#, _Am._ 247. Terence uses the _catalectic_ monometer twice (_Eu._ 292, _Ph._ 485) at the beginning of a scene, e.g. #Dṓri|ō#, _Ph._ 485. Plautus has a few other trochaic verses and combinations of verses, for which see special editions of his plays.

LOGAOEDIC RHYTHMS.

2650. Logaoedic verse consists of dactyls and trochees combined in the same metrical series. The dactyls are “cyclic” (see 2523), occupying approximately the time of trochees, and hence the verse moves in 3/8 time. Except in the “Lesser Alcaic” verse (2663), only one dactyl may stand in a single series; and a dactyl must not occupy the last place in a line.

2651. (1.) The name “logaoedic” (Gr. λογαοιδικός, from λόγος, _speech_, _prose_, and ἀοιδή, _song_) may refer to the apparent change of rhythm (due to the mixture of dactyls and trochees), in which logaoedic verse resembles prose; but this is a disputed point.

2652. (2.) In the logaoedic verses of Horace, an irrational spondee almost always takes the place of a trochee before the first dactyl; and if an apparent choriambus (-́ ⏑ | ⏗́; see 2521) is followed by another apparent choriambus in the same verse, the two are regularly separated by a caesura. These rules are not observed by Catullus.

2653. (3.) Anacrusis (2529) and syncope (2541) are very common in logaoedic verse.

2654. The following are the principal logaoedic rhythms:--

DIPODY.

THE ADONIC.

2655. This is a logaoedic dipody, with the scheme:--

-́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑

Examples are:--

Térruit | úrbem (H. 1, 2, 4).

Rā́ra iu|véntus (H. 1, 2, 24).

2656. (1.) Some regard the Adonic as a syncopated catalectic tripody:

-́ ⏖ | ⏗́ | -́ ⌃

2657. (2.) A Latin Adonic should consist of a disyllable + a trisyllable, or the reverse. This rule did not hold in Greek, where such lines occur as ὦ τὸν Ἄδωνιν. Elision is not allowed in the Latin Adonic. Late Latin poets (like Terentianus) sometimes employ the Adonic in stichic series (2546).

TRIPODIES.

THE ARISTOPHANIC.

2658. This is a logaoedic tripody acatalectic, with a dactyl in the first place. The scheme is therefore:--

-́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑

There is no fixed caesura. Examples are:--

Quíd latet | út ma|rī́nae (H. 1, 8, 13).

Fū́nera | nḗ vi|rī́lis (H. 1, 8, 15).