Part 69

Syllable, vowel of, shortened, 132; retained long, 132; with accent, 88; quantity of, 2437-2457; of verse, _syllaba anceps_, 2533, 2534.

#e# from #i#, 107, _b_; short vowel followed by word beginning with two consonants or double cons., 2458.

Sentences, defined, 1716; complementary, 1948-1960; pure, 1948, 1961-1964; tense of, after perf. definite, 1754.

#Fitness#, adj. suffixes implying, 298, 302-330; adjs. denoting, cases with, 1200; adjs. denoting, with gerund and gerundive, 2252.

#Flowers#, names of, gender, 407, 408, 573.

#Forgetting#, verbs of, with gen., 1287-1291; with acc., 1288; with infin., 2169.

#Formation#, one of the divisions of Latin grammar, treated, 1, 180-396; defined, 180; roots and stems, 183-198; of nouns, without formative suffix, 195, 198, 199; with formative suffix, 195-198, 200-203.

Substantives, 204-279, 296, 308, 309, 313, 314, 333, 334; primitive, 204-245; denominative, 246-279, 226, 227, 232; suffixes denoting agent, 204-211; action, 212-237, 249; instrument or means, 238-245, 213, 224; concrete effect, 213, 217, 224, 241; result, 213, 222, 231, 234-236, 239, 249, 296; collectives, 228, 249; quality, 246-264; person concerned, 265, 309; place, 266, 228, 241, 242, 245, 249, 308, 309, 314, 334; diminutive suffixes, 267-278; suffixes forming patronymics, 279.

Adjectives, 280-360; primitive, 280-297, 305; denominative, 298-360, 287; suffixes denoting act. quality, 281-290, 293, 294, 296; pass. quality, 291-297, 282, 283; material or resemblance, 299-301; appurtenance, 302-330; supply, 331-338; diminutives, 339, 340; compar. and superl. suffixes, 342-360; suffixes denoting place, 317, 321, 347.

Adverbs, diminutives, 341; compar. and superl. endings, 361-364.

Verb stem, 824-919; variable vowel, 824-827; theme, 738-740; of denominative verbs, 365-375, 839, 840; frequentatives or intensives, 371-374; desideratives, 375; meditatives, 375, 970; inceptives or inchoatives, 834, see #Inceptives#; pres. indic., 828-840; pres. subjv., 841-843; imper., 844-846; impf. indic., 847, 848; impf. subjv., 849, 850; fut., 851-853; perf. indic., 854-875; perf. stem without suffix, 858-866; perf. stem in #-s-#, 867, 868; perf. stem in #-v-# or #-u-#, 869-875; perf. subjv., 876-878; perf. imper., 879, 813; plup. indic., 880; plup. subjv., 881; fut. perf., 882-884; short or old forms, in perf. system, 885-893; infin., 894-898; gerundive and gerund, 899; supine, 900; pres. partic., 901-903; fut. partic., 904, 905; perf. partic., 906-919.

See #Composition#.

#Formative suffix#, defined, 195, see #Suffix#.

#Fractions#, how expressed, 2424-2428.

#Free#, verbs meaning, with abl., 1302-1306; adjs. meaning, with abl., 1306.

#Frequentative#, verbs, definition and formation of, 371-374; conative use of, 2303.

#Friendly#, adjs. meaning, cases with, 1200.

#Friendship#, words of, with gen., 1203.

#Fulness#, verbs of, with gen., 1293; with abl., 1386; adjs. of, with gen., 1263, 1264, 1387; with abl., 1387.

#Future action#, expressed by pres., 1593, 2026, 2030; expressed by perf., 1541, 1549, 1551, 1558, 1612, 2027.

#Future Perfect tense#, lacking in subjv. and imper., 716; formation of, 882-884; short or old forms, 885-893; #fuerit vīctūrus#, 803; infin., 887; dat. of possessor with, 1216, 1478; uses of, in simple sentence, 1626-1632, 1607, 1609; in prot. and apod., of coincident action, 1627; denoting fut. resulting state, 1628; expressing rapidity of action, 1629; denoting action postponed, 1630; denoting action which will have occurred while something takes place, 1631; not differing from fut., 1632; of inceptives, 1607; pass., with #fuerō#, &c., 1609; perf. used as, 1612; sequence of, 1717, 1740-1746, 1751, 1753; in subordinate sentence, rel. time, 1733, 1736; independent, 1738; with #cum#, 1860-1862; with #antequam#, #priusquam#, 1915; with #ubī̆#, #simul atque#, &c., 1934; with #dum#, 2006; with #dōnec#, #dōnicum#, 2009; in conditional prot., 2023, 2059-2064; in conditional apod., 2023, 2031, 2055, 2062, 2080; represented by #fore# and perf. partic., 2234; of direct discourse represented by plup. or perf. subjv. in ind. disc., 2324.

#Futures#, virtual, 1718.

#Future tense#, lacking in subjv., 716; imper., 716, 1575; formation of, 851-853; #-īt#, 68; #-ōr#, #-ār#, 68; dat. of possessor with, 1216, 1478; uses of, in simple sentence, 1619-1625; of fut. action, 1619; expressing prediction, will, threat, &c., 1619; of diffident assertion, 1620; in predictions, 1621; in asseverations, 1622; in questions of appeal, 1623; expressing exhortation, request, command, &c., 1624; sequence of, 1717, 1740-1746, 1751, 1753; in subordinate sentence, 1625; fut. perf. with force of, 1632; rel. time, 1733-1735; independent, 1738; with #cum#, 1860-1862; with #antequam#, #priusquam#, 1913, 1916; with #ubī̆#, #simul atque#, &c., 1934; with #dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2009; in conditional prot., 2023, 2052-2058; in conditional apod., 2023, 2030, 2037, 2045, 2054, 2061, 2079, 2086; periphrastic, in conditional prot., 2092, 2108; in conditional apod., 2074, 2081, 2087, 2093, 2097, 2100; of direct discourse represented by impf. or pres. subjv. in ind. disc., 2324; infin., see #Infinitive#; partic., see #Participles#.

#Galliambic#, 2714-2716.

#Gender#, kinds of, 402; defined, 403; nouns, defined, 402, 398; mobile nouns, 409; nouns of common, 410; epicenes, 411; variable, 413, 586, 597; general rules of, 402-413; of diminutives, 270; of inanimate things, 403; of Greek words, 570; of #-ā-# stems, 432, 433; of #-o-# stems, 446, 447; general rules of, for cons. and #-i-# stems, 570-584; of cons. stems, 467, 471-494; of #-i-# stems, 513, 517-539, 545; of #-u-# stems, 585, 586, 588; of #-ē-# stems, 596, 597; agreement of adj. and partic. in, 1082-1098; agreement of rel. pron. in, 1082-1098, 1801-1811, see #Relative#; agreement of demonstrative and determinative prons. in, 1082-1098, see #Demonstrative#, #Determinative#; agreement of subst. in, 1077-1081; see #Neuter#.

#General#, truth, expressed by pres., 1588; expressed by impf., 1599; fut. in, 1620; in subordinate sentence, tense of, 1748, 1760; with #antequam#, #priusquam#, 1912-1914; introduced parenthetically by #ut#, 1940; introduced by #sīc#, #ita#, 2159; conditions, 2034, 2035, 2044, 2050, 2054, 2069-2071; subj., in 1st pers. plur. and 2d pers. sing., omitted, 1030.

#Genitive case#, defined, 419; plur., how formed, 427; stem of noun seen in, 421; stem of noun indicated by, 421; lacking, see #Defective#; stem vowel of #-o-# stems lengthened in, 56, 462.

#-ā-# stems, in #-īus#, #-ius#, 162, 618-620, 656, 657, 694; in #-āī#, 160, 437; in #-ās#, 437; in #-ū̆m#, 439; inscriptional forms, 443; Greek nouns, 443-445.

#-o-# stems, in #-īus#, #-ius#, 127, 7; 618-620, 656, 657, 694; in #-āī#, #-ēī#, #-ōī#, 458; of words in #-ius#, #-ium#, form and accent of, 87, 456, 457; in #-ū̆m#, #-ōm#, 462, 463, 465, 640, 641, 643; inscriptional forms, 465; Greek nouns, 466.

Consonant stems, in #-uum#, 492, 506; in #-om#, 494, 507; in #-ium#, 477, 478, 489, 492, 494, 506, 507; inscriptional forms, 507; Greek nouns, 508-512.

#-i-# stems, in #-um#, 527-537, 563, 629, 631, 633, 636; inscriptional forms, 564; Greek nouns, 565.

#-u-# stems, in #-uis#, 590; in #-tī#, 590; in #-om#, 591; in #-ūm#, 591; inscriptional forms, 593.

#-ē-# stems, in #-ē#, 602, 606; in #-ēs#, 602, 606; in #-ī#, 602, 606; of #rēs#, #fidēs#, 160, 602.

Present participles, in #-um#, 563.

Pronouns, peculiar and inscriptional forms, of #ego#, #tū#, #suī#, 646, 649; of #meus#, #tuus#, #suus#, 653; of #hīc#, 663, 665; of #ille#, #iste#, 667, 668; of #illic#, #istic#, 670; of #is#, 672-674; of #īdem#, 677; of #quī#, #quis#, 688, 690; of #neuter#, 694.

Uses of, 1226-1295; general, 1226.

With substantives, 1227-1262; combined with one or more genitives limiting same subst., 1228; with limited subst. omitted, 1229; of the subj., cause, origin, owner, 1232-1238, 1207; of personal and reflexive prons., 1234; of word in apposition with possess. pron., 1235; as pred. with verbs meaning _am_, _belong_, _become_, &c., 1236, 1237; with #commūnis#, #proprius#, #aliēnus#, #sacer#, #tōtus#, 1238; of quality, attributively and predicatively, 1239, 1240; partitive, 1241-1254; with advs., 1242, 1248, 1253, 1254; partitive, with adjs., 1245; partitive, in pred., 1251; partitive, #nostrū̆m#, #vestrū̆m#, 2335; of definition, 1255-1259; with #causā#, #grātiā#, #nōmine#, #ergō#, 1257; with #quidquid est#, &c., 1259; the objective, 1260-1262; objective, #nostrī#, #vestrī#, 2335.

With adjectives, 1263-1270, 1203, 1204; with #cōnscius# and dat., 1265; with partic., 1266; with #similis#, 1204; with #dignus#, #indignus#, 1269.

With verbs, 1271-1294; with verbs of valuing, &c., 1271-1275, 1279; with #rēfert# and #interest#, 1276-1279; with judicial verbs, 1280-1282; with #miseret#, #paenitet#, #piget#, #pudet#, #taedet#, 1283, 1284; with #misereor#, #misereō#, #miserēscō#, 1285; with personal verbs of desiring, loathing, admiring, dreading, 1286; with verbs of memory, 1287-1291; with verbs of participation and mastery, 1292; with verbs of fulness and want, 1293; with verbs of separating and abstaining, 1294.

Of exclamation, 1295; with #mihī̆ est nōmen#, #nōmen dō#, &c., 1213, 1214; with #opus#, 1383; with #post# and #intrā# in expressions of time, 1396; with preps., 1406, 1413, 1419, 1420, 1232; possess., with infin., 1237, 2208, 2211, 1232; of gerundive construction and gerund, 2258-2264, 2164.

#Genus#, _par_, _duplex_, _sescuplex_, 2527.

#Gerund#, no plur. of, 416; a verbal noun, 732, 2237; formation of, 899; dat. of doer of action with, 1215, 1478, 2243; abl. with #ab# with, 2243; in reflexive sense, 1482; treated, 2237-2268; character of, 2237-2239; with and without obj., 2241, 2242; of verbs of trans. use, 2242, 2255, 2259, 2265; use of acc. of, with #ad#, 2252, 2164; with other preps., 2253; use of dat. of, 2255, 2257; in gen., 2259; denoting purpose, 2263; with #causā# expressing purpose, 2164; use of abl. of, 2265-2268; denoting means, cause, &c., 2266; with preps., 2267; in abl. of separation, 2268.

#Gerundive#, a verbal noun, 732, 2237; formation of, 899, 288; originally neither act. nor pass., 288, 2238; dat. of possessor with, 1215, 1478, 2243; abl. with #ab# with, 2243; treated, 2237-2268; character of, 2237-2239; the construction, 2240; use of nom. of, 2243-2249, 2251; with #sum#, 2243; inflection of, with #sum#, 804; with #sum# in conditional periods, 2101; #fruendus#, #fungendus#, &c., 2244; #habeō# with, 2245; impersonally, 2246, 2180, 2244; impersonally with obj., 2247; adjectively, 288, 2248; denoting possibility, 2249; with pass., 2251; use of acc. of, 2250-2253, 2243; with verbs, 2250; with #ad#, 2252, 2164; with other preps., 2253; use of dat. of, 2254, 2256, 1208; use of gen. of, 2258-2264; with subst. or adj., 2258, 2259; with #nostrī#, &c., 2260, 2261; predicately with #sum#, 2262; with #causā# expressing purpose, 2164; alone, denoting purpose, 2263; with judicial verbs, 2264; use of abl. of, 2265-2268; denoting means, cause, &c., 2266; with preps., 2267; in abl. of separation, 2268; with compar. expression, 2268.

#Giving#, verbs of, subjv. coordinated with, 1712; with gerundive construction, 2250.

#Glides#, consonantal, 167.

#Glyconic#, 2660-2662.

#Gnomic#, see #Often#.

#Gradation#, quantitative vowel, 135; qualitative, 145.

#Grave accent#, 90.

#Greek#, characters of the alphabet, 17, 18; words, #eu# in, 101; changed in Latin, 172, 2; quantity in, 125; 127, 8, 9; patronymics, 279; nouns, gender of, 406, 408, 570; nouns of #-ā-# decl., forms of, 443-445; of #-o-# decl., 466; of cons. decl., 508-512; of #-i-# decl., 565; idiom, imitated in Latin with dat. of #volēns#, &c., 1218; acc., see #Part concerned#.

#Grief#, verbs of, with #quod#, #quia#, 1851; with #cum#, 1851, 1875; with acc. and infin., 2187, 2188, 2184.

#Gutturals#, 44, 77; guttural mute stems, decl. of, 471-473.

#Haplology#, 179.

#Happening#, verbs of, case with, 1181-1185; #quī# with, 1826, 1850; #quod# with, introducing coincident action, 1850; #cum# with, 1874, 1850; with result clause, 1965; with result clause, how translated, 1966.

#Hardening#, 2503.

#Harming#, verbs of, case with, 1205-1210.

#Having#, verbs of, with two accusatives, 1167.

#Hearing#, verbs of, in pres. of past action, 1592; with indirect question, 1774.

#Helping#, expressions of, case with, 1181-1185.

#Hemiolic class#, of rhythms, 2527.

#Hendecasyllabic Alcaic#, 2667, 2668.

#Hendecasyllable#, 2664, 2665.

#Hephthemimeral caesura#, 2544.

#Hephthemimeris#, 2531.

#Hesitate#, verbs meaning, with #quīn#, 1987; with infin., 2169.

#Hexameter#, defined, 2536; dactylic, 2556-2569; bacchiac, 2705.

#Hexapody#, 2531.

#Hiatus#, within a word, 114-116; between words, 2473-2480; at end of verse, 2533.

#Hidden quantity#, 2459-2463.

#Hiding#, verbs of, with two accusatives, 1169-1171; with acc. and prepositional phrase, 1170.

#Hindering#, verbs of, with #nē#, 1960, 1977; with #quōminus#, 1960, 1977; with #quīn#, 1986; with acc. and infin., 2203; with acc. of gerundive construction or gerund, 2252.

#Hipponactean verse#, 2597-2600, 2639-2641; strophe, in Horace, 2721.

#Hiring#, verbs of, with gen., 1274; with abl., 1388-1392.

#Historical#, perf., 1602-1604, see #Perfect#; infin., see #Intimation#; pres., see #Vivid narration#.

#Hope#, expressions of, with #sī#, #sī forte#, 1777; with acc. and infin., 2186; with pres. infin., 2186.

#Horace#, lyric metres of, 2718-2737, 2739.

#Hortatory#, see #Desire#.

#Hostility#, words of, with gen., 1203.

#Hypothesis#, expressed by abl. abs., 1367; expressed by partic., 2295; variation of prot., 2109-2111.

#Hypermetrical verse#, 2568.

#Iambelegus#, 2678, 2679.

#Iambic#, words, last syllable of, shortened in verse, 129; shortening, law of, 129, 2470; rhythms, 2581-2627; trimeter (senarius), 2583-2596; choliambus, 2597-2600; trimeter catalectic, 2601-2603; tetrameter acatalectic, 2604-2609; septenarius, 2610-2616; dimeter acatalectic, 2617-2620; dimeter catalectic, 2621-2623; acatalectic dipody and catalectic tripody, 2624; versus Reizianus, 2625, 2626; trimeter, in Horace, 2719; strophe, in Horace, 2720.

#Iambus#, 2521.

#Ictus#, 2511; in combination with word accent, 2548.

#Identity#, pron. of, decl. of, 676-678; use of, 2371-2373; see #īdem#.

#Illative#, words, use of, 2133, 2154-2158.

#Illustrations#, #ut# in, 1941; introduced by #nam#, 2155.

#Imparisyllables#, defined, 469; decl. of, cons. stems, 471-512; #-i-# stems, 529-569; gender of, 571-584.

#Imperative#, with short final vowel, 130, 4; tense of, 716, 1575; of #dīcō#, #dūcō#, #faciō#, 113, 846; of compounds of #dūcō#, 846; accent of compounds of #dīc#, #dūc#, 88; endings of, 297, 731; in #-d#, 748; formation of, 844-846; perf., 879, 813; sing., of more than one, 1075; with #quīn#, 1527; in commands, 1571-1580; accompanied by #amābō#, #age#, #sānē#, &c., 1572, 1573, 1992; in protasis of conditional sentence, 1574, 2032, 2038, 2056, 2063; use of third person and longer forms, 1575-1578; the fut., 1575; #fac#, #fac ut#, #cūrā ut#, #vidē#, &c., 1579; periphrastic perf. pass., 1580; in prohibitions, 1581-1586; #nōn# used with, 1582; #nōlī#, 1583; #fuge#, #parce#, #mitte#, &c., with infin., 1584; #cavē̆#, #cavē̆ nē#, #fac nē#, &c., 1585; in laws, treaties, &c., 1575, 1586; asyndeton in, 1641; in coordination, 1574, 1697, 1710-1712, 1787; primary, 1717; sentence, defined, 1025; in ind. disc., 2312.

#Imperfect tense#, indicative, formation of, 847, 848; #-āt#, 132; dat. of possessor with, 1216, 1478; uses of, in simple sentence, 1594-1601, 1495-1497; of action not performed in the past, 1495; of action not performed at present time, 1497; of past action going on, 1594; of past action lasting while something occurs, 1595; of repeated or customary action, 1596; of past action still continued in past, 1597; of action suddenly recognized, 1598; in descriptions and general truths, 1599; in letters and messages, 1601; in conative use, 2302; sequence of, 1717, 1740-1745, 1747, 1760, 2322, 2328; in subordinate sentence, rel. time, 1733-1735; independent, 1738; with #cum#, 1860, 1861, 1864, 1865; with #antequam#, #priusquam#, 1918; with #postquam#, _ubĭ̄_, _ut_, &c., 1930, 1932, 1933; with #dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2009; in conditional prot., 2023, 2042-2047, 2068; in conditional apod., 2023, 2028, 2044, 2050, 2101, 2102, 2104, 2106.

Subjunctive, formation of, 849, 850; #-ēt#, 132; in wishes, 1544, 1545; in expressions of obligation or necessity, 1552; of action conceivable, 1559, 1560, 1565; of past action, 1545, 1559, 1563, 1565, 1567, 1569; of repeated action, 1730; in subordinate sentence, following secondary, 1747, 1762, 1766, 1771, 2322; referring to fut. time, 1743, 1749, 2324; following primary, 1751, 1753, 2329; following pres. of vivid narration and pres. of quotation, 1752; following perf. definite, 1754; following perf. infin. or perf. partic., 1767; secondary, 1762; with indef. rel. pron. or adv., 1814; with #cum#, 1872, 1873; with #quotiēns#, #quotiēnscumque#, 1887; with #antequam#, #priusquam#, 1914, 1917, 1919, 1920; with #posteā quam#, #postquam#, &c., 1924; with #dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007-2009; with #modo#, 2003; in conditional prot. of indeterminate protases, 2024, 2071, 2089; in conditional prot. of action non-occurrent, 2091, 2092, 2094-2097; in conditional apod, of indeterminate protases, 2024, 2040, 2047, 2051, 2068, 2071, 2073, 2082, 2088, 2089; in conditional apod. of action non-occurrent, 2091, 2092, 2094, 2098; with #quasi#, _tamquam sī_, &c., 2120; in conditional apod. of direct discourse, how represented in ind. disc., 2331-2334.

#Impersonal#, verbs, forms of, 815-817; defined, 1034; classified, 815, 816, 1034; in pass., with dat., 1181; used personally, 1181, 1284; of mental distress, with gen., 1283; verbs of trans. use used as, 1479; verbs of intrans. use used as, 724, 763, 1479; with infin. as subj., 2208-2210; use of abl. of perf. partic., 1372; #īrī# with supine, 2273; construction, with verbs of perceiving, knowing, thinking, saying, 2177-2182; #fruendum#, #fungendum#, &c., 2244; of other gerundives, 2180, 2246, 2247.

#Imprecation#, expressed by imper., 1571; in verse, 2549.

#Inceptives#, defective, 808; formation of, 834; the, 927, 939, 965, 968, 976, 980, 984; meaning of perf. of, 1607; quantity of vowel preceding #-scō#, 2462.

#Inchoatives#, see #Inceptives#.

#Incomplete action#, expressed by gerundive construction, 2240; expressed by perf. partic., 2280; see #Continued#.

#Indeclinable#, adjs., 431, 637, 642; #centum#, 637; see #Defective#.

#Indefinite#, advs., 711; prons., decl. and list of, 658, 659, 681-694; adj. and subst. forms of, 686; abl., #quī#, #quīcum#, 689; table of correlative prons., 695; questions introduced by #ecquis#, &c., 1509; #nesciō quis#, #nesciō unde#, #sciō ut#, &c., 1788, 1789; rel. prons. and advs., followed by indic., 1814; use of, 2388-2403, see #quis#, &c.

Use of 2nd pers. sing., in commands and prohibitions, 1550, 1551; of action conceivable, 1556, 1558, 1559; of repeated action, 1730; in #cum# sentences, 1859, 1860; with #antequam#, #priusquam#, 1912; with #postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, &c., 1924; with #sīve . . . sīve#, 2019; in conditional sentences, 2070.

Antecedent, omitted, 1799; #multī#, #quīdam#, &c., used with #sunt quī#, &c., 1822; abl. #quī# used with #quippe#, #ut#, 1828; adv., #quamquam#, 1899; adv., #quamvīs#, 1903; adv., #quamlibet#, 1907; use of #ut quisque#, 1939; use of #quō quisque#, 1973; adv., #quandō#, 2010; time, with #quandō#, 2011; time, denoted by impf. subjv. of action non-occurrent, 2091; subj., of infin., not expressed, 2212; expressed, 2212; unexpressed, with pred. noun in acc., 2213; in 1st pers. plur. and 2nd pers. sing., omitted, 1030.

#Independent#, time, of subordinate sentence, 1738, 1744.

#Indeterminate#, meaning, verbs of, 1035; with pred. nom., forming pred., 1035; rel. agreeing with pred. subst., 1806; period, defined, 2024; protases, defined, 2023; treated, 2025-2090, see #Conditional#; in pres. or perf. subjv. in ind. disc. after secondary, 2328; apodoses to, in ind. disc., 2330.

#Indicative mood#, tenses of, 716; how translated, 717.

Formation of tenses of, pres., 828-840; impf., 847, 848; perf., 854-875; stem without suffix, 858-866; stem in #-s-#, 867, 868; stem in #-v-# or #-u-#, 869-875; fut., 851-853; plup., 880; fut. perf., 882-884; short or old forms, 885-893.