A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Part 14

Chapter 142,397 wordsPublic domain

580. Four in #-s# preceded by a consonant are masculine: #dēns#, _tooth_, #fōns#, _fountain_, #pōns#, _bridge_, #mōns#, _mountain_; also factors of twelve: #sextāns#, _one sixth_, #quadrāns#, #triēns#, #dōdrāns#, #dēxtāns#; #rudēns#, _rope_, once. #adeps#, _fat_, and #forceps#, _pincers_, are masculine or feminine. #stirps#, _stock_, is sometimes masculine.

581. #calix#, _cup_, #fornix#, _arch_, and #trādux#, _vinelayer_, are masculine; also substantives in #-ūnx# and #-ex#; except #nex#, _murder_, and #precī#, _prayer_, dative, no nominative, which are feminine; also rarely #grex#, _herd_. #cortex#, _bark_, #forfex#, _scissors_, #silex#, _flint_, and #obice#, _barrier_, ablative, no nominative, are either masculine or feminine. #calx#, _heel_, and #calx#, _lime_, are sometimes masculine, also #lūx#, _light_, in the ablative in old Latin.

[Erratum: 577 ... substantives in #-ās#, #-aus# #-ās# #-aus#]

NEUTER.

582. Substantives in #-c#, #-e#, #-l#, #-n#, #-t#, in #-ar#, #-ur#, #-us#, and #-ūs#, are neuter: as,

#lac#, _milk_; #mare#, _sea_; #animal#, _animal_; #carmen#, _song_; #caput#, _head_; #calcar#, _spur_; #fulgur#, _lightning_; #corpus#, _body_; #iūs#, _right_.

583. #sōl#, _sun_, #pecten#, _comb_, #liēn#, _spleen_, #rēnēs#, _kidneys_, plural, and #furfur#, _bran_, are masculine. So usually #sāl#, _salt_, but sometimes neuter in the singular. #fār#, _spelt_, is neuter.

584. #pecus#, _beast_, is feminine; also #tellūs#, _earth_, and the substantives in #-ūs# which have #-ūdis# (475) or #-ūtis# (477) in the genitive: as, #palūs#, _marsh_; #iuventūs#, _youth_.

STEMS IN #-u-#.

_The Fourth Declension._

Genitive singular #-ūs#, genitive plural #-u-um#.

585. Stems in #-u-# are substantive only, and mostly masculine.

586. There are only three neuters in common use, #cornū#, _horn_, #genū#, _knee_, and #verū#, _a spit_. But some cases of other neuters are used: as, ablative #pecū#, _flock_; plural nominative and accusative #artua#, _limbs_ (Plaut.); OSSVA, _bones_ (inscr.).

587. The nominative of stems in #-u-# ends, including the stem vowel, in #-u-s# in gender words, and in lengthened #-ū# of the stem in neuters.

588. Most substantives in #-u-# are masculines in #-tu-# or #-su-#, often defective in case (235). The following words are feminine: #acus#, _pin_, _needle_, #domus#, _house_, #manus#, _hand_, #porticus#, _colonnade_; #tribus#, _tribe_; and the plurals #īdūs#, _ides_, and #quīnquātrūs#, _feast of Minerva_; rarely #penus#, _store_, and #specus#, _cave_.

589. Stems in #-u-# are declined as follows:

+--------+-------------------------+-------------+---------------+ |Examples| flūctus, _wave_, | cornū, | Stem and | | | | _horn_, | case | | Stems | flūctu-, M. | cornu-, Ne. | endings | +--------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+-------+ |Singular| | | M. | Ne. | | _Nom._ | flūctus, _a_ (or | cornū | -us | -ū | | | _the_) _wave_ | | | | | _Gen._ | flūctūs, _a wave’s_, | cornūs | -ūs | -ūs | | | _of a wave_ | | | | | _Dat._ | flūctuī, -ū, _to_ | cornū | -uī, | -ū | | | or _for a wave_ | | -ū | | | _Acc._ | flūctum, _a wave_ | cornū | -um | -ū | | _Abl._ | flūctū, _from_, _with_, | cornū | -ū | -ū | | | or _by a wave_ | | | | +--------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+-------+ | Plural | | | | | | _Nom._ | flūctūs, (_the_) | cornua | -ūs | -ua | | | _waves_ | | | | | _Gen._ | flūctuum, _waves’_, | cornuum | -uum | -uum | | | _of waves_ | | | | | _Dat._ | flūctibus, _to_ or | cornibus | -ibus | -ibus | | | _for waves_ | | | | | _Acc._ | flūctūs, _waves_ | cornua | -ūs | -ua | | _Abl._ | flūctibus, _from_, | cornibus | -ibus | -ibus | | | _with_, or _by waves_ | | | | +--------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+-------+

SINGULAR CASES.

590. In the genitive, the uncontracted form #-uis# sometimes occurs: as, #anuis#, _old woman_ (Ter.). A genitive in #-tī# is rather common: as, #adventī#, _arrival_; #ōrnātī#, _embellishment_ (Ter.); #senātī#, _senate_. In the dative, #-ū# is regularly found for #-uī# in neuters and often in gender words.

PLURAL CASES.

591. In the genitive plural, a shorter form in #-um# is occasionally found: as, #passum#, _steps_ (Plaut., Mart.); #currum#, _chariots_ (Verg.); EXERCITVM. The quantity of the #u# and the origin of this ending are uncertain.

592. In the dative and ablative plural, the following retain #-u-bus#: #acus#, _pin_, _needle_, #arcus#, _bow_, #partus#, _birth_, #tribus#, _tribe_. The following have #-u-bus# or #-i-bus# (28): #artūs#, plural, _joints_, #lacus#, _lake_, #portus#, _haven_, #specus#, _cave_, #genū#, _knee_, #verū#, _a spit_. All other words have #-i-bus# only.

593. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

G. #-uos#: SENATVOS; #-ū# (66) SENATV; #-uus#, in the imperial age (29, 1): EXERCITVVS. D. #-uei# (29, 2): SENATVEI. Ac. #-u# (61): MANV. Ab. #-uu# (29, 1): ARBITRATVV; #-uō#, once, by some thought to be for #-ūd# (426); MAGISTRATVO. Plural: N. #-uus# (29, 1): MAGISTRATVVS.

594. #domus#, _house_, F., has stems of two forms, #domu-# and #domo-# (401); it is declined as follows: N. #domus#, G. #domūs#, rarely #domī#, D. #domuī# or #domō#, Ac. #domum#, Ab. #domō# or #domū#, Locative #domī#, rarely #domuī#. Plural: N. #domūs#, G. #domuum#, later #domōrum#, D. and Ab. #domibus#, Ac. #domōs#, less commonly #domūs#.

595. Some other substantives have an #-u-# stem in some of their cases, and an #-o-# stem in others: see #angiportus#, #arcus#, #caestus#, #colus#, #cornū#, #cornus#, #cupressus#, #fīcus#, #fretus#, #gelus#, #laurus#, #murtus#, #penus#, #pīnus#, #quercus#, #rīctus#, #tonitrus#, in the dictionary.

STEMS IN #-ē-#.

_The Fifth Declension._

Genitive singular #-ē̆ī#, genitive plural #-ē-rum#.

596. Stems in #-ē-# are substantive only, and feminine.

597. #diēs#, _day_, is always masculine in the plural, and commonly in the singular; but the feminine is common when #diēs# denotes length of time or a set day. #merīdiēs#, _midday_, is masculine and singular only.

598. The nominative of stems in #-ē-# ends, including the stem vowel, in #-ē-s#.

599. Stems in #-ē-# are of two classes:

600. (1.) Stems of the first class have one or two syllables; there are four of them: #rēs#, _thing_, #spēs#, _hope_, #diēs#, _day_, and #fidēs#, _faith_.

Of this class, #rēs# and #diēs# have a plural throughout; #spēs# has only the nominative and accusative plural, and #fidēs# has no plural.

601. Stems in #-ē-# of the first class are declined as follows:

602. #fidēs# is declined like #rēs#; it has once a genitive #fidēs# (Plaut.). For #rēī#, #reī#, or #re͡i#, and #fidēī#, #fideī#, or #fide͡i#, see 127, 4. #diēs# has rarely a genitive #diēs# (Enn.) or #diī# (Verg.). #spēs# has only the genitive and dative #spe͡i# in verse. A genitive or dative in #-ē# is sometimes found: as, #rē#, #diē#, #fidē#.

603. A few cases of other words sometimes follow this class (401): as, #plēbēs# (524), _commons_, G. #plēbe͡i# or #plēbī#; #famēs# (524), _hunger_, Ab. always #famē#; #requiēs# (477), _rest_, G. #requiē# (Sall.), Ac. #requiem#, Ab. #requiē#; #tābēs# (523), _waste_, Ab. #tābē#, #*contāgēs#, _contact_, Ab. #contāgē# (Lucr.), &c.

604. (2.) Stems of the second class are formed by the suffix #-iē-# or #-tiē-#, and have three or more syllables.

This class, which is parallel to stems in #-iā-#, has usually no genitive, dative, or plural. Many stems, especially those in #-tiē-#, have also a collateral form in #-iā-#, and the genitive and dative, when used at all, are commonly from a stem in #-iā-#.

605. Stems in #-ē-# of the second class are declined as follows:

lūxuriēs, _extravagance_, stem lūxuriē-, F. _Nom._ lūxuriēs, _Acc._ lūxuriem, _Abl._ lūxuriē.

606. A few examples of the genitive of these stems are found: as, #perniciī#, #perniciēs#, or #perniciē#, _ruin_ (Cic.); #rabiēs#, _fury_ (Lucr.); #aciē#, _edge of battle_ (Sall., Caes., auct. B. Afr.), #faciē#, _make_ (Plaut., Lucil.), #speciē#, _looks_ (Caes.); #aciēī# (auct. B. Afr.). And a very few of the dative: as, #aciēī# twice (Caes.); #perniciēī#, #perniciī# (Nep.); #perniciē# (Liv.).

607. #ēluviēs#, _offscouring_, _wash_, has the nominative of the plural, and #glaciēs#, _ice_, has the accusative of the plural. Five words only have the nominative and accusative plural:

seriēs, aciēs, _row_, _edge_, speciēs, faciēs, _look_, _make_, effigiēs, _likeness_.

[Erratum: 601 (table) ... rēs, (_the_) _things_ rēs (_the_)]

THE ADJECTIVE.

608. Adjectives are declined like substantives, and it has been shown already how their cases are formed. But they differ from substantives in having different forms in some of their cases to denote different genders; it is convenient therefore to put their complete declension together.

609. Adjective stems end in #-o-# and #-ā-#, in a consonant, or in #-i-#.

610. An accusative plural of a stem in #-u-#, #anguimanūs#, _with a serpent for a hand_, is once used (Lucr.). There are no adjective stems in #-ē-#.

611. Adjectives are often conveniently said to be ‘_of three endings_,’ ‘_of two endings_,’ or ‘_of one ending_.’

By the ‘ending’ is meant the ending of the nominative singular: thus, #bonus#, #bona#, #bonum#, _good_, and #ācer#, #ācris#, #ācre#, _sharp_, are ‘of three endings’ (409); #brevis#, #breve#, _short_, is ‘of two endings’ (410); and #audāx#, _bold_, is ‘of one ending’ (410).

612. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ which form a gender nominative in #-s#, retain the #-s# irrationally in the nominative and accusative neuter singular: as, N. M. and F. #audāx#, N. and Ac. Ne. also #audāx#.

STEMS IN #-o-# AND #-ā-#.

613. Most adjectives with stems in #-o-# and #-ā-# are declined as follows:

614. Stems in #-io-# and #-iā-# have no consonant #i# in cases ending in #-i# or #-īs# (153, 3): as #plēbēius#, _plebeian_, G. S. M. and Ne., and N. Pl. M. #plēbēī#, D. and Ab. Pl. #plēbēīs#.

615. Stems in #-ro-# preceded by a long vowel retain #-us# in the nominative singular masculine and are declined like #bonus# (453): as, #sevērus#, _stern_; also

ferus, merus, _wild_, _unmixed_ mōrigerus, _complaisant_ praeposterus, _reversed_ properus, _hasty_ prōsperus, _lucky_ triquetrus, _three-cornered_

616. (1.) Some stems in #-ro-# preceded by a short vowel end in #-r# in the nominative singular masculine and have no vocative (454); they are declined as follows:

Such are: compounds, chiefly poetical, ending in #-fer# and #-ger#, _bearing_, _carrying_, _having_: as, #caelifer#, _heaven-upholding_; #corniger#, _horned_; also the following:

(alter, 618), asper, _other_, _rough_ lacer, līber, _torn_, _free_ gibber, miser, _hump-backed_, _forlorn_ satur, sēmifer, _full_, _half-beast_ tener, Trēver, _tender_, _Treveran_

#dexter#, _right_, has #dextera#, #dexterum#, or #dextra#, #dextrum#, G. #dexterī#, or #dextrī#, &c. #sinister#, _left_, has usually #sinistra#, &c., rarely #sinisteram# (Plaut., Ter.). #asper# has a plural accusative #asprōs# (Stat.), and ablative #asprīs# (Verg.).

617. (2.) Other stems in #-ro-# have a vowel before #r# only in the nominative singular masculine #-er# (454); they are declined as follows:

618. Nine adjectives or adjective pronouns have the pronoun form #-ī̆us# in the genitive singular and #-ī# in the dative singular, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike; they are the following:

alius, _another_ sōlus, _alone_ tōtus, _whole_ ūnus, _one_ ūllus, _any at all_ nūllus, _no_ alter, _the other_ uter, _which of the two_ neuter, _neither_

619. Of the above words, those with the nominative in #-us# are declined like #ūnus# (638). But #alius# has N. and Ac. Ne. #aliud# (659); for the G., #alterī̆us# is mostly used, except in the combination #alīus modī#, _of another sort_; the N. M. is rarely #alis#, Ne. #alid#, D. rarely #alī#. #alter# is declined like #līber# (616), except in the genitive singular #alterī̆us# (127, 6) and dative #alterī#. For #uter# and its derivatives, see 693.

620. The ordinary genitive and dative of #-o-# and #-ā-# stems, from some of the above words, is sometimes found: G. and D. #aliae#, #sōlae#, #alterae#, D. #aliō#, #alterae#, &c.

CONSONANT STEMS.

OF TWO ENDINGS.

621. The only consonant stems of two endings are comparatives (346); they are declined as follows:

622. The ablative rarely has #-ī# for #-e#: as, #meliōrī# (503); the accusative plural masculine and feminine rarely have #-īs#: as, #meliōrīs# (505).

623. #plūs#, _more_, has in the singular only Ne. N. and Ac. #plūs#, G. #plūris#, and Ab. #plūre#. Plural: N. M. and F. #plūrēs#, Ne. #plūra#, G. #plūrium#, D. and Ab. #plūribus#, Ac. M. and F. #plūrēs# or #plūrīs#, Ne. #plūra#. #complūrēs#, _a good many_, plural only, has N. M. and F. #complūrēs#, Ne. N. and Ac. #complūria# or #complūra#, G. #complūrium#, D. and Ab. #complūribus#, Ac. M. and F. #complūrēs# or #complūrīs#.

OF ONE ENDING.

624. A dozen adjectives ‘of one ending,’ mostly words applying to persons, with consonant stems throughout, have no nominative or accusative neuter plural; they are:

caelebs, compos, _unmarried_, _master of_ *dēses, dīves, _lazy_, _rich_ particeps, prīnceps, _sharing_, _first_ pūbēs, impūbēs, _mangrown_, _immature_ sōspes, superstes, _safe_, _surviving_ pauper, cicur, _poor_, _tame_

625. When these adjectives have a neuter, it is the same as the gender forms, except in the accusative singular; they are declined as follows:

M. F. and Ne. #dīves#, _rich_, stem #dīvit-#.

Singular: N. #dīves#, G. #dīvitis#, D. #dīvitī#, Ac. M. and F. #dīvitem#, Ne. #dīves#, Ab. #dīvite#. Plural: N. and Ac. M. and F. #dīvitēs#, G. #dīvitum#, D. and Ab. #dīvitibus#.

626. The plural #caelitēs#, _heavenly_, _occupants of heaven_, is also declined like the plural of #dīves#; the singular Ab. #caelite# occurs a couple of times. #vetus#, _old_, G. _veteris_, is also declined like #dīves#, but has a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #vetera#; the Ab. S. is regularly #vetere#, but #veterī# is sometimes used.

STEMS IN #-i-#.

OF THREE ENDINGS.

627. A dozen adjectives with stems in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, or #-tri-#, have a distinctive form in #-er# for the masculine nominative singular; they are:

celeber, _thronged_ salūber, _healthy_ ācer, _keen_ alacer, _lively_ volucer, _winged_ campester, _of a plain_ equester, _cavalry-_ palūster, _of a swamp_ pedester, _foot-_ puter, _rotten_ silvester, _woody_ terrester, _land-_

So also #celer#, swift. The names of months, #September#, #Octōber#, #November#, #December#, are also adjectives with stems in #-bri-#, but are not used in the neuter. Other adjectives with stems in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, or #-tri-#, have no distinctive form for the masculine nominative singular: as, #muliebris#, #mediocris#, #inlūstris#.

628. These adjectives are declined as follows:

629. In all cases but the masculine nominative singular these adjectives are just like those in #-i-# ‘of two endings’ (630). But the ablative always has #-ī#, never #-e#, and the genitive plural always has #-ium#, never #-um#. In #celer# the second #e# belongs to the stem: M. #celer#, F. #celeris#, Ne. #celere#; the genitive plural, which is #celerum#, is found only as a substantive. Most of these adjectives have now and then a masculine in #-is#, like adjectives ‘of two endings’ (630), and in old Latin the nominative #-er# is rarely feminine.

OF TWO ENDINGS.

630. Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in #-i-# are declined as follows:

631. The ablative is sometimes #-e# when these adjectives are used substantively or in verse (558). The genitive plural is rarely #-um# for #-ium# (563).

OF ONE ENDING.

632. Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ have a consonant form of the stem in the singular, except usually in the ablative (633), and an #-i-# stem in the plural; they are declined as follows: