A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Part 22

Chapter 222,823 wordsPublic domain

[Erratum: 804 (table) ... SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. . missing or invisible]

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

805. (1.) Some verbs have only a few forms: as,

#inquam#, _quoth I_ (760); #aiō#, _avouch_ (786). See also #apage#, _avaunt_, _get thee behind me_, #cedo#, _give_, _tell_, #fārī#, _to lift up one’s voice_, #havē̆# or #avē̆# and #salvē#, _all hail_, #ovat#, _triumphs_, and #quaesō#, _prithee_, in the dictionary.

806. (2.) Many verbs have only the present system; such are:

807. (_a._) #sum#, _am_ (745); #ferō#, _carry_ (780); #fīō#, _grow_, _become_ (788).

808. (_b._) Some verbs in #-ere#: #angō#, _throttle_, #bītō#, _go_, #clangō#, _sound_, #claudō# or #claudeō#, _hobble_, #fatīscō#, _gape_, #glīscō#, _wax_, #glūbō#, _peel_, #hīscō#, _gape_, #temnō#, _scorn_, #vādō#, _go_, #vergō#, _slope_. Also many inceptives (834): as, #dītēscō#, _get rich_, #dulcēscō#, _get sweet_, &c., &c.

809. (_c._) Some verbs in #-ēre#: #albeō#, _am white_, #aveō#, _long_, #calveō#, _am bald_, #cāneō#, _am gray_, #clueō#, _am called_, _hight_, #flāveō#, _am yellow_, #hebeō#, _am blunt_, #immineō#, _threaten_, #lacteō#, _suck_, #līveō#, _look dark_, #maereō#, _mourn_, #polleō#, _am strong_, #renīdeō#, _am radiant_, #squāleō#, _am scaly_, #ūmeō#, _am wet_.

810. (_d._) Some verbs in #-īre#: #balbūtiō#, _sputter_, #feriō#, _strike_, #ganniō#, _yelp_, #ineptiō#, _am a fool_, #superbiō#, _am stuck up_, #tussiō#, _cough_. Also most desideratives (375).

811. Many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle, and lack in consequence the perfect passive system, or, if deponent, the perfect active system.

812. (3.) Some verbs have only the perfect system: so particularly #coepī#, _have begun_, _began_ (120); and with a present meaning, #ōdī#, _have come to hate_, _hate_; and #meminī#, _have called to mind_, _remember_. The following is a synopsis of these three verbs:

+---------+----------------------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Active. Passive. | Active. Active. | | _Perf._ | coepī coeptus sum | ōdī | meminī | | _Plup._ | coeperam coeptus eram | ōderam | memineram | | _F. P._ | coeperō coeptus erō | ōderō | meminerō | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | _Perf._ | coeperim coeptus sim | ōderim | meminerim | | _Plup._ | coepissem coeptus essem | ōdissem | meminissem | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | _Perf._ | ---- ---- | ---- | mementō, | | | | | mementōte | +---------+----------------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | | _Perf._ | coepisse coeptus esse | ōdisse | meminisse | | | | | | PARTICIPLES. | | _Perf._ | coeptus | ---- | ---- | | _Fut._ | coeptūrus | ōsūrus | ---- | +---------+----------------------------------------------------+

813. A few forms of the present system of #coepī# occur in old writers: as, #coepiō# (Plaut.), #coepiam# (Caec., Cato), #coepiat# (Plaut.), #coeperet# (Ter.), and #coepere# (Plaut.); perfect once #coēpit# (Lucr.). #ōsus sum# or #fuī# (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), #exōsus sum# (Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and #perōsus sum# (Suet., Col., Quint.), are sometimes used as deponents. #meminī# is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active. #ōdī# and #meminī# have no passive.

814. #coeptūrus# is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as future infinitive (Quint.); and #ōsūrus# is very rare (Cic., Gell.). #exōsus# and #perōsus#, as active participles, _hating bitterly_, are not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple #ōsus# is not used as a participle.

815. (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular, and the infinitive present and perfect: as,

(_a._) #pluit#, _it rains_, #tonat#, _it thunders_, and other verbs denoting the operations of nature. (_b._) Also a few verbs in #-ēre# denoting feeling: as, #miseret# (or #miserētur#, #miserēscit#), _it distresses_, #miseritum est#; #paenitet#, _it repents_, #paenituit#; #piget#, _it grieves_, #piguit# or #pigitum est#; #pudet#, _it shames_, #puduit# or #puditum est#; #taedet#, _it is a bore_, #taesum est#.

816. Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,

#lubet# or #libet#, _it suits_, #lubitum# or #libitum est#, #lubuit# or #libuit#; #licet#, _it is allowed_, #licuit# or #licitum est#; #oportet#, _it is proper_, #oportuit#; #rē fert# or #rēfert#, _it concerns_, #rē ferre# or #rēferre#, #rē tulit# or #rētulit#. For the impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as #pugnātur#, _there is fighting_, #pugnandum est#, _there must be fighting_, see 724.

817. Of the impersonals in #-ēre#, some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives: as,

#paenitēns#, _repenting_, #paenitendus#, _to be regretted_, late; #pigendus#, _irksome_; #pudēns#, _modest_, #pudendus#, _shameful_, #puditūrum#, _going to shame_; #lubēns# or #libēns#, _with willing mind_, _gladly_, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, _be it allowed_ (inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), #licēns#, _unrestrained_, #licitus#, _allowable_; gerunds #pudendum#, #pudendō#, #pigendum#.

[Erratum (in table): 812 (table) ... ōdī ōdi]

REDUNDANT VERBS.

818. (1.) Some verbs have more than one form of the present stem: thus,

819. (_a._) Verbs in #-ere# have rarely forms of verbs in #-ēre# in the present system: as, #abnueō#, _nod no_, #abnuēbunt# (Enn.), for #abnuō#, #abnuent#; #congruēre#, _to agree_ (Ter.), for #congruere#. For verbs in #-iō#, #-ere# (or #-ior#, #-ī#), with forms of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), see 791. Once #pīnsībant# (Enn.).

820. (_b._) Some verbs in #-āre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #lavis#, _washest_, #lavit#, &c., for #lavās#, #lavat#, &c.; #sonit#, _sounds_, #sonunt#, for #sonat#, #sonant#. Others have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ēre#: as, _dēnseō_, _thicken_, _dēnsērī_, for _dēnsō_, #dēnsārī#.

821. (_c._) Some verbs in #-ēre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #fervit#, _boils_, #fervont#, for #fervet#, #fervent#. See also #fulgeō#, #oleō#, #scateō#, #strīdeō#, #tergeō#, #tueor# in the dictionary. #cieō#, _set a going_, sometimes has a present stem in #-īre#, particularly in compounds: as, #cīmus#, #ciunt#, for #ciēmus#, #cient#.

822. (_d._) Some verbs in #-īre# have occasionally a present stem like verbs in #-ere#: as, #ēvenunt#, _turn out_, for #ēveniunt#; #ēvenat#, #ēvenant#, for #ēveniat#, #ēveniant#, and #advenat#, #pervenat#, for #adveniat#, #perveniat# (Plaut.).

823. (2.) Some verbs have more than one form of the perfect stem: as,

#eō#, _go_, old #īī# (765), common #iī#, rarely #īvī# (767); #pluit#, _it rains_, #pluit#, sometimes #plūvit#. See also #pangō#, #parcō#, #clepō#, #vollō# or #vellō#, #intellegō#, #pōnō#, #nectō#, and #adnectō#, #saliō# and #īnsiliō#, #applicō#, #explicō# and #implicō#, #dīmicō# and #necō# in the dictionary. Some compound verbs have a form of the perfect which is different from that of the simple verb: as, #canō#, _make music_, #cecinī#, #concinuī#, #occinuī#; #pungō#, _punch_, #pupugī#, #compunxī#, #expunxī#; #legō#, _pick up_, #lēgī#, #dīlēxī#, #intellēxī#, #neglēxī#; #emō#, _take_, _buy_, #ēmī# (#adēmī#, #exēmī#), #cōmpsī#, #dēmpsī#, #prōmpsī#, #sūmpsī#.

FORMATION OF STEMS.

VARIABLE VOWEL.

824. The final vowel of a tense stem is said to be _variable_ when it is #-o-# in some of the forms, and #-u-#, #-e-#, or #-i-# in others.

825. The sign for the variable vowel is #{-o|e-}#: thus, #reg{o|e-}#, which may be read ‘#rego-# or #rege-#,’ represents #rego-# or #regu-#, #rege-# or #regi-#, as seen in #rego-r# or #regu-nt#, #rege-re# or #regi-t#.

826. The variable vowel occurs in the present of verbs in #-ere#, except in the subjunctive, in the future in #-bō# or #-bor#, and in the future perfect, as may be seen in the paradigms. It is usually short; but in the active, #o# is long: as, #regō#, #laudābō#, #laudāverō#; and poets rarely lengthen #i# in the second and third person singular of the present. For the future perfect, see 882.

827. In old Latin, the stem vowel of the third person plural of the present was #o#: as, COSENTIONT; #o# was long retained after #v#, #u#, or #qu# (107, _c_): as, #vīvont#, #ruont#, #sequontur#; or, if #o# was not retained, #qu# became #c#: as, #secuntur#.

I. THE PRESENT SYSTEM.

PRESENT INDICATIVE STEM.

I. PRIMITIVES.

(A.) ROOT VERBS.

828. A root without addition is used as the present stem, in the present tense or parts of the present tense, in root verbs (744-781): as,

#es-t#, _is_; #da-t#, _gives_; #inqui-t#, _quoth he_; #i-t#, _goes_; #nequi-t#, _can’t_; #ēs-t#, _eats_; #vol-t#, _will_; #fer-t#, _carries_. With reduplicated root (189): #bibi-t#, _drinks_; #seri-t#, _sows_; #sisti-t#, _sets_.

(B.) VERBS IN #-ere#.

829. (1.) The present stem of many verbs in #-ere# is formed by adding a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, which appears in the first person singular active as #-ō#, to a root ending in a consonant or in two consonants: as,

PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. reg{o|e-} regō, _guide_ +reg-+ vert{o|e-} vertō, _turn_ +vert-+

Other examples are: #tegō#, _cover_, #petō#, _make for_; #mergō#, _dip_, #serpō#, _creep_; #pendō#, _weigh_; #dīcō#, _say_, #fīdō#, _trust_, #scrībō#, _write_, with long #ī# for #ei# (98); #dūcō#, _lead_, with long #ū# for #eu#, #ou# (100); #lūdō#, _play_, with long #ū# for #oi#, #oe# (99); #laedō#, _hit_, #claudō#, _shut_; #rādō#, _scrape_, #cēdō#, _move along_, #fīgō#, _fix_, #rōdō#, _gnaw_, #glūbō#, _peel_. #*furō#, _rave_; #agō#, _drive_, #alō#, _nurture_. #gignō#, _beget_, (#gen-#, #gn-#), has reduplication, and #sīdō#, _settle_, _light_ (#sed-#, #sd-#), is also the result of an ancient reduplication (189).

830. In some present stems an original consonant has been modified: as, #gerō#, _carry_ (#ges-#), #ūrō#, _burn_ (154); #trahō#, _draw_ (#tragh-#), #vehō#, _cart_ (152); or has disappeared: as, #fluō#, _flow_ (#flūgu-#).

831. Some roots in a mute have a nasal before the mute in the present stem: as, #frangō#, _break_ (#frag-#). Other examples are: #iungō#, _join_, #linquō#, _leave_, #pangō#, _fix_, #pingō#, _paint_; #findō#, _cleave_, #fundō#, _pour_; #-cumbō#, _lie_, #lambō#, _lick_, #rumpō#, _break_ (164, 3). The nasal sometimes runs over into the perfect or perfect participle, or both.

832. (2.) The present stem of many verbs in #-ere# is formed by adding a suffix ending in a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, which appears in the first person singular active as #-ō#, to a root: thus, #-nō#, #-scō#, #-tō#, #-iō#: as,

PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. lin{o|e-} linō, _besmear_ +li-+ crēsc{o|e-} crēscō, _grow_ +crē-+ pect{o|e-} pectō, _comb_ +pec-+ capi{o|e-} capiō, _take_ +cap-+

833. (_a._) #-nō# is added to roots in a vowel, or in a continuous sound, #-m-#, #-r-#, or #-l-#.

So regularly #linō#, _besmear_, #sinō#, _let_; #temnō#, _scorn_, #cernō#, _sift_, #spernō#, _spurn_, only. The third persons plural #danunt# (Naev., Plaut.) for #dant#, #prōdīnunt#, #redīnunt# (Enn.) for #prōdeunt#, #redeunt# hardly belong here; their formation is obscure. In a few verbs, #-n# is assimilated (166, 6): as, #tollō#, _lift_. Sometimes the doubled #l# runs into the perfect (855): as, #vellī#, #fefellī#. #minuō#, _lessen_, and #sternuō#, _sneeze_, have a longer suffix #-nu{o|e-}#.

834. (_b._) #-scō#, usually meaning ‘_begin to_,’ forms presents called _Inceptives_ or _Inchoatives_.

#-scō# is attached: first, to roots: as, #nāscor#, _am born_, #nōscō#, _learn_, #pāscō#, _feed_, #scīscō#, _resolve_; consonant roots have #ī#, less commonly #ē#, before the suffix: as, #tremīscō# or #tremēscō#, _fall a-trembling_, #nancīscor#, _get_ (831); but #discō#, _learn_ (170, 1), and #poscō#, _demand_ (170, 10), are shortened; see 168. Secondly, to a form of the present stem of denominative verbs, especially of those in #-ēre#: as, #clārēscō#, _brighten_; the stem is often assumed only, as in #inveterāscō#, _grow old_, #mātūrēscō#, _get ripe_. Many inceptives are used only in composition: as, #extimēscō#, _get scared_, #obdormīscō#, _drop asleep_.

835. (_c._) #-tō# occurs in the following presents from guttural roots: #flectō#, _turn_, #nectō#, _string_, #pectō#, _comb_, #plector#, _am struck_, #amplector#, _hug_, #complector#, _clasp_. From a lingual root #vid-#, comes #vīsō#, _go to see_, _call on_ (153). From vowel roots: #bētō# or #bītō#, _go_, and #metō#, _mow_.

836. (_d._) #-iō# is usually added to consonant roots with a short vowel; the following have presents formed by this suffix:

#capiō#, _take_, #cupiō#, _want_, #faciō#, _make_, #fodiō#, _dig_, #fugiō#, _run away_, #iaciō#, _throw_, #pariō#, _bring forth_, #quatiō#, _shake_, #rapiō#, _seize_, #sapiō#, _have sense_, and their compounds; the compounds of #*laciō#, _lure_, and #speciō# or #spiciō#, _spy_, and the deponents #gradior#, _step_, #morior#, _die_, and #patior#, _suffer_, and their compounds. For occasional forms like those of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), see 791. For #aiō#, see 786; for #fīō#, 788.

837. A few present stems are formed by adding a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, for an older #-i{o|e-}#, to a vowel root: as,

#ruō#, _tumble down_, #rui-s#, #rui-t#, #rui-mus#, #rui-tis#, #ruu-nt# (114). Vowel roots in #-ā-#, #-ē-#, or #-ī-# have a present stem like that of denominatives: as, #stō#, _stand_, #stā-s#, #sta-t#, #stā-mus#, #stā-tis#, #sta-nt#; #fleō#, _weep_, #flē-s#, #fle-t#, #flē-mus#, #flē-tis#, #fle-nt#; #neō#, _spin_, has once #neu-nt# for #ne-nt# (Tib.); #sciō#, _know_, #scī-s#, #sci-t#, #scī-mus#, #scī-tis#, #sciu-nt#.

838. Most present stems formed by adding the suffix #-iō# to a root ending in #-l-#, #-r-#, or #-n-#, and all formed by adding #-iō# to a long syllable, have the form of denominatives in #-īre# in the present system: as, #saliō#, _leap_, #salīre#, #aperiō#, _open_, #aperīre#, #veniō#, _come_, #venīre#; #farciō#, _cram_, #farcīre#.

[Errata: 830 ... (#tragh-#) ... (#flūgu-#). In these two roots, the pairs “gh” and “gu” are printed together, while the other letters of the root are spaced as usual. 834 ... less commonly #ē#, before the suffix #ē#. before 835 ... #pectō#, _comb_ #pectō# _comb_]

II. DENOMINATIVES.

839. The present stem of denominatives is formed by attaching a variable vowel #{-o|e-}#, for an older #-i{o|e-}#, to a theme consisting of a noun stem: as,

UNCONTRACTED PRESENT STEM. VERB. FROM THEME. cēna{o|e-} cēnō, _dine_ cēnā- flōre{o|e-} flōreō, _blossom_ flōre- vesti{o|e-} vestiō, _dress_ vesti- acu{o|e-} acuō, _point_ acu-

The noun stem ending is often slightly modified in forming the theme: thus, #laud-# becomes #laudā-# in #laudō# for #*laudā-ō#, and #flōr-# becomes #flōre-# in #flōre-ō#.

840. In many of the forms, the final vowel of the theme is contracted with the variable vowel: as,

#plantō#, #plantās# (118, 3) for #*plantāi̭ō#, #*plantāi̭es# (153, 2); #monēs# for #*monēi̭es# (118, 1), #audīs# for #*audīi̭es# (118, 3). The long #ā#, #ē#, or #ī#, is regularly shortened in some of the forms: as, #scit#, #arat#, #habet#, for Plautine #scīt#, #arāt#, #habēt#. In a few forms no contraction occurs: as, #moneō#, #audiō#, #audiu-nt#, #audie-ntis#, &c., #audie-ndus#, &c. (114). Denominatives from stems in #-u-#, as #acuō#, are not contracted, and so have the forms of verbs in #-ere# (367).

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

841. The suffix of the present subjunctive of #sum#, _am_, is #-ī-#, which becomes #-i-# before #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt#: #si-m#, #sī-s#, #si-t#, #sī-mus#, #sī-tis#, #si-nt# (35, 2, 3). So also in the singular and in the third person plural, #dui-m#, &c. (756), and #edi-m#, &c. (769), and in all the persons, #veli-m#, &c. (#nōli-m#, &c., #māli-m#, &c.). An old suffix is #-iē-# (#-ie-#), in #sie-m#, #siē-s#, #sie-t#, and #sie-nt#.

842. (1.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in #-ere#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, ends in #-ā-#, which becomes #-a-# in some of the persons; this suffix replaces the variable vowel of the indicative: as,

#rega-m#, #regā-s#, #rega-t#, #regā-mus#, #regā-tis#, #rega-nt#; #capia-m#, #capiā-s#, &c.; #monea-m#, #moneā-s#, &c.; #audia-m#, #audiā-s#, &c. #ea-m#, #quea-m#, #fera-m#, and the old #fua-m# (750), also have the formative subjunctive vowel.

843. (2.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in #-āre# ends in #-ē-#, which becomes #-e-# in some of the persons: as,

#laude-m#, #laudē-s#, #laude-t#, #laudē-mus#, #laudē-tis#, #laude-nt#. #dō#, _give_, also has #de-m#, #dē-s#, &c.

[Erratum: 842 ... #monea-m#, #moneā-s#, &c.; . missing]

IMPERATIVE.

844. Root verbs have a root as imperative stem (745-780): as, #es#, &c., #fer#, &c. But the imperative of #nōlō# has a stem in #-ī-#, like verbs in #-īre#: thus, #nōlī#, #nōlī-tō#, #nōlī-te#, #nōlī-tōte#.

845. The imperative stem of verbs in #-ere#, and of verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, is the same as that of the indicative: as,

#rege#, #regi-tō#, #regu-ntō#, #rege-re#; #cape#, #capi-tō#, #capiu-ntō#; #fī#; #laudā#, &c.; #monē#, &c.; #audī#, &c.

846. The second person singular imperative active of #dīcō#, #dūcō#, and #faciō#, is usually #dīc#, #dūc#, and #fac#, respectively, though the full forms, #dīce#, &c., are also used, and are commoner in old Latin. Compounds of #dūcō# may have the short form: as, #ēdūc#. #ingerō# has once #inger# (Catull.). #sciō# has regularly the singular #scī-tō#, plural #scī-tōte#, rarely #scī-te#.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.

847. The imperfect indicative stem ends in #-bā-#, which becomes #-ba-# in some of the persons: as,

#daba-m#, #dabā-s#, #daba-t#, #dabā-mus#, #dabā-tis#, #daba-nt#; #ība-m#; #quība-m#. In verbs in #-ere# and #-ēre#, the suffix is preceded by a form ending in #-ē-#: as, #regēba-m#; #monēba-m#; so also #volēba-m# (#nōlēba-m#, #mālēba-m#), and #ferēba-m#; in verbs in #-iō#, #-ere#, and in #-iō#, #-īre#, by a form ending in #-iē-#: as, #capiēba-m#; #audiēba-m#; in verbs in #-āre#, by one ending in #-ā-#: as, #laudāba-m#. In verse, verbs in #-īre# sometimes have #-ī-# before the suffix (Plaut., Ter., Catull., Lucr., Verg., &c.): as, #audība-t#. #āiō#, _say_, has sometimes #a͡iba-m#, &c. (787).

848. The suffix of the imperfect indicative of #sum#, _am_, is #-ā-#, which becomes #-a-# before #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt# (35, 2, 3) the #s# becomes #r# between the vowels (154): #era-m#, #erā-s#, #era-t#, #erā-mus#, #erā-tis#, #era-nt#.

[Erratum: 848 ... #-m#, #-t#, and #-nt# (35, 2, 3) the #s# becomes #r# printed as shown: missing punctuation or conjunction?]

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

849. The imperfect subjunctive stem ends in #-rē-#, which becomes #-re-# in some of the persons: as,

#dare-m#, #darē-s#, #dare-t#, #darē-mus#, #darē-tis#, #dare-nt#; #īre-m#, #fore-m#, #ferre-m#. In verbs in #-ere#, the #-rē-# is preceded by a form ending in #-e-#: as, #regere-m#, #capere-m#; in verbs in #-āre#, #-ēre#, and #-īre#, by one ending in #-ā-#, #-ē-#, or #-ī-#, respectively: as, #laudāre-m#, #monēre-m#, #audīre-m#.

850. The suffix of the imperfect subjunctive of #sum#, _am_, is #-sē-#, which becomes #-se-# in some of the persons; #esse-m#, #essē-s#, #esse-t#, #essē-mus#, #essē-tis#, #esse-nt#; so also #ēssē-s#, &c. (769). #volō#, _wish_, #nōlō#, _won’t_, and #mālō#, _prefer_, have #velle-m#, #nōlle-m#, and #mālle-m# respectively (166, 8).

[Erratum: 850 ... respectively (166, 8). (166, 8.)]

FUTURE.

851. The future stem of #sum#, _am_, is #er{o|e-}#: #erō#, #eri-s#, #eri-t#, #eri-mus#, #eri-tis#, #eru-nt#. #dō# has #dabō#, #eō# has #ībō#, and #queō# has #quībō#.

852. (1.) The future stem of verbs in #-ere# and #-īre# ends in #-a-# in the first person singular, otherwise in #-ē-#, which becomes #-e-# in some of the persons: as,

#rega-m#, #regē-s#, #rege-t#, #regē-mus#, #regē-tis#, #rege-nt#; #capia-m#, #capiē-s#, &c.; #audia-m#, #audiē-s#, &c. The first person singular is not a future form, but the subjunctive present, used with a future meaning (842); forms in #-em# occur in manuscripts of Plautus: as, #faciem#, #sinem#. Verbs in #-īre# sometimes have #-b{o|e-}#, chiefly in the dramatists: as, #scībō#, #opperībo-r# (Plaut., Ter.), #lēnību-nt# (Prop.); rarely verbs in #-ere# (819): as, #exsūgēbō# (Plaut.). For #reddibō#, instead of the usual #reddam#, see 757.

853. (2.) The future stem of verbs in #-āre# and #-ēre# ends in _-b{o|e-}_, which is preceded by a form ending in long #-ā-# or #-ē-# respectively: as,

#laudābō#, #laudābi-s#, #laudābi-t#, #laudābi-mus#, #laudābi-tis#, #laudābu-nt#. #monēbō#, #monēbi-s#, &c.

II. THE PERFECT SYSTEM.

PERFECT INDICATIVE STEM.

854. There are two kinds of perfect stems: (A.) Some verbs have as perfect stem a root, generally with some modification, but without a suffix (858-866). (B.) Some perfects are formed with a suffix, #-s-#, or #-v-# or #-u-# (867-875).

855. Some perfects of primitives are formed not from a root, but from the present stem without the formative vowel, treated as a root: as, #prehendī#, _seized_, from #prehend-# (866); #poposcī#, _asked_, #fefellī#, _deceived_ (858); #iūnxī#, _joined_ (867).