A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Part 12

Chapter 122,700 wordsPublic domain

480. Examples of stems in #-b-# or #-p-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-bis# or #-pis#, are:

#-ebs#, #-ibis# #caelebs#, _unmarried_, adjective, the only stem in #-b-#. #----#, #-apis# #dapis#, G., F., _feast_, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430). #-eps#, #-ipis# #adeps# or #adips#, M., F., _fat_, no G. Pl; #forceps#, M., F., _pincers_; #mūniceps#, _burgher_. #particeps#, _sharing_, and #prīnceps#, _first_, adjectives. #-eps#, #-upis# #auceps#, _fowler_; #manceps#, _contractor_, #mancupis# or #mancipis#. #----#, #-ipis# #stipis#, G., F., _small change_, no N. #-ops#, #-opis# #Ops#, F., old #Opis# (Plaut.), _goddess of power_; #opis#, G., F., _help_, no N., D. once only, Pl. #opēs#, _means_ (418).

[Errata: 472 ... #-ūx#, #-ūgis# #-ux# 473b ... #cōdex#, _block_, _book_; _book_: 477b ... #trāmes#, _by-path_; _by-path_.]

II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.

481. (1.) Stems in #-l-# and #-n-# are declined as follows:

482. Examples of stems in #-l-#, with nominative #-l#, genitive #-lis#, are:

#-āl#, #-alis# #sāl#, M., _salt_, sometimes Ne. in the singular; no G. Pl. (430). #-el#, #-ellis# #fel# (171, 1), Ne., _gall_; #mel#, Ne., _honey_; plural only #fella#, #mella#. #-il#, #-ilis# #mūgil#, M., _mullet_; #pūgil#, M., _boxer_; #vigil#, M., _watchman_. #-ōl#, #-ōlis# #sōl#, M., _sun_, no G. Pl. (430). #-ul#, #-ulis# #cōnsul#, _consul_; #praesul#, _head dancer_; #exsul#, _exile_.

483. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-en#, genitive #-inis#, are:

#flāmen#, M., _priest_; #pecten#, M., _comb_; #tībīcen#, M., _piper_; #tubicen#, M., _trumpeter_; #sanguen#, Ne., _blood_. Many neuters in #-men# (224): as, #certāmen#, _contest_.

484. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-ōnis#, are:

Many masculine concretes: as, #pugiō#, _dagger_; words of the agent (211): as, #praedō#, _robber_; and family names: as, #Cicerō#. Feminine abstracts in #-iō# (227), and many in #-tiō# or #-siō# (228): as, #opīniō#, _notion_; #cōgitātiō#, _thought_.

485. (_c._) Examples of stems in #-n-#, with nominative #-ō#, genitive #-inis#, are:

Masculines: #Apollō#; #cardō#, _hinge_; #ōrdō#, _rank_; #turbō#, _whirlwind_. #homo#, M., F., _human being_; #nēmō#, _nobody_; for G. and Ab., #nūllī̆us# and #nūllō# are generally used; #margō#, M., F., _brink_. Feminines: #grandō#, _hail_; #harundō#, _reed_; #hirundō#, _swallow_; #hirūdō#, _leech_; #testūdō#, _tortoise_; #virgō#, _maiden_. Many in #-dō#, #-dinis# (225), #-gō#, #-ginis# (226), and #-tūdō#, #-tūdinis# (264): as, #cupīdō#, also M., _desire_; #imāgō#, _likeness_; #sōlitūdō#, _loneliness_.

486. #sanguī̆s#, M., _blood_, stem #sanguin-#, takes #-s# in the nominative (171, 4). #canis#, M., F., _dog_, stem #can-#, and #īuvenis#, M., F., _young person_, stem #iuven-#, have the nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems. For #senex#, _old man_, see 500.

487. (2.) Stems in #-r-# and #-s-# are declined as follows:

488. Many stems in #-r-# ended originally in #-s-#, which became #-r-# between two vowels, and in some words in the nominative also (154): as, #flōs#, M., _flower_, G. #*flōsis#, #flōris#; #honōs#, M., _honour_, G. #honōris#, N. #honor#.

489. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-r-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-ar#, #-aris# #baccar#, Ne., _a plant_; #iūbar#, Ne., rarely M., _bright sky_, no Pl. #-ār#, #-aris# #lār#, M., _household god_; G. Pl. #larum#; two or three times #larium#. #-ār#, #-arris# #fār# (171, 1), Ne., _spelt_; Pl. only N. and Ac. #farra#. #-er#, #-eris# Masculines: #acipēnser#, _sturgeon_; #agger#, _mound_; #ānser#, rarely F., _goose_; #asser#, _pole_; #carcer#, _jail_; #later#, _brick_; #mulier#, F., _woman_; #passer#, _sparrow_; #vōmer#, _ploughshare_. Neuters: #cadāver#, _corpse_; #tūber#, _swelling_; #ūber#, _breast_; #verberis#, G., _lash_, no N., generally Pl.; #acer#, _maple_, and some other plant names: see 573. #pauper#, _poor_, adjective. #-ter#, #-tris# #accipiter#, M., _hawk_; #frāter#, M., _brother_; #māter#, F., _mother_; #pater#, M., _father_. #-ēr#, #-ēris# #vēr#, Ne.; no Pl. #-or#, #-oris# #aequor#, Ne., _sea_; #marmor#, Ne., _marble_; #arbor#, F., _tree_. #-or#, #-ōris# #olor#, M., _swan_; #soror#, F., _sister_; #uxor#, F., _wife_. Many masculines in #-or# for #-ōs# (237): as, #odor#, _smell_; and in #-tor#, #-tōris# (205): as, #amātor#, _lover_. Also gender comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstior# (346), M., F., _sadder_. #-ur#, #-oris# Neuters: #ebur#, _ivory_; Pl. only #ebora#; #rōbur#, _heart of oak_; Pl. #rōbora# common, #rōborum# and #rōboribus# twice each. Also #femur#,_thigh_, #femoris# or #feminis#, and #iecur#, _liver_, #iecoris#, #iecineris#, or #iocineris#. #-ur#, #-uris# #augur#, M., F., _augur_; #furfur#, M., _bran_; #turtur#, M., F., _turtle-dove_; #voltur# or #vultur#, M., _vulture_. Neuters: #fulgur#, _lightning_; #guttur#, rarely M., _throat_; #murmur#, _murmur_; #sulpur#, _sulphur_. #cicur#, _tame_, adjective. #-ūr#, #-ūris# #fūr#, M., _thief_.

490. #volucris#, F., _bird_, stem #volucr-#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems.

491. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-s-#, or #-r-# for #-s-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-aes#, #-aeris# #aes#, Ne., _copper_, _bronze_; in the Pl. only #aera# and #aerum# are usual. #-ēs#, #-eris# #Cerēs#. #pūbēs#, _mangrown_; #impūbēs#, _immature_, adjectives; for the last more commonly #impūbis#, like #brevis# (630). #-is#, #-eris# #cinis#, M., _ashes_; #cucumis#, M., _cucumber_, also with #-i-# stem; #pulvis#, M., _dust_; #vōmis#, M., _ploughshare_. #-ōs#, #-oris# #arbōs#, F., _tree_. #-ōs#, #-ōris# Masculines: #flōs#, _flower_; #mōs#, _custom_; #rōs#, _dew_, no G. Pl. (430); #lepōs#, _grace_; #honōs# or #honor#, _honour_, and some old Latin words for later #-or#: as, #odōs# or #odor#, _smell_ (489). #ōs#, Ne., _mouth_, _face_, no G. Pl. (430). #-us#, #-eris# Neuters: #acus#, _husk_; #foedus#, _treaty_; #fūnus#, _funeral_; #genus#, _race_; #glŏ̄mus# (134), _clew_; #holus#, _green stuff_; #latus#, _side_; #mūnus#, _gift_; #onus#, _burden_; #opus#, _work_; #pondus#, _weight_; #raudus# or #rūdus#, _piece of copper_; #scelus#, _crime_; #sīdus#, _constellation_; #ulcus#, _sore_; #vellus#, _fleece_; #vīscus#, _bowel_, usually plural; #volnus# or #vulnus#, _wound_. Also #Venus#, F., and #vetus#, _old_, adjective. #-us#, #-oris# Neuters: #corpus#, _body_; #decus#, _grace_; #dēdecus#, _disgrace_; #facinus#, _deed_; #faenus#, _interest_; #frīgus#, _cold_; #lītus#, _shore_; #nemus#, _grove_; #pectus#, _breast_; #pecus#, _flock_; #penus#, _store_; #pignus#, _pledge_; #stercus#, _dung_; #tempus#, _time_; #tergus#, _back_. Also #lepus#, M., _hare_. #-us#, #-ōris# Neuter comparatives of adjectives: as, #trīstius# (346), _sadder_. #-ūs#, #-ūris# Neuters: #crūs#, _leg_; #iūs#, _right_, Pl. #iūra#, G. Pl. twice only (Plaut.; Cato), no D. or Ab. Pl.; #iūs#, _broth_, #pūs#, _pus_, #rūs#, _country_, #tūs#, _frankincense_, Pl. only N. and Ac. #iūra#, &c. #tellūs#, F., _earth_.

492. #vās#, Ne., _vessel_, _utensil_, retains the #s# between two vowels: G. #vāsis#, D. #vāsī#, Ab. #vāse#, plural N. and Ac. #vāsa#; the G. #vāsōrum#, and D. and Ab. #vāsis#, are formed from an #-o-# stem, #vāso-# (401). #mēnsis#, M., _month_, #mēnsis#, has its nominative formed like that of #-i-# stems; G. Pl. #mēnsum#, sometimes #mēnsuum# or #mēnsium#. #os# (171, 1) Ne., _bone_, #ossis#, has no G. Pl. in good writers (430): #ossium# late.

493. The two neuters #vīrus#, _gall_, _poison_, and #volgus# or #vulgus#, _the crowd_, have #-o-# stems, except in the nominative and accusative (401), and no plural: thus, N. and Ac. #volgus#, G. #volgī#, D. and Ab. #volgō#. A masculine accusative #volgum# is sometimes found. The Greek neuter #pelagus#, _the deep_, has also G. #pelagī#, D. and Ab. #pelagō#, Pl. N. and Ac. #pelagē# (508).

[Erratum: 489a ... Also #femur#, _thigh_ #femur# _thigh_]

III. STEMS IN #-u-# OR #-v-#.

494. Four substantives with stems in #-ū-# or #-v-#, #grūs#, F., _crane_, #gruis#; #sūs#, M., F., _sow_, _swine_, #suis#; #bōs#, M., F., _ox_, _cow_, #bovis#; and #nix#, F., _snow_, #nivis#, follow the consonant declension; also the genitive #Iovis#, and the other oblique cases of #Iuppiter# (500). But #sūs# has in the plural dative and ablative #suibus#, #sūbus#, or #subus#; #bōs# has in the plural genitive #boum# or #bovum#, rarely #bovom# (107, _c_), and in the dative and ablative #bōbus#, or oftener #būbus#; #nix# has no genitive plural in good writers (430): #nivium# late, once #nivum#.

SINGULAR CASES.

495. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in a mute is formed by adding #-s# to the stem (422): as,

#rēg-#, _king_, N. #rēx# (164, 1); #duc-#, _leader_, N. #dux# (135, 1); #custōd-#, _guard_, N. #custōs# (171, 5); #aetāt-#, _age_, N. #aetās# (171, 5); #caelib-#, _unmarried_, N. #caelebs# (54); #mūnicip-#, _burgher_, N. #mūniceps#. #hiem-#, _winter_, the only stem in #-m-#, N. #hiemps# (167) or #hiems#, also takes #-s#.

496. (2.) Stems in a continuous consonant, #-l-#, #-n-#, #-r-#, or #-s-#, and neuters have no nominative suffix (422, 423): as,

#cōnsul-#, _consul_, N. _cōnsul_; #flāmin-#, _special priest_, N. #flāmen#; #agger-#, _mound_, N. #agger#; #iūr-# for #iūs-#, _right_, N. #iūs#.

For #cor#, _heart_, see 476; #lacte#, #lac#, _milk_, 478; #sanguī̆s#, _blood_, 486; #-s# in neuter adjectives, 612.

497. (_a._) Stems in #-ōn-# drop #-n-# in the nominative; stems in #-in-# for #-on-# drop #-n-#, and end in #-ō#: as,

#leōn-#, _lion_, N. #leō#; #imāgin-# for #imāgon-#, _likeness_, N. #imāgō#.

498. (_b._) Stems of one syllable in #-r-# for #-s-# usually retain #-s# in the nominative: as, #flōr-# for #flōs-#, M., _flower_, N. #flōs#; #iūr-# for #iūs-#, Ne., _right_, N. #iūs#. Some of more than one syllable also retain #-s#: see 491; but in others #-s# is changed to #-r#, and in masculines a preceding #ō# is shortened: as, #odōs#, _smell_, #odor#. #lepōs#, _grace_, retains #-ōs#.

499. (_c._) Four stems in #-er-# for #-is-# have the nominative singular in #-is#: #cinis#, _ashes_, #cineris#; #cucumis#, _cucumber_, #cucumeris# or #cucumis#; #pulvī̆s#, _dust_, #pulveris#; and #vōmis#, oftener #vōmer#, _ploughshare_, #vōmeris#.

500. The following have the nominative singular formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401):

#iter#, _journey_, #itineris#, stems #iter-#, #itiner-#; #Iuppiter# (389) #Iovis#; #supellēx#, _furniture_, #supellēctilis# (545); #senex#, _old man_, _man of forty or more_, #senis#, stems #senec-#, #sen-#. For #sēdēs#, _seat_, see 476; #vātēs#, _bard_, 478. #canis#, _dog_, N. also #canēs# (Plaut. Enn., Lucil.), #iuvenis#, _young_ or _middle-aged person_ (486), #volucris#, _bird_ (490), and #mēnsis#, _month_ (492), have their nominatives formed like those of #-i-# stems.

501. An old dative in #-ē# is sometimes retained in set phrases (507): as, #aerē#, _money_; #iūrē#, _right_. See 98.

502. Substantives have rarely an ablative in #-ī# or #-ei# like #-i-# stems: as, #capitī# (Catull.), _head_, for #capite#; #dōtei# (Plaut.), _dowry_, for #dōte#. Substantives used as adjectives have sometimes #-ī#: as #artificī manū#, _with artist hand_; but often #-e#: as, #ālite lāpsū#, _with winged glide_. For #-ē# in old Latin there is no certain evidence.

503. Adjectives in the comparative degree have sometimes an ablative in #-ī#: as, #meliōrī#, better, for #meliōre#. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with consonant stems (624) have always #-e#, except #vetus#, _old_, which has sometimes #veterī#.

504. Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in #-ī#: as, #Karthāginī#, _at Carthage_; #rūrī#, _a-field_, _in the country_.

[Erratum: 502 ... as, #ālite lāpsū#, _with winged glide_ as.]

PLURAL CASES.

505. The nominative and accusative plural masculine and feminine have rarely #-īs#, like stems in #-i-#: as #sacerdōtīs#, _priests_; #meliōrīs#, _better_. For #-ā# in neuters in old Latin, see 130, 2.

506. The genitive plural of stems in #-tāt-# (262) is sometimes #-ium#, like that of #-ī-# stems: as, #cīvitātium#, _communities_; #voluptātium#, _pleasures_ (Cic.); but chiefly in or after the Augustan age. #mēnsis#, _month_, has #mēnsum#, but often #mēnsuum#, sometimes #mēnsium#. #āles#, _bird_, has sometimes #ālituum# in hexameter verse. For the dative and ablative #-būs#, see 2505.

507. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. MVNICIPES; #-ō# for #-ōs# (66): MAIO, i.e. #maiōs# or #maior#. G. #-es#, as early as 218 B.C.: SALVTES; #-us#, from 186 to 100 B.C.: NOMINVS; #-u# (66): CAESARV. D. #-ei#: VIRTVTEI, soon after 290 B.C.; HEREDEI, 45 B.C.; #-ē#, disappeared sooner than #-ei# except in set phrases (501), but is equally old: IVNONE; IOVRE. Ac. #-e# (61): APICE. Ab. #-īd# (426): CONVENTIONID, i.e. #cōntiōne#; #-ei#: VIRTVTEI; #-ī#: HEREDI. Plural: N. #-īs#: IOVDICIS. G. #-om#: POVMILIONOM; #-ium#: MVNICIPIVM. D. #-ebus#: TEMPESTATEBVS. Ac. #-īs#: MVNICIPIS.

GREEK NOUNS.

508. Greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain Greek case endings: as, #lampas#, _torch_, G. #lampados#, Ac. #lampada#. Plural: N. #lampades#, Ac. #lampadas#. #āēr#, _air_, has usually the accusative #āera#, and #aethēr#, _upper air_, always has #aethera#. In the plural nominative and accusative, #cētus#, _swimming monster_, #melos#, _strain of music_, and #pelagus# (493), _the deep_, have #-ē#: as, #cētē#. Genitive #-ōn#, rare: as, #epigrammatōn#, _epigrams_. Dative and ablative #-matīs# from words in #-ma#, #-matis#: as, #poēmatīs#, _poems_ (401).

509. Greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined like Latin ones in old Latin and prose. From Vergil and Propertius on, Greek case endings grow more and more frequent, especially in poetry; they are best learned for every name from the dictionary; the commonest forms are:

Genitive #-os#: as, #Pān#, #Pānos#; #-ūs#, with nominative #-ō#: as, #Mantō#, #Mantūs#. Dative #-i#, rare: as, #Mīnōidi#. Accusative #-a#, common with names of persons in poetry, not in prose, more common with those of places, and even in prose: as, #Acheronta#; always #Pāna#; #-ō#, with feminines in #-ō#, #-ūs#: as, #Dīdō#. Vocative: #Pallās#, #Pallā#; in old Latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the vocative. Plural: Nominative #-es#: as, #Arcades#. Dative #-sin#, rare: as, #Lēmniasin#. Accusative #-as#, very common: as, #Lelegas#; in prose, #Macedonas#; also in words not Greek: as, #Allobrogas# (Caes.).

510. Names in #-eus#, like #Orpheus#, are usually declined like #-o-# stems (449). They have less frequently Greek forms: as, G. #Orpheos#, D. #Orphei# or #Orphī#, Ac. #Orphea#. Accusative rarely #-ēa#: as, #Ī̆lonēa#.

511. Some names in #-ēs# have the genitive in #-is# or #-ī# and the accusative in #-em# or #-ēn# (401): as, #Sōcratēs#, G. #Sōcratis# or #Sōcratī#, Ac. usually #Sōcratem#, also #Sōcratēn#. #Achillēs# and #Ulixēs# have in the genitive #-eī#, #-e͡i#, or #-ī#. Names in #-clēs# have rarely the accusative #-clea#: as, #Periclea#.

512. Some names in #-is# have forms either from a stem in #-id-#, or from one in #-i-#: as, #Paris#, G. #Paridis#, D. #Paridī#, Ac. #Paridem#, #Parim# or #Parin#, V. #Pari#.

STEMS IN -i- AND MIXED STEMS.

_The Third Declension._

Genitive singular #-is#, genitive plural #-i-um#.

513. Stems in #-i-# include both substantives and adjectives, gender words and neuters.

For the gender of substantives, see 570.

514. The nominative of gender stems in #-i-# ends usually in #-s# (or #-x#), sometimes in #-l# or #-r#; that of neuter substantives has no suffix, and ends usually in #-e#, sometimes in #-l# or #-r#.

515. Most stems in #-i-# have as many syllables in the nominative as in the genitive.

Such words are called _Parisyllabic_ words, or _Parisyllables_: as, nominative #cīvis#, _citizen_, two syllables; genitive #cīvis#, _of a citizen_, also two syllables.

516. Stems in #-i-# are declined in the main like consonant stems, but have #-im# in the accusative of some substantives, and #-ī# in the ablative of adjectives, of some gender substantives, and of neuters; in the plural they have #-ium# in the genitive, #-īs# often in the accusative of gender words, and #-ia# in the nominative and accusative neuter.

I. PARISYLLABLES.

517. (1.) Parisyllabic gender stems in #-i-# with the nominative in #-is# are declined as follows:

518. (_a._) Like the singular of #tussis# are declined parisyllabic names of rivers and places, like #Tiberis#, #Hispalis#. Also #cucumis#, M., _cucumber_ (but see 491), and the defectives #sitis#, F., _thirst_, Ac. #sitim#, Ab. #sitī#, no plural; and #vīs#, F., _power_, Ac. #vim#, Ab. #vī#. Plural (401): N. #vīrēs#, G. #vīrium#, D. and Ab. #vīribus#, Ac. #vīrīs# or #vīrēs#. (The D. #vī# is only found twice; a N. and Ac. Pl. #vīs# is very rare.)

519. (_b._) The following feminines are declined like #turris#, with #-im# or #-em# in the accusative, and #-ī# or #-e# in the ablative:

clāvis, _key_ febris, _fever_ nāvis, _vessel_ puppis, _stern_ sēmentis, _planting_ strigilis, _skin-scraper_

So also in the oblique cases, #Liger#, _the Liger_. #Arar#, _the Arar_, has in the accusative #-im#, in the ablative #-e# or #-ī#.

520. #secūris#, _axe_, #messis#, _crop_, and #restis#, _rope_, also have #-im# or #-em# in the accusative, but only #secūrī#, #messe#, and #reste# in the ablative. #canālis#, _conduit_, has only #-em# in the accusative, and only #-ī# in the ablative.

521. (_c._) The following are declined like #amnis#, with #-em# in the accusative, and #-ī# or #-e# in the ablative:

avis, _bird_ bīlis, _bile_ cīvis, _citizen_ classis, _fleet_ fūstis, _club_ ignis, _fire_

522. (_d._) Most parisyllabic stems in #-i-#, with the nominative in #-is#, are declined like #hostis#: as,

#ēnsis#, M., _glaive_; #piscis#, M., _fish_; #aedis#, F., _temple_, Pl. _house_ (418); #vītis#, F., _vine_; and a great many others. Also gender forms of adjectives in #-i-# ‘of two endings’ (630), except the ablative singular, which ends in #-ī#.

523. (2.) Parisyllables in #-i-# with the nominative in #-ēs# have their other cases like those of #hostis#: such are:

#caedēs#, _bloodshed_; #cautēs#, _rock_; #clādēs#, _disaster_; #indolēs#, _native disposition_, no Pl.; #lābēs#, _fall_; #mōlēs#, _pile_; #nūbēs#, _cloud_; #prōlēs#, _offspring_, no Pl.; #pūbēs#, _young population_, no Pl.; #rūpēs#, _crag_; #saepēs#, _hedge_; #strāgēs#, _slaughter_; #subolēs#, _offspring_; #tābēs#, _wasting_, no Pl., feminines; and some others. Masculine: #verrēs#, _boar_; #volpēs# or #vulpēs#, _fox_.

524. #famēs#, _hunger_, has G. twice #famī# (Cato, Lucil.), Ab. always #famē# (603), no Pl.; #plēbēs#, _commons_, N. also #plēbs# or #plēps#, has G. #plēbe͡i# (603), #plēbī# or #plēbis#, no Pl.

525. (3.) A few stems in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, or #-tri-#, are declined as follows:

imber, _shower_, stem imbri-, M.

Singular: N. #imber#, G. #imbris#, D. #imbrī#, Ac. #imbrem#, Ab. #imbrī#, oftener #imbre#. Plural: N. #imbrēs#, G. #imbrium#, D. #imbribus#, Ac. #imbrīs# or #imbrēs#, Ab. #imbribus#. So also #lunter# or #linter#, F. (M.), _tub_, _boat_, #ūter#, M., _leather bag_, and #venter#, M., _belly_, but with only #-e# in the Ab.; and the masculine of adjectives in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, #-tri-#, N. #-er# (628); these last have in the Ab. always #-ī#.

526. (4.) Parisyllabic neuters in #-i-# with the nominative in #-e# are declined as follows: