Part 55

#iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum#, Caes. _C._ 3, 87, 5, _he swore he would not come back to camp except as a victor_. #quod sē factūrōs minābantur#, Caes. _C._ 2, 13, 4, _which they threatened they would do_. #obsidēs datūrōs pollicitī sunt#, 4, 27, 1, _they volunteered to give hostages_.

2236. (2.) A looser present infinitive is sometimes used with the above verbs, especially in old Latin, generally without a subject accusative. Thus with #iūrō# by Cato and Plautus, and with #minor#, _proclaim with threats_, by Lucretius. Similarly #dare pollicentur#, 6, 9, 7, _they offer to give_. #reliquōs dēterrērī spērāns#, Caes. _C._ 3, 8, 3, _hoping that the rest were scared_. #spērō nostram amīcitiam nōn egēre testibus#, _Fam._ 2, 2, _I trust our friendship needs no witnesses_. As #possum# has no future infinitive, the present of this verb is necessarily used: as, #tōtīus Galliae sēsē potīrī posse spērant#, 1, 3, 8, _they hope to be able to get the control of the whole of Gaul_.

THE GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.

2237. The gerundive is a verbal adjective (899). The gerund is a neuter verbal substantive, used only in the oblique cases of the singular. Both gerundives and gerunds express, in a noun form, the uncompleted action of the verb.

2238. Gerundives and gerunds, like the English verbal in _-ing_, were originally neither active nor passive (288), but might stand for either an active or a passive. In time a prevailing passive meaning grew up in the gerundive, and a prevailing active meaning in the gerund.

A gerund may be followed by the same case as its verb; but for the gerund of verbs of transitive use, see 2242, 2255, 2259, 2265.

2239. Both gerundives and gerunds are modified like verbs, by adverbs, not by adjectives.

(1.) THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION.

2240. The gerundive expresses, in an adjective form, the uncompleted action of a verb of transitive use exerted on a substantive object, the substantive standing in the case required by the context, and the gerundive agreeing with it.

In this construction, which is called the _gerundive construction_, the substantive and gerundive blend together in sense like the parts of a compound.

#male gerendō negōtiō in aere aliēnō vacillant#, _C._ 2, 21, _owing to bad business-managing they are staggering under debts_. #studium agrī colendī#, _CM._ 59, _the occupation of land-tilling_. #vir regendae rē̆ī pūblicae scientissimus#, _DO._ 1, 214, _a man of great experience in state-managing_.

(2.) THE GERUND.

2241. The gerund expresses, in a substantive form, the uncompleted action of a verb which has no direct object.

#ars vīvendī#, _Fin._ 1, 42, _the art of living_. #nōn est locus ad tergiversandum#, _Att._ 7, 1, 4, _’tis no time for shill-I-shall-I-ing_. #sum dēfessus quaeritandō#, Pl. _Am._ 1014, _I’m all worn out with hunting_. #sē experiendō didicisse#, Ta. 1, 11, _he had learned by experience_.

2242. Gerunds of verbs of transitive use are exceptionally found with a substantive object (2255, 2259, 2265), and regularly with neuter pronouns and neuter plural adjectives to avoid ambiguity (1106). See also 2247.

#agendī aliquid discendīque causā#, _Fin._ 5, 54, _for the sake of doing or learning something_. #faciendī aliquid vel nōn faciendī vēra ratiō#, Plin. _Ep._ 6, 27, 4, _the true ground for doing or not doing a thing_. #artem sē trādere vēra ac falsa dīiūdicandī#, _DO._ 2, 157, _that he passed along the art of distinguishing between the true and the false_. #regendī cūncta onus#, Ta. 1, 11, _the burden of governing the world_.

CASES OF GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES.

NOMINATIVE.

2243. The nominative of the gerundive construction, as the subject of #sum#, denotes action which is to be done.

The combination acquires the meaning of obligation or propriety, and this meaning also passes over to the accusative with #esse#. The person who has the action to do is put in the dative of the possessor (1215). Instead of the dative, the ablative with #ab# is sometimes used, particularly where the dative would be ambiguous.

#tibī̆ haec cūra suscipienda est#, _V._ 4, 69, _the undertaking of this care exists for you_, i.e., _you must undertake this charge_. #Caesarī omnia ūnō tempore erant agenda: vēxillum prōpōnendum, sīgnum tubā dandum, ab opere revocandī mīlitēs, aciēs īnstruenda, mīlitēs cohortandī, sīgnum dandum#, 2, 20, 1, _for Caesar there was everything to be done at the same moment: the standard to be raised, bugle call given, soldiers summoned in from their work, line of battle to be formed, soldiers harangued, signal given for engagement_. #quaerenda pecūnia prīmum est; virtūs post nummōs#, H. _E._ 1, 1, 53, _there is money-making to be the first aim: character second to dollars_. #adeundus mihī̆ illic est homō#, Pl. _R._ 1298, _I must draw near this fellow_. #Caesar statuit sibī̆ Rhēnum esse trānseundum#, 4, 16, 1, _Caesar made up his mind that he must cross the Rhine_. #ego istum iuvenem domī tenendum cēnseō#, L. 21, 3, 6, _for my part, I think that young man ought to be kept at home_. #ē̆ī ego ā mē referendam grātiam nōn putem?# _Planc._ 78, _should I not think that I ought to show my gratitude to him?_ #quid ā mē amplius dīcendum putātis?# _V._ 3, 60, _what more do you think that I need say?_

2244. #fruendus#, #fungendus#, #potiundus#, #ūtendus#, #vēscendus#, are also used in this construction, chiefly in the oblique cases; in the nominative the impersonal construction (2246) is usual. These verbs sometimes have a transitive use in old Latin (1380).

#nōn paranda nōbīs sōlum ea, sed fruenda etiam est#, _Fin._ 1, 3, _that is a thing which we must not only obtain, but enjoy as well_, of wisdom. #nec tamen est potiunda tibī#, O. 9, 754, _she is not to be won by thee_. Examples of the oblique cases in this use are cited below.

2245. #habeō# with the gerundive, as an equivalent of #est mihī̆#, #est tibī̆#, &c. (2243), is sometimes found, chiefly in late writers and particularly in Tacitus: as,

#multī habent in praediīs, quibus frūmentum aut vīnum aliudve quid dēsit, inportandum#, Varro, _RR._ 1, 16, 2, _many on whose estates corn or wine or something else is lacking, have to bring it in_. #multum interest utrumne dē fūrtō dīcendum habeās an dē cīvibus trucīdātīs#, Ta. _D._ 37, _it makes a great difference whether you have to speak about a theft or about the murder of Romans_. #sī nunc prīmum statuendum habērēmus#, Ta. 14, 44, _if we had to decide the point to-day for the first time_.

2246. The neuter of verbs of intransitive use takes the impersonal construction with #est#. Verbs ordinarily transitive also take the impersonal construction when used without an object.

#nunc est bibendum#, H. 1, 37, 1, _now drinking exists_, i.e. _now we must drink_. #inambulandumst#, Pl. _As._ 682, _I must be moving on_. #ego amplius dēlīberandum cēnseō#, T. _Ph._ 457, _I opine there must be more pondering_. #linguae moderandumst mihī̆#, Pl. _Cu._ 486, _I must check my tongue_. #omne animal cōnfitendum est esse mortāle#, _DN._ 3, 32, _it must be admitted that every living thing is destined to die_. #nēmō umquam sapiēns prōditōrī crēdendum putāvit#, _V._ 1, 38, _no wise man ever held that a traitor was to be trusted_.

2247. The impersonal construction with an object in the accusative, is old-fashioned and rare.

#canēs paucōs habendum#, Varro, _RR._ 1, 21, _one should keep but few dogs_. #aeternās quoniam poenās in morte timendumst#, Lucr. 1, 111, _since punishment eterne they have in death to fear_. This construction occurs oftenest in Lucretius and Varro; once in Plautus, a few times in Cicero for special reasons, and here and there in later writers. Not in Caesar or Horace.

2248. The gerundive sometimes acquires, in itself, the meaning of obligation or propriety, which it properly has only when combined with #sum#, and becomes a mere adjective, used in any case.

#fōrmā expetendā līberālem virginem#, Pl. _Per._ 521, _a freeborn maid of shape delectable_. #L. Brūtō, prīncipe huius maximē cōnservandī generis et nōminis#, _Ph._ 3, 11, _Brutus, the first of this most highly cherished house and name_. #huic timendō hostī obvius fuī#, L. 21, 41, 4, _I met this dreadful foe_. #Athēnās, multa vīsenda habentīs#, L. 45, 27, 11, _Athens, which contains many sights worth a visit_. For #volvendus# &c., see 288.

2249. The attributive gerundive (2248), particularly with a negative, #in-# privative, or #vix#, may denote possibility, like the verbal in #-bilis#: as,

#labōrēs nōn fugiendōs#, _Fin._ 2, 118, _inevitable labours_. #Polybius, haudquāquam spernendus auctor#, L. 30, 45, 5, _Polybius, an authority by no means despicable_. #īnfandum, rēgīna, iubēs renovāre dolōrem#, V. 2, 3, _thou bidst me, queen, rehearse that woe unspeakable_. #vix erat crēdendum#, 5, 28, 1, _it was hardly credible_. #praedicābile aliquid et glōriandum ac prae sē ferendum#, _TD._ 5, 49, _something laudable and vauntable and displayable as well_.

[Errata: 2243 ... i.e., _you must undertake this charge_ , missing 2248 ... _Ph._ 3, 11 3. 11]

ACCUSATIVE.

2250. (1.) The accusative of the gerundive construction is used with #locō# and #condūcō#, with #suscipiō#, #habeō#, and #cūrō#, and with verbs of giving or assigning.

With the verbs of giving or assigning (such as #dō#, #trādō#, #committō#, #attribuō#, #dīvidō#, #relinquō#, #permittō#, #dēnotō#), the emphasis often gravitates towards the substantive, and the gerundive, as an explanatory appendage, acquires the meaning of purpose. So in Plautus with the verbs of asking (#rogō# and #petō#); in Cicero with #posco#.

(_a._) #caedundum condūxī ego illum :: tum optumumst locēs efferendum#, Pl. _Aul._ 567, _I engaged him for killing :: then you’d better contract for his funeral_ (1709). #sīgnum conlocandum cōnsulēs locāvērunt#, _Cat._ 3, 20, _the consuls let out the erecting of the statue_. #redemptor quī columnam illam condūxerat faciendam#, _Div._ 2, 47, _the contractor who had undertaken the making of that pillar_. #vellem suscēpissēs iuvenem regendum#, _Att._ 10, 6, 2, _I wish you had undertaken training the young man_. #aedem habuit tuendam#, _V._ 1, 130, _he had the looking after the temple_. #agrum dē nostrō patre colendum habēbat#, T. _Ph._ 364, _he had the tilling of a farm from my father_.

(_b._) COIRAVIT · BASILICAM · CALECANDAM, CIL. I, 1166, _he superintended the town hall plastering_. #pontem faciendum cūrat#, 1, 13, 1, _he attends to a bridge’s being made_, i.e. _has it made_. #cōnsulibus senātus rem pūblicam dēfendendam dedit#, _Ph._ 8, 15, _the senate entrusted the defence of the state to the consuls_. #agrōs plēbī colendōs dedit#, _RP._ 3, 16, _he gave lands to the common people to till_. #Antigonus Eumenem propīnquīs sepeliendum trādidit#, N. 18, 13, 4, _Antigonus delivered Eumenes to his kinsfolk to be buried_. #attribuit nōs trucīdandōs#, _C._ 4, 13, _us he handed over to be slaughtered_. #sauciōs mīlitēs cūrandōs dīvidit patribus#, L. 2, 47, 12, _he apportioned the wounded soldiers among the senators to cure_. #haec porcīs comedenda relinquēs#, H. _E._ 1, 7, 19, _you’ll leave them to the pigs to eat_. #cīvīs Rōmānōs trucīdandōs dēnotāvit#, _IP._ 7, _he specified Romans for slaughter_.

(_c._) #quae ūtenda vāsa semper vīcīnī rogant#, Pl. _Aul._ 96, _traps that the neighbours are always asking the use of_. #artoptam ex proxumō ūtendam petō#, Pl. _Aul._ 400, _I’m going for the use of a breadpan from next door_.

2251. When such a verb is passive, the accusative becomes nominative.

#simulācrum Dī̆ānae tollendum locātur#, _V._ 4, 76, _the moving of the statue of Diana is let out_. #dīlaceranda ferīs dabor ālitibusque praeda#, Cat. 64, 152, _I shall be given a prey for beasts and birds to tear_. #trāditīque fētiālibus Caudium dūcendī#, L. 9, 10, 2, _and they were delivered to the fetials to be taken to Caudium_.

2252. (2.) The accusative of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with a preposition, usually #ad#. If the verb is of transitive use, the gerundive is proper, not the gerund (2240).

This construction is used with verbs (including verbs of hindering), with substantives generally to denote purpose, and with adjectives which have the meaning of _capable_, _fit_, _easy_, _useful_, &c., &c.

(_a._) #hic in noxiāst, ille ad dīcendam causam adest#, T. _Ph._ 266, _when A’s in trouble, B turns up to make excuses for him_. #ad pācem petendam ad Hannibalem vēnit#, L. 21, 13, 1, _he is come to Hannibal to sue for peace_. #ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur#, 1, 3, 3, _Orgetorix is chosen to do this_. #dant sē ad lūdendum#, _Fin._ 5, 42, _they devote themselves to playing_. #palūs Rōmānōs ad īnsequendum tardābat#, 7, 26, 2, _a morass hindered the Romans from pursuit_. #ut peditēs ad trānseundum impedīrentur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 62, 2, _so that the infantry were hampered in crossing_. (_b._) #causa ad obiūrgandum#, T. _Andr._ 150, _a reason for finding fault_. #spatium sūmāmus ad cōgitandum#, _Fin._ 4, 1, _let us take time for thought_. #alter occāsiōnem sibī̆ ad occupandam Asiam oblātam esse arbitrātur#, _IP._ 4, _the other thinks a chance is given him for seizing all Asia_. (_c._) #homo nōn aptissimus ad iocandum#, _DN._ 2, 46, _a man not very well fitted to be a joker_. #nimis doctus illest ad male faciendum#, Pl. _E._ 378, _too well the fellow’s trained at playing tricks_. #ūtēbātur eō cibō quī esset facillimus ad concoquendum#, _Fin._ 2, 64, _he made use of the sort of food which was easiest to digest_.

2253. Other prepositions are sometimes used: as, #inter#, in old Latin, Vergil, Livy, and later writers; #ob#, once in Ennius, rarely in Cicero and Sallust; #in# very rarely, but even in Cicero; #ante# (Vergil, Livy), #circā# (post-Augustan), #propter# (Varro, Val. Max.), all rare.

#mōrēs sē inter lūdendum dētegunt#, Quintil. 1, 3, 12, _character discovers itself during play_. #ob rem iūdicandam pecūniam accipere#, _V._ 2, 78, _to take money for passing judgement on a case_.

DATIVE.

2254. The dative of the gerundive construction is used with adjectives, verbs, and phrases of ability, attention, and adaptation, with titles of office, and with #comitia#, _election_.

This construction is not very common in classical Latin, where few verbs and substantives take it instead of the usual #ad# and the accusative (2252). In old Latin, it is also joined to adjectives and participles; in Cicero it is thus used only with #accommodātus#. From Livy on, the construction becomes a very favourite one. Caesar has it only as below and 3, 4, 1.

#tālīs iactandīs tuae sunt cōnsuētae manūs#, Pl. _Vid._ _your hands are used to throwing dice_. #optumum operī faciundō#, Pl. _R._ 757, _most suitable for carrying on his trade_. #praeesse agrō colendō#, _RA._ 50, _to superintend farm managing_. #cum diēs vēnisset rogātiōnī ferendae#, _Att._ 1, 14, 5, _when the day came for proposing the bill_. #hībernīs oppugnandīs hunc esse dictum diem#, 5, 27, 5, _that this was the day set for attacking the winter quarters_. #cōnsul plācandīs dīs habendōque dīlēctū dat operam#, L. 22, 2, 1, _the consul devotes himself to propitiating the gods and raising troops_. #Dēmosthenēs cūrātor mūrīs reficiendīs fuit#, _OG._ 19, _Demosthenes was commissioner for repairing the walls_. #IIIvirī rē̆ī pūblicae cōnstituendae#, L. _Epit._ 120, _a commission of three for reorganizing the state_. #comitia collēgae subrogandō habuit#, L. 2, 8, 3, _he held an election for appointing a colleague_.

2255. In the dative, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is found four times in Plautus; in Ovid, Livy, and Vitruvius once each.

2256. Late writers sometimes use the dative of the gerundive construction instead of a final clause (1961): as,

#subdūcit ex aciē legiōnem faciendīs castrīs#, Ta. 2, 21, _he withdraws a legion from the field to build a camp_. #nīdum mollibus plūmīs cōnsternunt tepē̆faciendīs ōvīs, simul nē dūrus sit īnfantibus pullīs#, Plin. _NH._ 10, 92, _they line the nest with soft feathers to warm the eggs, and also to prevent it from being uncomfortable to their young brood_.

2257. The dative of the gerund is used chiefly by old and late writers, and is confined in the best prose to a few special phrases.

#ōsculandō meliust pausam fierī#, Pl. _R._ 1205, _’tis better that a stop be put to kissing_. #tū nec solvendō erās#, _Ph._ 2, 4, _you were neither solvent_. SC · ARF, i.e. #scrībendō arfuērunt#, CIL. I, 196, 2, _there were present when the document was put in writing_. #quod scrībendō adfuistī#, _Fam._ 15, 6, 2, _because you were present at the writing_.

[Erratum: 2254 ... IIIvirī printed as shown, without space]

GENITIVE.

2258. (1.) The genitive of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with substantives or adjectives.

(_a._) #tacendī tempus est#, Pl. _Poen._ 741, _it’s time to be still_. #spēs potiundī oppidī#, 2, 7, 2, _the hope of overpowering the town_ (2244). #summa difficultās nāvigandī#, 3, 12, 5, _the greatest difficulty in sailing_. #proeliī committendī sīgnum dedit#, 2, 21, 3, _he gave the signal for beginning the battle_. #exemplō eōrum clādēs fuit ut Mārsī mitterent ōrātōrēs pācis petendae#, L. 9, 45, 18, _their downfall was a warning to the Marsians to send envoys to sue for peace_. #sīve nāvēs dēiciendī operis essent missae#, 4, 17, 10, _or if vessels for breaking down the works had been sent_. Particularly with #causā#, #grātiā#, or rarely #ergō# (1257), to denote purpose: as, #frūmentandī causā#, 4, 12, 1, _for foraging_. #vītandae suspīciōnis causā#, _C._ 1, 19, _to avoid suspicion_. #mūneris fungendī grātiā#, _RP._ 1, 27, _for the sake of doing one’s duty_. #illīusce sacrī coercendī ergō#, Cato, _RR._ 139, _because of thinning out yon hallowed grove_.

(_b._) #quam cupida eram hūc redeundī#, T. _Hec._ 91, _how eager I was to return here_. #homine perītō dēfīniendī#, _Off._ 3, 60, _a man accomplished in drawing distinctions_. #perpessus est omnia potius quam cōnsciōs dēlendae tyrannidis indicāret#, _TD._ 2, 52, _he stood out against the worst sooner than betray his confederates in the overthrow of the tyranny_. #īnsuētus nāvigandī#, 5, 6, 3, _unused to sailing_. #studiōsus audiendī#, N. 15, 3, 2, _an eager listener_. #nescia tolerandī#, Ta. 3, 1, _ignorant what patience was_. #nandī pavidus#, Ta. _H._ 5, 14, _afraid to swim_. With adjectives, the gerundive construction is not found in Plautus and Terence, and the gerund not in Plautus. Terence has the gerund with #cupidus#, Cato with #studiōsus#. The construction is of slow growth before Tacitus, who greatly developed it.

2259. In the genitive, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is rare except in Plautus; ordinarily the gerundive is used (2240).

#tē dēfrūdandī causā#, Pl. _Men._ 687, _for the purpose of cheating you_. #cupidus tē audiendī#, _DO._ 2, 16, _eager to hear you_. #summa ēlūdendī occāsiōst mihi nunc senēs#, T. _Ph._ 885, _I’ve now a splendid chance the graybeards of eluding_. #nē suī līberandī (2260) atque ulcīscendī Rōmānōs occāsiōnem dīmittant#, 5, 38, 2, _that they should not let slip the chance of freeing themselves and taking vengeance on the Romans_. #sīgnum colligendī vāsa dedit#, L. 24, 16, 14, _he gave the signal to pack their things_.

2260. #nostrī#, #vostrī# (or #vestrī#), and #suī#, being singular in form (649) have often a singular gerundive.

#nōn tam suī cōnservandī quam tuōrum cōnsiliōrum reprimendōrum causā profūgērunt#, _C._ 1, 7, _they fled, not so much to protect themselves as to crush your plans_. #vēnisse tempus ulcīscendī suī#, _Sest._ 28, _that the time was come for them to revenge themselves_. #vestrī adhortandī causā#, L. 21, 41, 1, _for the purpose of encouraging you_.

2261. Sometimes another genitive appears beside the genitive of the gerund, each perhaps dependent on the main word. This use is found in old Latin, Lucretius, Varro, and here and there in Cicero, as well as in late Latin.

#nōminandī istōrum tibī̆ erit cōpia#, Pl. _Cap._ 852, _you will have a chance to name them_. #poenārum solvendī tempus#, Lucr. 5, 1225, _the time of paying penalties_. #exemplōrum ēligendī potestās#, _Inv._ 2, 5, _a chance of picking out examples_. #lūcis tuendī cōpiam#, Pl. _Cap._ 1008, _a chance to look upon the light_.

2262. (2.) The genitive of the gerundive construction is used predicatively with #sum#.

#rēgium imperium, quod initiō cōnservandae libertātis fuerat#, S. _C._ 6, 7, _the authority of the king, which had originally served to uphold freedom_. #cētera in XII minuendī sūmptūs sunt lāmentātiōnisque fūnebris#, _Leg._ 2, 59, _the rest of the contents of the Twelve Tables are conducive to the abating of extravagance and keening at funerals_. #concordiam ōrdinum, quam dissolvendae tribūnīciae potestātis rentur esse#, L. 5, 3, 5, _the union of the classes, which they believe serves to break down the power of the tribunes_. This use is not common. It is found rarely in Sallust and Cicero; chiefly in Livy.

2263. The genitive of the gerundive construction, without a substantive or adjective (2258) or the verb #sum# (2262), is occasionally used to denote purpose: as,

#quae ille cēpit lēgum ac lībertātis subvortundae#, S. _Fr. Phil._ 10, _which he began in order to overthrow freedom and the laws_, of civil war. #ūnum vincīrī iubet, magis ūsurpandī iūris quam quia ūnīus culpa foret#, Ta. _H._ 4, 25, _he ordered one into irons, more to vindicate his authority than because an individual was to blame_. This use occurs very rarely in Sallust, chiefly in Tacitus and late Latin. Once in Terence with the gerund.

2264. Tacitus has the genitive of the gerundive construction two or three times with a judicial verb (1280) to denote the charge: as, #occupandae rē̆ī pūblicae arguī nōn poterant#, Ta. 6, 10, _they could not be charged with an attempt on the throne_.

ABLATIVE.

2265. In the ablative a transitive gerund with a substantive object is not uncommon.

#frātrem laudandō#, _Leg._ 1, 1, _in quoting your brother_. #largē partiendō praedam#, L. 21, 5, 5, _by a lavish distribution of the spoil_. This use is particularly common in Livy. Not in Caesar.

2266. (1.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund denotes means, less often cause, rarely manner and circumstances, or time, or respect.

Means: #Caesar dandō sublevandō īgnōscundō, Catō nihil largiundō glōriam adeptus est#, S. _C._ 54, 3, _Caesar gained reputation by giving, helping, and pardoning, Cato by lavishing no gifts_. #opprimī sustentandō ac prōlātandō nūllō pactō potest#, _C._ 4, 6, _it cannot be crushed by patience and procrastination_. Livy has this ablative with the adjective #contentus# (1377): #nec iam possidendīs pūblicīs agrīs contentōs esse#, 6, 14, 11, _that they were no longer satisfied with the occupation of the public lands_. Cause: #aggerundā curvom aquā#, Pl. _Cas._ 124, _bowed with water carrying_. #flendō turgidulī rubent ocellī#, Cat. 3, 18, _with weeping red and swollen are her eyne_. Manner and circumstances: rare in old Latin and Cicero: not in Caesar: #bellum ambulandō cōnfēcērunt#, Caelius in _Fam._ 8, 15, 1, _they strolled through the war_. #senex vincendō factus#, L. 30, 28, 5, _maturing in victories_. Time: #cum plausum meō nōmine recitandō dedissent#, _Att._ 4, 1, 6, _when they had applauded on the reading of my name_. #partibus dīvidendīs ipsī regiō ēvēnit#, L. 25, 30, 6, _at the distribution, the district fell to him_. Respect: #Latīnē loquendō cuivīs erat pār#, _Br._ 128, _in his use of Latin he was a match for anybody_.

2267. (2.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund is also accompanied by a preposition, #ab#, #dē#, #in#, or #ex#; rarely by #prō#.