Part 65

2714. This consists of four Ionic _ā minōre_ feet, the last one incomplete. _Anaclasis_, resolution, and contraction are extremely common, and the multiplication of short syllables gives the verse a peculiarly wild and frenzied movement. Catullus very rarely admits Ionics that are not anaclastic (_never_ in the first half of the verse, except the doubtful cases 63, 18; 54; 75); but Varro is less strict in this regard. The penultimate long is nearly always resolved. There is rarely more than one resolution in the same half-verse. A diaeresis regularly occurs after the second foot. The scheme is:--

⏕ ⏕́ [⏓] | [⏕] ⏑ [⏑] - # ⏕ ⏕́ [⏓] | [⏑] ⏑ ⏓́ ⌅

[Transcriber’s Note: For brackets, see below, after § 2717.]

Examples are:--

Ades, ínquit, | Ō Cybḗbē, ‖ fera mónti|um deá (Maecenas).

⏑ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | - ⏑ -́ - # ⏑ ⏑ - ⏑ | - ⏑ ⏓́ ⌅

Super álta | vectus Áttis ‖ celerī́ ra|te mariá (Catullus 63, 1).

⏑ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | - ⏑ -́ - # ⏑ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | ⏑ ⏑ ⏑ ⏓́ ⌅

Quō nṓs de|cet citā́tīs # celerā́re | tripudiī́s (_Id._ 63, 26).

- -́ ⏑ | - ⏑ -́ - # ⏑ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | ⏑ ⏑ ⏑ -́ ⌅

Ego iúvenis, | eg(o) adulḗscēns # eg(o) ephḗbus,| ego puér (_Id._ 63, 63).

⏑ ⏑ ⏑́ ⏑ ⏑ | ⏑ ⏑ ⏑ -́ - # ⏑ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | ⏑ ⏑ ⏑ ⏓́ ⌅

Tibi týpana | nōn inā́nī ‖ sonitū́ mā|tri’ deúm (Varro, _Sat. Men._ 132 Buech.).

⏑ ⏑ ⏑́ ⏑ ⏑ | - ⏑ -́ - # ⏑ ⏑ -́ - | ⏑ ⏑ ⏓́ ⌅

2715. It has been suggested that Catullus probably #felt# the rhythm not as Ionic, but as trochaic or logaoedic:--

⏖͕ | ⏔́ ⏑ | ⏔̇ ⏑ | ⏗́ | -̇ # ⏖͕ | ⏕́ ⏑ | ⏕̇ ⏑ | -́ ⌃,

or the like.

This view has much in its favour; but the true nature of the rhythm is still matter of dispute.

2716. Compare the Greek:--

Γαλλαὶ μη|τρὸς ὀρείης| φιλόθυρσοι| δρομάδες

and in English:--

“Perished many a maid and matron, many a valorous legionary, Fell the colony, city and citadel, London, Verulam, Camuloduné.” (Tennyson).

2717. Horace (3, 12) employs a system of ten pure Ionics _ā minōre_, e.g.:--

Miserā́rum (e)st | nequ(e) amṓrī | dare lū́dum | neque dúlcī mala vīnō | laver(e) aút ex animā́rī metuéntīs | patruaé ver|bera línguae.

There is generally a diaeresis after each foot.

[Errata: 2714 ... ⏕ ⏕́ [⏓] | [⏕] ⏑ [⏑] - # ⏕ ⏕́ [⏓] | [⏑] ⏑ ⏓́ ⌅ The notations in brackets represent: ⏕ ⏕́ [1] | [2] ⏑ [3] - # ⏕ ⏕́ [1] | [4] ⏑ ⏓́ ⌅ 1: breve over bracketed long line 2: pair of breves over long line over bracketed breve 3: accented long line over bracketed pair of breves 4: pair of breves over bracketed breve over bracketed long line ]

#Lyric Metres of Horace.#

2718. The following is a list of the Horatian lyric metres:--

2719. (1.) The IAMBIC TRIMETER (see 2592 ff.). _Epode_ 17.

2720. (II.) The IAMBIC STROPHE, an iambic trimeter (2592) followed by an iambic dimeter acatalectic (2617):--

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ _Epodes_ 1-10.

So in Archilochus, e.g.:--

Ὦ Ζεῦ πάτερ, Ζεῦ, σὸν μὲν οὐρανοῦ κράτος, σὺ δ’ ἔργ’ ἐπ’ ἀνθρώπων ὁρᾷς. (Fr. 88, Bergk).

2721. (III.) The HIPPONACTEAN or TROCHAIC STROPHE, a trochaic dimeter catalectic (2644) followed by an iambic trimeter catalectic (2601):--

-́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ ⏗́ -̇ _C._ 2, 18.

2722. (IV.) The FIRST PYTHIAMBIC STROPHE, a dactylic hexameter (2556) followed by an iambic dimeter acatalectic (2617):--

-́ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ ‖ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⏔ ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ _Epodes_ 14 _and_ 15.

So in Archilochus, e.g.:--

ἄψυχος, χαλεπῇσι θεῶν ὀδυνῇσιν ἕκητι πεπαρμένος δι’ ὀστέων. (Fr. 84, Bergk).

[Transcriber’s note: In nos. 2723 and 2724, the notation [⏔] represent a bracketed long line over a pair of breves.]

2723. (V.) The SECOND PYTHIAMBIC STROPHE, a dactylic hexameter (2556) followed by a pure iambic trimeter (2594):--

-́ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ ‖ ⏔ | -́[⏔] | -́ ⏔ ⏑ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ -́ | ⏑ -̇ _Epode_ 16.

So the Greek epigrammatists, e.g.:--

Οἶνός τοι χαρίεντι πέλει ταχὺς ἵππος ἀοιδῷ; ὕδωρ δὲ πίνων οὐδὲν ἂν τέκοι σοφόν. (Nicaenetus).

2724. (VI.) The ALCMANIAN STROPHE, a dactylic hexameter (2556) followed by a dactylic tetrameter catalectic (2578):--

-́ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ ‖ ⏔ | -́ [⏔] | -́ ⏔ -́ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ [⏔] | -́ ⏑ ⌃ _C_. 1, 7, 28; _Epode_ 12.

2725. (VII.) The FIRST ARCHILOCHIAN STROPHE, a dactylic hexameter (2556) followed by a Lesser Archilochian (2579):--

-́ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ ‖ ⏔ | -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⏔ -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⌅ _C._ 4, 7.

2726. (VIII.) The SECOND ARCHILOCHIAN STROPHE, a dactylic hexameter (2556) followed by an iambelegus (2678):--

-́ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -‖ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⏔ ⏑͐⁞-́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ # -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⌅ _Epode_ 13.

2727. (IX.) The THIRD ARCHILOCHIAN STROPHE, an iambic trimeter (2592) followed by an elegiambus (2680):--

⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ ⏑ | -́ ⌅ # ⏑͐ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⏑͐ | -́ ⏑ | -̇ ⌃ _Epode_ 11.

Compare Archilochus fr. 85, Bergk (elegiambus; the trimeter is lost):--

ἀλλά μ’ ὁ λυσιμελής, ὦ ’ταῖρε, δάμναται πόθος.

2728. (X.) The FOURTH ARCHILOCHIAN STROPHE, a Greater Archilochian (2677) followed by an iambic trimeter catalectic (2601):--

-́ ⏔ | -́ ⏔ | -́ ‖ ⏔ | -́ ⏑ ⏑ # -́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ ⏑͐ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑͐ ‖ -́ | ⏑ -̇ | ⏑ ⏗́ -̇ _C._ 1, 4.

So Archilochus, e.g.:--

τοῖος γὰρ φιλότητος ἔρως ὑπὸ καρδίην ελυσθεὶς πολλὴν κατ’ ἀχλὺν ὀμμάτων ἔχευεν (Fr. 103, Bergk).

See, however, 2677 _ad fin._

2729. (XI.) The LESSER ASCLEPIADEAN METRE, a series of Lesser Asclepiadeans (2669) employed stichically (2546):--

-́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ _C._ 1, 1; 3, 30; 4, 8.

So Alcaeus, e.g.:--

ἦλθες ἐκ περάτων γᾶς ἐλεφαντίναν λάβαν τῶ ξίφεος χρυσοδέταν ἔχων (Fr. 33, Bergk).

2730. (XII.) The GREATER ASCLEPIADEAN METRE, a series of Greater Asclepiadeans (2670) employed stichically (2546):--

-́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -⌃ _C._ 1, 11, 18; 4, 10.

So Alcaeus, e.g.:--

μηδὲν ἄλλο φυτεύσῃς πρότερον δένδριον ἀμπέλω (Fr. 44, Bergk).

Many editors hold (with Meineke) that the Horatian odes were written in tetrastichs (2545), and hence that this metre and the preceding were employed by Horace in strophes of four lines each. Catullus (30) seems to use the Greater Asclepiadean by distichs, and so apparently Sappho (fr. 69, Bergk). But as to these points there is still much dispute.

2731. (XIII.) The FIRST ASCLEPIADEAN STROPHE, a Glyconic (2660) followed by a Lesser Asclepiadean (2669):--

-́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ -́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ _C._ 1, 3, 13, 19, 36; 3, 9, 15, 19, 24, 25, 28; 4, 1, 3.

Cf. Alcaeus:--

νῦν δ’ [αὖτ’] οὗτος ἐπικρέτει κινήσαις τὸν ἀπ’ ἴρας πύματον λίθον. (Fr. 82, Bergk).

In one instance, _C._ 4, 1, 35, elision occurs at the end of the Glyconic.

2732. (XIV.) The SECOND ASCLEPIADEAN STROPHE, three Lesser Asclepiadeans (2669) followed by a Glyconic (2660):--

-́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ -́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ -́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ -́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ _C._ 1, 6, 15, 24, 33; 2, 12; 3, 10, 16; 4, 5, 12.

2733. (XV.) The THIRD ASCLEPIADEAN STROPHE, two Lesser Asclepiadeans (2669), a Pherecratean (2659) and a Glyconic (2660):--

-́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ -́ > | -́ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ -́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ -́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ _C._ 1, 5, 14, 21, 23; 3, 7, 13; 4, 13.

Compare Alcaeus (Pherecratean followed by Glyconic; apparently two Lesser Asclepiadeans preceded, but they are lost):--

λάταγες ποτέονται κυλιχνᾶν ἄπο Τηΐαν. (Fr. 43, Bergk).

2734. (XVI.) The GREATER SAPPHIC STROPHE, an Aristophanic (2658) followed by a Greater Sapphic (2671):--

-́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | -́ > | -́ ‖ ⏖ | ⏗́ # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | ⏗́ | -́ ⌃ _C._ 1, 8.

2735. (XVII). The SAPPHIC STROPHE, three Lesser Sapphics (2666) and an Adonic (2655):--

-́ ⏑ | -́ > | -́ ‖ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ |-́ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | -́ > | -́ ‖ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ |-́ ⏑ -́ ⏑ | -́ > | -́ ‖ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ |-́ ⏑ -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑

_C._ 1, 2, 10, 12, 20, 22, 25, 30, 32, 38; 2, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16; 3, 8, 11, 14, 18, 20, 22, 27; 4, 2, 6, 11; _Carmen Saeculare_. Also in Catullus 11 and 51.

So Sappho:--

φαίνεταί μοι κῆνος ἴσος θέοισιν ἔμμεν ὤνερ ὄστις ἐναντίος τοι ἰζάνει καὶ πλασίον ἆδυ φωνεύ- σας ὑπακούει (Fr. 2, Bergk).

Sappho apparently treated the third Sapphic and the Adonic as continuous; but Horace and Catullus allow _syllaba anceps_ (and Horace in four cases, 1, 2, 47; 1, 12, 7, and 31; 1, 22, 15, hiatus) at the end of the third line. On the other hand, both Catullus and Horace sometimes join the third line to the fourth (by dividing a word, Hor. 1, 2, 19; 25, 11; 2, 16, 7; Cat. 11, 11; by elision Hor. 4, 2, 23; _Car. Saec._ 47; Cat. 11, 19), and in a few instances the second to the third (Hor, 2, 2, 18; 16, 34; 4, 2, 22; Cat. 11, 22, all by elision) by _synapheia_ (see 2510). In Horace, the last foot of the third line is nearly always an irrational spondee.

2736. (XVIII.) The ALCAIC STROPHE, two Greater Alcaics (2667), a nine-syllabled Alcaic (2642) and a Lesser Alcaic (2663):--

⏑͐ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -́ > # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ ⏑͐ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -́ > # -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ ⏑͐ ⁞ -́ ⏑ | -́ > | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑ -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⏑

_C._ 1, 9, 16, 17, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37; 2, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20; 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 21, 23, 26, 29; 4, 4, 9, 14, 15.

So Alcaeus:--

Ἀσυνέτημι τῶν ἀνέμων στάσιν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔνθεν κῦμα κυλίνδεται, τὸ δ’ ἔνθεν· ἄμμες δ’ ἂν τὸ μέσσον νᾶϊ φορήμεθα σὺν μελαίνᾳ. (Fr. 18, Bergk).

In the Greek poets the last two lines are sometimes joined by _synapheia_ (2510), and Horace has elision at the end of the third verse in 2, 3, 27; 3, 29, 35. But he frequently admits hiatus in that place.

2737. (XIX.) The IONIC SYSTEM, a system of ten pure Ionics _ā minōre_ (see 2717):--

⏑ ⏑ -́ - | ⏑ ⏑ -́ - | ⏑ ⏑ -́ - | ⏑ ⏑ -́ - ⏑ ⏑ -́ - | ⏑ ⏑ - - | ⏑ ⏑ -́ - | ⏑ ⏑ -́ - ⏑ ⏑ -́ - | ⏑ ⏑ -́ - _C._ 3, 12.

[Erratum: 2736 ... τὸ δ’ ἔνθεν· ἄμμες δ’ ἂν τὸ μέσσον text has ἀν without accent]

#Lyric Strophes of Catullus.#

2738. Catullus in 34 uses a strophe consisting of three Glyconics (2660) followed by a Pherecratean (2659):--

[-́ ⏑] - > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ [⏑́ -]

[-́ ⏑] -́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ [⏑́ -]

[-́ ⏑] -́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ | -́ ⌃ [⏑́ -]

[-́ ⏑] -́ > | -́ ⏖ | -́ ⏑ [⏑́ -]

In 61 he employs a strophe consisting of _four_ Glyconics followed by a Pherecratean.

2739. Index of Horatian Odes and their Metres.

The Roman numerals in the table refer to the numbers assigned to the various strophes in 2719-2737.

+-------------+------+--------+ | BOOK. | ODE. | METRE. | +-------------+------+--------+ | 1 | 1 | XI. | | | 2 | XVII. | | | 3 | XIII. | | | 4 | X. | | | 5 | XV. | | | 6 | XIV. | | | 7 | VI. | | | 8 | XVI. | | | 9 | XVIII. | | | 10 | XVII. | | | 11 | XII. | | | 12 | XVII. | | | 13 | XIII. | | | 14 | XV. | | | 15 | XIV. | | | 16 | XVIII. | | | 17 | XVIII. | | | 18 | XII. | | | 19 | XIII. | | | 20 | XVII. | | | 21 | XV. | | | 22 | XVII. | | | 23 | XV. | | | 24 | XIV. | | | 25 | XVII. | | | 26 | XVIII. | | | 27 | XVIII. | | | 28 | VI. | | | 29 | XVIII. | | | 30 | XVII. | | | 31 | XVIII. | | | 32 | XVII. | | | 33 | XIV. | | | 34 | XVIII. | | | 35 | XVIII. | | | 36 | XIII. | | | 37 | XVIII. | | | 38 | XVII. | | | | | | 2 | 1 | XVIII. | | | 2 | XVII. | | | 3 | XVIII. | | | 4 | XVII. | | | 5 | XVIII. | | | 6 | XVII. | | | 7 | XVIII. | | | 8 | XVII. | | | 9 | XVIII. | | | 10 | XVII. | | | 11 | XVIII. | | | 12 | XIV. | | | 13 | XVIII. | | | 14 | XVIII. | | | 15 | XVIII. | | | 16 | XVII. | | | 17 | XVIII. | | | 18 | III. | | | 19 | XVIII. | | | 20 | XVIII. | | | | | | 3 | 1-6 | XVIII. | | | 7 | XV. | | | 8 | XVII. | | | 9 | XIII. | | | 10 | XIV. | | | 11 | XVII. | | | 12 | XIX. | | | 13 | XV. | | | 14 | XVII. | | | 15 | XIII. | | | 16 | XIV. | | | 17 | XVIII. | | | 18 | XVII. | | | 19 | XIII. | | | 20 | XVII. | | | 21 | XVIII. | | | 22 | XVII. | | | 23 | XVIII. | | | 24 | XIII. | | | 25 | XIII. | | | 26 | XVIII. | | | 27 | XVII. | | | 28 | XIII. | | | 29 | XVIII. | | | 30 | XI. | | | | | | 4 | 1 | XIII. | | | 2 | XVII. | | | 3 | XIII. | | | 4 | XVIII. | | | 5 | XIV. | | | 6 | XVII. | | | 7 | VII. | | | 8 | XI. | | | 9 | XVIII. | | | 10 | XII. | | | 11 | XVII. | | | 12 | XIV. | | | 13 | XV. | | | 14 | XVIII. | | | 15 | XVIII. | | | | | | _Carmen_ |} | XVII. | | _Saeculare_ |} | | | | | | | Epodes | 1-10 | II. | | | 11 | IX. | | | 12 | VI. | | | 13 | VIII. | | | 14 | IV. | | | 15 | IV. | | | 16 | V. | | | 17 | I. | +-------------+------+--------+

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN CITING THE AUTHORS.

2740. In Part First, in which authors are occasionally cited, but without direct reference to their works, the usual abbreviations are employed: as Plaut., Ter., Cic., Verg., Hor., &c., &c.

2741. In Part Second, the principles adopted are as follows:

2742. (1.) A reference consisting of figures alone (as, 2, 2, 3), denotes book, chapter, and section of Caesar _de Bello Gallico_.

2743. (2.) A reference to a work (in italics), without a preceding abbreviation for the author’s name (as, _TD._ 1, 2; _Mil._ 3), denotes the book and section, or the section only, of a work by Cicero. The abbreviations used to denote his works are given in the list below (2745).

2744. (3.) A reference made to Vergil (V.), followed by figures alone, is a reference to the _Aeneid_: as, V. 1, 20. Similarly, H. stands alone for the _Odes_ of Horace; O. alone for the _Metamorphoses_ of Ovid; and Ta. alone for the _Annals_ of Tacitus.

2745. (4.) Roman letters are used in the abbreviations of the names of authors, _italics_ in the abbreviations of the names of their works, as in the following List:--

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.