Part 40

#brevis ā nātūrā nōbīs vīta data est; at memoria bene redditae vītae sempiterna#, _Ph._ 14, 32, _a short life hath been given by nature unto man; but the memory of a life laid down in a good cause endureth for ever_. #at# is often used before a word indicating a person or a place, to shift the scene, especially in history. In law language, #ast# sometimes occurs, and #ast# is also sometimes used, generally for the metre, in Vergil, Horace, and late poetry.

1686. (6.) #tamen#, #nihilō minus#, _nevertheless_.

#accūsātus capitis absolvitur, multātur tamen pecūniā#, N. 4, 2, 6, _he is accused on a capital charge and acquitted, but is nevertheless fined in a sum of money_. #minus dolendum fuit rē nōn perfectā, sed poeniendum certē nihilō minus#, _Mil._ 19, _there was less occasion for sorrow because the thing was not done, but certainly none the less for punishment_.

[Erratum: 1677 ... 7, 64, 8 7. 64, 8]

(2.) OTHER WORDS AS CONNECTIVES.

1687. Instead of a conjunction, other words are often used as connectives: as, #pars . . . pars#, #aliī . . . aliī#; adverbs of order or time: as, #prīmum#, _first_, or #prīmō#, _at first_ #... deinde . . . tum#, &c.; and particularly adverbs in pairs: as, #modo . . . modo#, #tum . . . tum#, less frequently #quā . . . quā#, #simul . . . simul#: as,

#multitūdō pars prōcurrit in viās, pars in vestibulīs stat, pars ex tēctīs prōspectant#, L. 24, 21, 8, _part of the throng runs out into the streets, others stand in the fore-courts, others gaze from the house-tops_. #prōferēbant aliī purpuram, tūs aliī, gemmās aliī#, _V._ 5, 146, _they produced some of them purple, others frankincense, others precious stones_. #prīmō pecūniae, deinde imperī cupīdō crēvit#, S. _C._ 10, 3, _at first a love of money waxed strong, then of power_. #tum hoc mihī̆ probābilius, tum illud vidētur#, _Ac._ 2, 134, _one minute this seems to me more likely, and another minute that_.

1688. Simple sentences may also be coordinated by words denoting inference or cause, such as #ergō#, #igitur#, #itaque#, _therefore_; #nam#, #namque#, #enim#, _for_, #etenim#, _for you see_: as,

#adfectus animī in bonō virō laudābilis, et vīta igitur laudābilis bonī virī, et honesta ergō, quoniam laudābilis#, _TD._ 5, 47, _the disposition in a good man is praiseworthy, and the life therefore of a good man is praiseworthy, and virtuous accordingly, seeing it is praiseworthy_. Of these words, #nam#, #namque#, and #itaque# are usually put first in the sentence; #enim# and #igitur#, usually after one word, rarely after two. But in Plautus regularly, and generally in Terence, #enim# has the meaning of _indeed_, _verily_, _truly_, _depend upon it_, and may stand at the beginning.

1689. In Plautus, the combination #ergō igitur# occurs, and in Terence and Livy, #itaque ergō#: as, #itaque ergō cōnsulibus diēs dicta est#, L. 3, 31, 5, _accordingly then a day was set for the trial of the consuls_.

1690. The interrogative #quippe#, _why?_ losing its interrogative meaning, is also used as a coordinating word, _why_, or _for_: as, #hōc genus omne maestum ac sollicitum est cantōris morte Tigellī: quippe benignus erat#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 2, _such worthies all are sad, are woebegone over Tigellius the minstrel’s death; why he was generosity itself_.

1691. Simple sentences may also be coordinated by pronominal words, such as #hinc#, #inde#, _hence_, #eō#, #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, _so_, _on that account_, &c.: as,

#nocte perveniēbant; eō custōdiās hostium fallēbant#, L. 23, 19, 10, _they got there in the night; in that way they eluded the enemy’s pickets_. But #eō# and #ideō# are not used thus by Cicero, Caesar, or Sallust, or #idcircō# and #proptereā# by Cicero or Caesar.

1692. In animated rhetorical discourse any word repeated with emphasis may serve as a copulative; this is called _Anaphora_: as,

#mīles in forum, mīles in cūriam comitābātur#, Ta. 1, 7, _soldiers went with him to the forum, soldiers to the senate chamber_. #ēreptī estis ex interitū, ēreptī sine sanguine, sine exercitū, sine dīmicātiōne#, _C._ 3, 23, _you are rescued from death, rescued without bloodshed, without an army, without a struggle_.

[Erratum: 1687 ... #tum . . . tum#, less frequently , invisible]

THE INTERMEDIATE COORDINATE SENTENCE.

1693. A sentence coordinate in form with another sentence is often equivalent in meaning to a subordinate sentence. Such sentences are called _Intermediate Coordinate Sentences_.

The most varied relations of a subordinate sentence may be thus expressed by a coordinate sentence, and the combination of the two coordinate sentences is in sense equivalent to a complex sentence.

1694. Such coordinated sentences are a survival of a more primitive state of the language. They occur oftenest in Plautus and Terence, in Cicero’s philosophical works and letters, in Horace’s satires and epistles, and in Juvenal. In general they have been superseded by complex sentences, even in the oldest specimens of the language.

1695. I. The relation of the two members may not be indicated by the mood, but left to be determined from the context.

Thus, in the combination #amat, sapit#, Pl. _Am._ 995, _he is in love, he shows his sense_, the two members #amat# and #sapit# are alike in form. But in sense, #sapit# is the main member and #amat# is the subordinate member. Just what the relation of the #amat# is, whether it is #sī amat#, _if he is in love_, #cum amat#, _when he is in love_, #quod amat#, _because he is in love_, or #etsī amat#, _though he is in love_, &c., &c., is left to the reader to make out. The following are some of the commonest combinations of this class:

1696. (1.) The coordinated member may stand instead of the commoner accusative and infinitive with a verb of perceiving, thinking, knowing, or saying (2175). Such are #crēdō#, #fateor#, #opīnor#, #putō#, #certum est#, &c.: as,

#lūdōs mē facitis, intellegō#, Pl. _Per._ 802, _you are making game of me, I am aware_. #nārrō tibī̆: plānē relēgātus mihī̆ videor#, _Att._ 2, 11, 1, _I tell you what, I seem to myself regularly banished_. #spērō, servābit fidem#, Pl. _E._ 124, _I hope he’ll keep his word_ (2235).

1697. (2.) The coordinated member may be a direct question or an exclamation.

Thus (_a._) in enquiries calling for an answer: as, #sīgnī dīc quid est#, Pl. _Am._ 421, _tell me, what is there in the shape of seal?_ (1251). Or (_b._) in ejaculation: as, #viden ut astat furcifer?# Pl. _Most._ 1172, _seest how the knave is posing there?_ #vidēte quaesō, quid potest pecūnia#, Pl. _St._ 410, _see pray how all-commanding money is_. This construction occurs oftenest in comedy, and with an imperative meaning _say_, _tell_, or _look_. The subordinate construction is the rule: see 1773.

1698. (3.) The coordinated member rarely represents a relative sentence (1816): as,

#urbs antīqua fuit, Tyriī tenuēre colōnī#, V. 1, 12, _there was an ancient town, which Tyrian settlers held_. #est locus, Hesperiam Graī cōgnōmine dīcunt#, V. 1, 530, _there is a place, the Greeks by name Hesperia call_, imitated from #est locus Hesperiam quam mortālēs perhibēbant#, E. in Macrob. _Sat._ 6, 1, _there is a place which sons of men Hesperia called_.

1699. (4.) The coordinated member may represent a subordinate temporal member: as,

#vēnit hiemps, teritur Sicuōnia bāca trapētis#, V. _G._ 2, 519, _has winter come, in mills is Sicyon’s olive ground_ (1860). #vix prōram attigerat, rumpit Sāturnia fūnem#, V. 12, 650, _scarce had he touched the prow, Saturnia snaps the rope_, i.e. #cum rumpit# (1869). #lūcēbat iam ferē, prōcēdit in medium#, _V._ 5, 94, _it was just about light, when he presents himself before them_. #fuit ōrnandus in Mānīliā lēge Pompēius; temperātā ōrātiōne ōrnandī cōpiam persecūtī sumus#, _O._ 102, _when I had to glorify Pompey in the matter of the Manilius law, I went through the ample material for glorification in moderate language_.

1700. (5.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a member with #ut#, expressing result (1965): as,

#iam faxō sciēs#, T. _Eu._ 663, _I’ll let you know at once_, i.e. #sciās# (1712) or #ut sciās# (1965). #iam faxō hīc erunt#, Pl. _B._ 715, _I’ll warrant they shall soon be here_. #adeō rēs rediīt, adulēscentulus victus est#, T. _Hau._ 113, _things came to such a pass the youngster was put down_. #cētera dē genere hōc, adeō sunt multa, loquācem dēlassāre valent Fabium#, H. _S._ 1, 1, 11, _the other cases of the kind, so plentiful are they, might tire the gabbling Fabius out_. #ita haec ūmōre tigna pūtent, nōn videor mihi sarcīre posse aedīs meās#, Pl. _Most._ 146, _so sopping rotten are these joists, I don’t think I can patch my house_. #ita avidō ingeniō fuit, numquam indicāre id fīliō voluit suō#, Pl. _Aul. prol._ 9, _so niggardly was he, he’d never point it out to his own son_. #tanta incepta rēs est, haud somnīculōsē hoc agundumst#, Pl. _Cap._ 227, _so big a job have we begun, not drowsily must this be done_.

1701. (6.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a conditional protasis: as,

(_a._) #fīliam quis habet, pecūniā opus est#, _Par._ 44, _a man has a daughter, he needs money_. #trīstis es, indignor#, O. _Tr._ 4, 3, 33, _if you are sad, I feel provoked_. (_b._) #sī iste ībit, ītō; stābit, astātō simul#, Pl. _Ps._ 863, _if he shall move, move thou; but shall he stand, stand by his side_. #in caelum, iusseris, ībit#, J. 3, 78, _say but the word, he’ll mount the sky_. (_c._) #subdūc cibum ūnum diem āthlētae, Iovem Olympium inplōrābit#, _TD._ 2, 40, _cut off an athlete from his food just a day, he will pray to Jupiter aloft in Olympus_ (1574). (_d._) #Zēnōnem rogēs, respondeat totidem verbīs#, _Fin._ 4, 69, _you may ask Zeno, he would answer in just as many words_ (1556). (_e._) #tū quoque magnam partem opere in tantō, sineret dolor, Īcare, habērēs#, V. 6, 31, _thou too a goodly space in work so vast, had grief allowed, O Icarus, hadst filled_ (1559). #at darēs hanc vim M. Crassō, in forō saltāret#, _Off._ 3, 75, _but had you given this chance to Crassus, he would have capered in the market place_ (1559). #nam absque tē esset, hodiē numquam ad sōlem occāsum vīverem#, Pl. _Men._ 1022, _for were it not for you, I ne’er should live this blessed day till set of sun_ (1560, 2110). (_f._) #ūnā fuissēmus, cōnsilium certē nōn dēfuisset#, _Att._ 9, 6, 6, _had we been together, we certainly should not have lacked a programme_ (1561).

1702. (7.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a concession: as,

#id fortasse nōn perfēcimus, cōnātī quidem sumus#, _O._ 210; _though we have perhaps not attained unto this, yet we have attempted it_. #ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?# _Fin._ 2, 13, _do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means, and I not?_

1703. (8.) The coordinated member may denote efficient cause or reason: as,

#peregrīnus ego sum, Sauream nōn nōvī#, Pl. _As._ 464, _I am a stranger, and I don’t know Saurea_. #mulier es, audācter iūrās#, Pl. _Am._ 836, _because you are a woman, you are bold to swear_. #tacent, satis laudant#, T. _Eu._ 476, _their silence is sufficient praise_.

1704. (9.) The coordinated member may represent the protasis of a comparative sentence with #ut# (1937): as,

#ita mē dī ament, honestust#, T. _Eu._ 474, _so help me heaven, he is a proper man_. #sollicitat, ita vīvam, mē tua, mī Tirō, valētūdō#, _Fam._ 16, 20, _your health, dear Tiro, keeps me fidgety, as I hope to live_.

1705. II. The subordinate idea is often indicated by the subjunctive of desire coordinated with another verb, usually with one which has a different subject.

Thus, the combination #amēs: oportet#, _you should love; it is right_ (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, #amēs oportet#, _Fin._ 2, 35, _it is right you should love_. The verb with which the subjunctive is coordinated specifies more exactly the general idea of desire contained in the subjunctive itself. The tense of the coordinate subjunctive is regulated by that of the other verb.

1706. The negative employed with coordinated subjunctives is the adverb #nē#, _not_.

Thus, the combination #vidē: nē mē lūdās#, _see to it; don’t you fool me_ (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, #vidē nē mē lūdās#, Pl. _Cur._ 325, _see to it you don’t fool me_. Similarly, #metuō: nē peccet#, _I am afraid; let her not slip up_ (1548), becomes #metuō nē peccet#, Pl. _Per._ 624, _I am afraid she may slip up_. From its frequent use in sentences of subordinate meaning, #nē# came at an early period to be regarded as a subordinating conjunction also, _lest_, _that . . . not_, as well as an adverb, and took the place of the less usual #ut nē#. Hence members with #nē# are more conveniently treated under the head of subordination (1947).

1707. (1.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of wishing. Such are #volō#, #nōlō#, rarely #mālō#, #optō#, #placet#, &c.: as,

#animum advortās volō#, Pl. _Cap._ 388, _I wish you would pay heed_ (1548). #quid vīs faciam?# T. _Hau._ 846, _what wilt thou I should do?_ (1563). #vin conmūtēmus? tuam ego dūcam et tū meam?# Pl. _Tri._ 59, _would you like to swap? I take your wife, and you take mine?_ (1563). #mālō tē sapiēns hostis metuat, quam stultī cīvēs laudent#, L. 22, 39, 20, _I would rather a wise enemy should fear you, than stupid fellow-citizens admire you_ (1548). Coordination is the rule with #velim#, #vellem#, &c., used in the sense of #utinam# (1540): as, #dē Menedēmō vellem vērum fuisset, dē rēgīnā velim vērum sit#, _Att._ 15, 4, 4, _about Menedemus I could wish it had been true, about the queen I hope it may be true_. #tellūs optem prius īma dehīscat#, V. 4, 24, _I would the earth to deepest depths might sooner yawn_. #L. Domitius dīxit placēre sībī̆ sententiās dē singulīs ferrent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 83, 3, _Domitius said his view was they should vote on the men separately_.

1708. (2.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of request, entreaty, encouragement, exhortation, charge, direction, command. Such are #precor#, #rogō#, #ōrō#, #petō#, #hortor#, #postulō#, #moneō#, #cēnseō#; #mandō#, #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #dēcernō#; and chiefly in old Latin, #iubeō#: as,

(_a._) #reddās incolumem precor#, H. 1, 3, 7, _deliver him up safe I pray_. #rogat fīnem ōrandī faciat#, 1, 20, 5, _he requests him to make an end of entreaty_. #ā tē id quod suēstī petō, mē absentem dēfendās#, _Fam._ 15, 8, _I ask you to do as you always do, stand up for me when I am away_. #nōn hortor sōlum sed etiam rogō atque ōrō, tē colligās virumque praebeās#, _Fam._ 5, 18, 1, _I not only exhort you, but more than that I beg and entreat you, pull yourself together and quit you like a man_. #postulō etiam atque etiam cōnsīderēs quō prōgrediāre#, L. 3, 45, 10, _I charge you think again and again what you are coming to_. #tē moneō videās, quid agās. magnō opere cēnseō, dēsistās#, _V._ 5, 174, _I advise you to consider what you are doing. I earnestly recommend you to stop_. #hunc admonet iter cautē faciat#, 5, 49, 3, _he warns him he must pursue his march with care_. (_b._) #huic mandat Rēmōs adeat#, 3, 11, 2, _he directs him to go to the Remans_. #praecipit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum#, 5, 58, 5, _he says they must all concentrate their attack on Indutiomarus_. #huic imperat quās possit adeat cīvitātēs#, 4, 21, 8, _he orders him to visit such communities as he can_. #senātus dēcrēvit darent operam cōnsulēs nē quid rēs pūblica dētrīmentī caperet#, S. _C._ 29, 2, _the senate decreed the consuls must see to it that the commonwealth received no harm_. #iube maneat#, T. _Hau._ 737, _tell her she must stay_. #mīlitēs certiōrēs facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium#, 3, 5, 3, _he tells the soldiers they must stop fighting a little while_. #abī, nūntiā patribus urbem Rōmānam mūniant#, L. 22, 49, 10, _go tell the fathers they must fortify Rome town_. #dīxī equidem in carcerem īrēs#, Pl. _St._ 624, _I’m sure I told you you must go to jail_. #scrībit Labiēnō cum legiōne veniat#, 5, 46, 3, _he writes to Labienus he must come with a legion_. #lēgātiōnem mittunt sī velit suōs recipere, obsidēs sibī̆ remittat#, 3, 8, 5, _they send an embassy, if he wishes to get his own men back, he must send back the hostages to them_.

1709. (3.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with expressions of propriety or necessity. Such are #oportet#, #optumum est#, #opus est#, #decet#, #necesse est#.

#mē ipsum amēs oportet, nōn mea#, _Fin._ 2, 85, _it is myself you should love, not my possessions_. #quoniam habēs istum equom, aut ēmerīs oportet, aut hērēditāte possideās, aut surripuerīs necesse est#, _Inv._ 1, 84, _since you are in possession of that horse, you must either have bought him or inherited him, or else you must necessarily have stolen him_. #sed taceam optumumst#, Pl. _E._ 60, _but I’d best hold my tongue_. #nihil opust rescīscat#, Pl. _Mer._ 1004, _she needn’t find it out at all_. #condemnētur necesse est#, _RA._ 111, _be condemned he needs must_.

1710. (4.) The subjunctive is sometimes coordinated with verbs of permission or concession. Such are #permittō# in Sallust and Livy, #concēdō#, also #sinō#, mostly in the imperative, chiefly in old Latin and poetry, and the impersonal #licet# (used thus often in Cicero, rarely before or after): as,

#supplēmentum scrīberent cōnsulēs, permissum#, L. 27, 22, 11, _leave was given that the consuls might fill up the army_. #sine sciam#, L. 2, 40, 5, _let me know_. #sine modo adveniat senex#, Pl. _Most._ 11, _let but the old man come_. #fremant omnēs licet, dīcam quod sentiō#, _DO._ 1, 195, _though everybody may growl, I will say what I think_. See 1904.

1711. (5.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with the imperative #cavē̆#, #cavētō#, #cavēte#, _beware_, used in the sense of #nē# (1585): as,

#cavē faciās#, _Att._ 13, 33, 4, _don’t do it_. #cave dīrumpātis#, Pl. _Poen. prol._ 117, _don’t break it off_ (1075).

1712. (6.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of giving, persuading, accomplishing, taking care. In this case the subjunctive has the meaning of purpose or result. Such are the imperative #cedo#, and #dō#, #persuādeō#, #impetrō#, #cūrō#, also #faciō#, particularly #fac# and #facitō#: as,

#cedo bibam#, Pl. _Most._ 373, _give me to drink_. #date bibat tībīcinī#, Pl. _St._ 757, _give the piper to drink_. #huic Sp. Albīnus persuādet rēgnum Numidiae ā senātū petat#, S. _I._ 35, 2, _Albinus induces him to ask of the senate the throne of Numidia_. #tandem inpetrāvī abīret#, Pl. _Tri._ 591, _at last I’ve coaxed him to clear out_. #fac sciam#, _Fam._ 7, 16, 3, _let me know_. #faxō sciās#, Pl. _Men._ 644, _I’ll let you know_, much oftener #sciēs# or #scībis# (1700). #fac bellus revertāre#, _Fam._ 16, 18, 1, _mind you come back a beauty_ (1579).

1713. A subjunctive is now and then loosely coordinated with verbs in general, to indicate the purpose of the action: as,

#ēvocāte hūc Sōsiam, Blepharōnem arcēssat#, Pl. _Am._ 949, _call Sosia here, let him fetch Blepharo_. #clārē advorsum fābulābor, hic auscultet quae loquar#, Pl. _Am._ 300, _I’ll speak distinctly face to face, that he may hear what I shall say_. #operam hanc subrupuī tibī̆, ex mē scīrēs#, Pl. _Am._ 523, _I did this secretly for you, that you might learn from me_. #manibus date līlia plēnīs, purpureōs spargam flōrēs#, V. 6, 883, _lilies in handfuls give, I fain would scatter purple flowers_, that is, _that I may scatter_.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE, OR SUBORDINATION.

1714. In a complex sentence, that is one consisting of a main and a subordinate sentence, the subordinate member is introduced by some subordinating word: such are,

I. Interrogative words, in indirect questions; II. Relative pronouns; III. Relative conjunctive particles, or conjunctive particles not of relative origin.

1715. Subordinate sentences may have the value of a substantive, usually as subject or as object; of an attributive; or of an adverb or adverbial adjunct: as,

(_a._) #eādem nocte accidit ut esset lūna plēna#, 4, 29, 1, _it came to pass the same night that there was a full moon_. #videō quid agās#, _Fam._ 16, 17, _I see what you are driving at_. (_b._) #fundus quī est in agrō, quī Sabīnus vocātur, eum meum esse aiō#, _Mur._ 26, _the estate which is in the territory which is called Sabine, that I maintain is mine_, lawyers’ wordiness for #fundus Sabīnus#. (_c._) #cum advesperāsceret, ad pontem Mulvium pervēnērunt#, _C._ 3, 5, _when it was getting dark, they reached the Mulvius bridge_, i.e. #vesperī#, or #prīmō vespere#.

1716. Subordinate sentences which express time or place, are called _Temporal_ or _Local_ sentences; comparison or manner, _Comparative_ or _Modal_ sentences; condition, cause, or concession, _Conditional_, _Causal_, or _Concessive_ sentences; purpose, _Final_ sentences; result, _Consecutive_ sentences.

1717. In a main sentence, the indicative present, future, and future perfect, and the imperative, are called _Primary Tenses_; the indicative imperfect, historical perfect, and pluperfect, and the infinitive of intimation, are called _Secondary Tenses_. The perfect definite and the present of vivid narration are sometimes regarded as primary tenses, oftener as secondary tenses.

1718. Verbs which have an implication of futurity, such as those meaning _can_, _ought_, _must_, &c., with an infinitive, also subjunctives of wish (1540) or of exhortation (1547), may be called _Virtual Futures_.

1719. Sometimes the subjunctive serves as a main sentence: see 1762; sometimes a noun of the verb: see 1766.

MOOD OF THE SUBORDINATE SENTENCE.

1720. The indicative and the subjunctive are both used in subordinate sentences, as will be shown in the treatment of the several words of subordination. Some general uses may be mentioned collectively here.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

1721. The indicative is ordinarily used in sentences introduced by a relative pronoun, or by a causal conjunctive word other than #cum#.

#pontem, quī erat ad Genāvam, iubet rescindī#, 1, 7, 2, _he orders the bridge which was near Geneva torn up_. #concēdō, quia necesse est#, _RA._ 145, _I give up, because I have to_. In sentences of this class, however, the subjunctive is often required, particularly in indirect discourse (1722), or in cases of attraction (1728).

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE AND OF ATTRACTION.

1722. The subjunctive is used in relative, causal, temporal, and conditional sentences in indirect discourse, and in cases of attraction.

1723. A direct quotation or question gives the words of the original speaker without alteration. When the original words of a quotation or question are changed to conform to the construction of the sentence in which they are quoted, it is called _Indirect Discourse_.

1724. In the complete form of indirect discourse, the subjunctive is subordinate to an infinitive or an accusative with the infinitive, dependent on a verb of saying or thinking (2175): as,

#negat Epicūrus iūcundē posse vīvī, nisi cum virtūte vīvātur#, _TD._ 3, 49, _Epicurus avers there is no living happily, without living virtuously_; directly, #iūcundē vīvī nōn potest, nisi cum virtūte vīvitur#. #Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs#, _DO._ 1, 63, _Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter they knew_; directly, #omnēs in eō quod sciunt satis sunt ēloquentēs#.

1725. The idea of saying or thinking is often not formally expressed in the main sentence, and the indirect discourse is intimated by the subordinate subjunctive only: as,