Part 54

#phasēlus ille quem vidētis, hospitēs, ait fuisse nāvium celerrimus#, Cat. 4, 1, _the clipper you see yonder, friends, says she was once the fleetest of the fleet_. #uxor invictī Iovis esse nescīs#, H. 3, 27, 73, _thou knowest not thou art the bride of the unconquerable Jove_. Similarly with verbs of emotion (2187): as, #gaudent esse rogātae#, O. _AA._ 1, 345, _they are glad to have been asked_. #gaudent perfūsī sanguine frātrum#, V. _G._ 2, 510, _they’re glad to have been imbued with brothers’ blood_.

VERBS OF ACCUSING.

2185. The verbs of accusing, #arguō# and #īnsimulō#, take the accusative with the infinitive like verbs of saying: as,

#cīvīs Rōmānōs necātōs esse arguō#, _V._ 5, 149, _my accusation is that Romans have been slain_. #occīdisse patrem Sex. Rōscius arguitur#, _RA._ 37, _Roscius is charged with the murder of his father_. #īnsimulāre coepērunt Epicratem litterās pūblicās corrūpisse#, _V._ 2, 60, _they began to accuse Epicrates of having falsified records of state_.

VERBS OF HOPING, PROMISING, AND THREATENING.

2186. The accusative with the future infinitive is used with verbs of hoping, promising, and threatening: as,

#id sēsē effectūrōs spērābant#, 7, 26, 2, _they hoped to carry it out_. #pollicentur sēsē ē̆ī dēditūrōs#, 5, 20, 2, _they volunteer to surrender to him_. But sometimes the present infinitive alone: see 2236.

VERBS OF EMOTION.

2187. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes used with verbs of joy, grief, surprise, or wonder: as,

#venīre tū mē gaudēs#, Pl. _B._ 184, _thou art glad I’m come_. #doluī pācem repudiārī#, _Marc._ 14, _I felt sorry peace was rejected_. These verbs often have the construction with #quod#, or in old Latin with #quia# (1851).

2188. Some of the commonest of these verbs are #doleō#, #gaudeō#, #laetor#, #mīror#, &c., &c.; and from Cicero on, #angor#, #indignor#, #lūgeō#, #sollicitō#.

VERBS OF DESIRE.

2189. (1.) The accusative with the infinitive is commonly used with #volō# (#mālō#, #nōlō#), and #cupiō#, when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb: as,

#Catilīnam perīre voluī#, _Ph._ 8, 15, _I wished Catiline to die_. #māluit hominēs peccāre quam deōs#, _V._ 2, 22, _he wanted men to sin rather than gods_. #tē tuā fruī virtūte cupimus#, _Br._ 331, _we wish you to reap the benefit of your high character_.

2190. (2.) Even when the subjects denote the same person, the accusative is sometimes used with the infinitive: as,

#ēmorī mē mālim#, Pl. _As._ 810, #morī mē mālim#, T. _Eu._ 66, _I’d rather die_. #magnuficē volō mē virōs summōs accipere#, Pl. _Ps._ 167, _I’m going to entertain some highborn gentlemen in style_. Oftenest when the infinitive is #esse#, #vidērī#, #putārī#, or #dīcī#: as, #cupiō mē esse clēmentem, cupiō mē nōn dissolūtum vidērī#, _C._ 1, 4, _I wish to play the man of mercy, and yet I do not wish to seem over lax_. Rarely thus with #dēsīderō#, #nōlō#, #optō#, and #studeō#, and in Sallust with #properō#.

2191. For the perfect active with these verbs, see 2228; for the perfect passive, 2229.

2192. #volō#, #mālō#, and #cupiō# are often coordinated with the subjunctive of desire (1707). #volō# and #mālō# often have the subjunctive with #ut#, particularly in old Latin (1950).

2193. Verbs of resolving sometimes take the accusative with the infinitive: as, #certum offirmāre est viam mē#, T. _Hec._ 454, _I am resolved to hold the way_. So, from Cicero on, sometimes #cēnseō#, #dēcernō#, and #sentiō#, in the exceptional sense of #volō# or #iubeō#, _think it best_: as, #velle et cēnsēre eōs ab armīs discēdere#, S. _I._ 21, 4, _that they wished and thought it best for those people to give up fighting_.

2194. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes used with verbs of demanding: as, #hau postulō equidem mēd in lectō accumbere#, Pl. _St._ 488, _I can’t expect, not I, to sprawl upon a couch_. #hīc postulat sē absolvī?# _V._ 3, 138, _does this man ask to be acquitted?_ Similarly with #ōrō# and #praecipiō# in late writers.

2195. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes found with #suādeō# and #persuādeō# in Terence, Lucretius, and Vergil, and with #precor# in Ovid and late prose.

VERBS OF ACCOMPLISHING.

2196. Verbs of accomplishing rarely have the accusative with the infinitive: as, #tālīs ōrātōrēs vidērī facit, quālīs ipsī sē vidērī volunt#, _Br._ 142, of delivery, _it makes orators appear just as they wish to appear themselves_. Oftenest in poetry. In prose usually the subjunctive with #ut# (1951).

VERBS OF TEACHING AND TRAINING.

2197. The verbs of teaching and training, #doceō# and #adsuēfaciō#, may take an accusative of a substantive and an infinitive expressing the thing taught: as,

#quīn etiam tondēre fīliās suās docuit#, _TD._ 5, 58, _why more than that, he actually taught his own daughters to shave_, of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. #equōs eōdem remanēre vestīgiō adsuēfēcērunt#, 4, 2, 3, _they have their horses trained to stand stock-still_ (1608). Compare 1169.

VERBS OF BIDDING AND FORBIDDING AND OF ALLOWING.

2198. The accusative with the infinitive is used with #iubeō# and #vetō#, #sinō# and #patior#: as,

#mīlitēs ex oppidō exīre iussit#, 2, 33, 1, _he ordered the soldiers to go out of the town_. #pontem iubet rescindī#, 1, 7, 2, _he orders the bridge torn up_. #lēx peregrīnum vetat in mūrum ascendere#, _DO._ 2, 100, _it is against the law for a foreigner to get up on the wall_. #castra vāllō mūnīrī vetuit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 4, _he gave orders that the camp should not be fortified with a palisade_. #vīnum ad sē inportārī nōn sinunt#, 4, 2, 6, _wine they will not allow to be brought into their country_. Cicero is the first to use #vetō# thus. Other constructions also occur with these words: see 1708, 1950, 1953, &c.

2199. The person ordered or forbidden is often omitted, when stress is laid on the action merely, or when the person is obvious from the context: as, #castra mūnīre iubet#, i.e. #mīlitēs#, 2, 5, 6, _he gives orders to construct a camp_. #iussērunt prōnūntiāre#, i.e. #tribūnōs et centuriōnēs#, 5, 33, 3, _they gave orders to proclaim_. #īdemque iussērunt simulācrum Iovis facere maius#, i.e. #cōnsulēs#, _C._ 3, 20, _and they furthermore gave directions to make a statue of Jupiter, a bigger one_.

2200. #iubeō# is sometimes coordinated with the subjunctive, especially in old Latin (1708). Sometimes it has the subjunctive with #ut#, especially in resolves of the people.

2201. In the passive, #iubeō#, #vetō#, and #sinō# are used personally, the accusative of the person ordered or forbidden becoming nominative: as, #iubentur scrībere exercitum#, L. 3, 30, 3, _they are ordered to raise an army_. #Nōlānī mūrōs adīre vetitī#, L. 23, 16, 9, _the men of Nola were not allowed to go to the walls_. #hīc accūsāre eum nōn est situs#, _Sest._ 95, _this man was not allowed to accuse him_.

2202. #imperō# often has the accusative with a passive or deponent infinitive, or with #fierī#: as, #praesentem pecūniam solvī imperāvī#, _Att._ 2, 4, 1, _I have given orders for ready money to be paid_. Rarely with an active infinitive parallel with a passive: as, #eō partem nāvium convenīre commeātumque comportārī imperat#, Caes. _C._ 3, 42, 2, _he orders part of the vessels to rendezvous there, and grain to be brought_. In the passive, a personal #imperor# occurs, like #iubeor# (2201): as, #in lautumiās dēdūcī imperantur#, _V._ 5, 68, _orders are given for them to be taken to the quarries_. See also 1950. #permittō# has sometimes the accusative with the infinitive from Tacitus on, usually the subjunctive with #ut# (1950).

2203. The verbs of hindering, #prohibeō# and #impediō#, sometimes have the accusative with the infinitive: as, #barbarī nostrōs nāvibus ēgredī prohibēbant#, 4, 24, 1, _the savages undertook to prevent our people from disembarking_. The infinitive used with #prohibeō# is usually passive or deponent. #quid est igitur quod mē impediat ea quae probābilia mihī̆ videantur sequī?# _Off._ 2, 8, _what is there then to hinder me from following what seems to me to be probable?_ See also 1960 and 1977.

THE INFINITIVE AS A SUBSTANTIVE ACCUSATIVE.

2204. The accusative with the infinitive, or the infinitive alone, regarded as a neuter substantive, may be used as the object of a verb, or in apposition with the object: as,

(_a._) #leporem gustāre fās nōn putant#, 5, 12, 6, _tasting hare they count a sin_. #errāre malum dūcimus#, _Off._ 1, 18, _going astray we hold a bad thing_. (_b._) #ad id quod īnstituistī, ōrātōrum genera distinguere aetātibus, istam dīligentiam esse accommodātam putō#, _Br._ 74, _I think your accurate scholarship is just the thing for your projected task--classifying public speakers chronologically_.

2205. The infinitive as a substantive is rarely preceded by the preposition #inter# in late prose: as, #multum interest inter dare et accipere#, Sen. _Ben._ 5, 10, 2, _there is a vast difference between ‘give’ and ‘take.’_ Cicero has it thus once in a translation (_Fin._ 2, 43). In poetry #praeter# is thus used rarely.

2206. In poetry, the infinitive is used as a substantive object with such verbs as #dō#, #reddō#, #adimō#, #perdō#: as, #hīc verērī perdidit#, Pl. _B._ 158, _this youth has lost his sense of shame_.

(B.) THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT.

2207. The accusative with the infinitive, or the infinitive alone, present or perfect, may be used as the subject of a verb, in apposition with the subject, or as a predicate nominative: as,

(_a._) #mendācem memorem esse oportēre#, Quintil. 4, 2, 91, _that a liar should have a good memory_. (_b._) #sequitur illud, caedem senātum iūdicāsse contrā rem pūblicam esse factam#, _Mil._ 12, _next comes this point, that the senate adjudged the homicide an offence against the state_. (_c._) #exitus fuit ōrātiōnis, sibī̆ nūllam cum hīs amīcitiam esse posse#, 4, 8, 1, _the end of the speech was that he could not have any friendship with these people_.

2208. The infinitive is used as the subject (_a._) with impersonal verbs, (_b._) with #est#, #putātur#, #habētur#, &c., and an abstract substantive, a genitive, or a neuter adjective in the predicate.

2209. (_a._) Some of the commonest impersonal verbs are #appāret#, #decet#, #expedit#, #licet#, #lubet#, #oportet#, #praestat#, #pudet#, #rēfert#. Also in classical Latin, #attinet#, #condūcit#, #cōnstat#, #dēdecet#, #exsistit#, #fallit#, #interest#, #iuvat#, #liquet#, #obest#, #paenitet#, #patet#, #pertinet#, #placet#, #displicet#, #prōdest#, which are used as live verbs by Lucretius and Sallust also. Similarly in Plautus and Terence #fortasse#.

2210. The infinitive is occasionally used as a subject with verbs other than the above (2209): as, #nōn cadit invidēre in sapientem#, _TD._ 3, 21, _envy does not square with our ideas of a sage_. #carēre hoc sīgnificat, egēre eō quod habēre velīs#, _TD._ 1, 88, #careō# _means not having what you would like to have_.

2211. (_b._) Some of the commonest abstracts used thus with #est# are #fāma#, #fās# and #nefās#, #fidēs#, #iūs#, #laus#, #opus#, #mōs#, #tempus#. From Cicero on, #opīniō# and #prōverbium#. In Plautus, #audācia#, #cōnfīdentia#, #miseria#, #negōtium#, #scelus#, &c. For genitives, see 1237. Neuter adjectives are such as #aequum#, #inīquum#, #cōnsentāneum#, #crēdibile#, #incrēdibile#, #manifestum#, #necesse#, #pār#, #rēctum#, &c., &c.

2212. The accusative is not expressed when it is indefinite, _you_, _a man_, _a person_, _anybody_, frequently also when it is implied in some other case in the sentence: as,

#nōn tam praeclārum est scīre Latīnē quam turpe nescīre#, _Br._ 140, _it is not so creditable to be a Latin scholar as it is disreputable not to be_. #mihī̆ inter virtūtēs grammaticī habēbitur aliqua nescīre#, Quintil. 1, 8, 21, _in my eyes it will be one merit in a classical scholar not to be omniscient_. #temporī cēdere semper sapientis est habitum#, _Fam._ 4, 9, 2, _bowing to the inevitable has always passed as a mark of wisdom_. #peccāre licet nēminī#, _Par._ 20, _no man is at liberty to sin_. An indefinite #hominem#, #aliquem#, or #tē#, is rare: as, #illa laus est, līberōs hominem ēducāre#, Pl. _MG._ 703, _it is a crown of glory for a man a family to rear_.

2213. (1.) A predicate noun referring to the unexpressed indefinite subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative: as,

#nōn esse cupidum pecūnia est, nōn esse emācem vectīgal est, contentum vērō suīs rēbus esse maximae sunt dīvitiae#, _Par._ 51, _for a man not to have desires, is money down, not to be eager to buy is an income; but to be satisfied with what you have is the greatest possible wealth_. A plural predicate is rare: as, #esset ēgregium domesticīs esse contentōs#, _O._ 22, _it would be a grand thing for people to be satisfied with home examples_.

2214. (2.) When the subject of the infinitive is implied in a dative, a predicate noun may also be in the dative: as,

#mihī̆ neglegentī esse nōn licet#, _Att._ 1, 17, 6, _it will not do for me to be careless_. With a dative and licet, however, the predicate is sometimes in the accusative: as, #quod sī cīvī Rōmānō licet esse Gādītānum#, _Balb._ 29, _now if a Roman is allowed to be a Gaditanian_. Regularly so, when the subject is indefinite and not expressed (2212): as, #haec praescrīpta servantem licet magnificē vīvere#, _Off._ 1, 92, _a man who holds to these rules may live a noble life_.

2215. The infinitive, used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative, sometimes has a neuter attribute.

Chiefly thus #ipsum#, #hoc ipsum#, #tōtum hoc#: as, #ipsum Latīnē loquī est in magnā laude pōnendum#, _Br._ 140, _just the mere ability of talking good Latin is to be accounted highly creditable_. Rarely a possessive, #meum#, #tuum#: as, #ita tuom cōnfertō amāre nē tibi sit probrō#, Pl. _Cur._ 28, _so shape thy wooing that it be to thee no shame_.

[Errata: 2214 ... may also be in the dative: as, dative. as, 2215 ... used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative, , missing]

THE INFINITIVE OF EXCLAMATION.

2216. The infinitive alone, or the accusative with the infinitive, is sometimes used in exclamations of surprise, incredulity, disapproval, or lamentation: as,

#nōn pudēre#, T. _Ph._ 233, _not be ashamed_. #sedēre tōtōs diēs in vīllā#, _Att._ 12, 44, 2, _sitting round whole days and days at the country place_. #at tē Rōmae nōn fore#, _Att._ 5, 20, 7, _only to think you won’t be in Rome_. #hoc posterīs memoriae trāditum īrī#, L. 3, 67, 1, _to think this will be passed down to generations yet unborn_. Often with a #-ne#, transferred from the unexpressed verb on which the infinitive depends (1503): as, #tēne hoc, Accī, dīcere, tālī prūdentiā praeditum#, _Clu._ 84, _what? you to say this, Accius, with your sound sense_. The exclamatory infinitive is chiefly confined to Plautus, Terence, and Cicero.

THE INFINITIVE OF INTIMATION.

2217. This infinitive has already been spoken of; see 1535-1539.

THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE.

2218. The present infinitive represents action as going on, the perfect as completed, and the future as not yet begun, at the time of the action of the verb to which the infinitive is attached.

The forms of the infinitive are commonly and conveniently called tenses, though this designation is not strictly applicable.

THE PRESENT TENSE.

2219. In itself, the present infinitive denotes action merely as going on, without any reference to time. With some verbs, however, which look to the future, the present relates to action in the immediate future. With verbs of perceiving, knowing, thinking, and saying, it denotes action as going on at the time of the verb: as,

(_a._) #facinus est vincīre cīvem Rōmānum#, _V._ 5, 170, _it is a crime to put a Roman in irons_. (_b._) #audīre cupiō#, _Caec._ 33, _I am eager to hear_. #Antium mē recipere cōgitō a. d. V Nōn. Māi.#, _Att._ 2, 9, 4, _I am meditating going back to Antium the third of May_. (_c._) #errāre eōs dīcunt#, 5, 41, 5, _they say those people are mistaken_. #tempus dīxī esse#, T. _Hec._ 687, _I said it was time_. #dīcēs tibī̆ Siculōs esse amīcōs?# _V._ 2, 155, _will you say the Sicilians are friends of yours?_

2220. The present infinitive is sometimes used with #meminī#, #recordor#, #memoriā teneō#, and with some analogous expressions, such as #accēpimus#, #fertur#, &c., to represent merely the occurrence of action really completed, without indicating its completion: as,

#meminī ad mē tē scrībere#, _D._ 38, _I remember your writing to me_. #meministis fierī senātūs cōnsultum#, _Mur._ 51, _you remember a decree of the senate being passed_. #sed ego īdem recordor longē omnibus anteferre Dēmosthenem#, _O._ 23, _and yet I remember putting Demosthenes far above everybody else_. #hanc accēpimus agrōs et nemora peragrāre#, _HR._ 24, _we have heard of this goddess’s scouring fields and groves_. #Q. Maximum accēpimus facile cēlāre, tacēre#, _Off._ 1, 108, _we have heard of Fabius’s ready cleverness in keeping dark and holding his tongue_. But the perfect is used when the action is to be distinctly marked as completed: as, #meministis mē ita distribuisse causam#, _RA._ 122, _you remember that I arranged the case thus_. Sometimes present and perfect are united: as, #Helenē capere arma fertur, nec frātrēs ērubuisse deōs#, Prop. 3, 14, 19 (4, 13, 19), _Helen is said to fly to arms, and not to have blushed in presence of her brother gods_. Here #capere# relates to the same completed action as the more exact #ērubuisse#.

2221. With verbs of saying, used in the narrower sense of promising, the present infinitive sometimes stands for the future (2236): as,

#crās māne argentum mihī̆ mīles dare sē dīxit#, T. _Ph._ 531, _the soldier spoke of paying me the money early in the morning_. #mē a͡ibat accersere#, Pl. _Ps._ 1118, _he said he’d fetch me_ (2186). #quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt#, 2, 32, 3, _they agreed to do what was commanded_.

2222. The present infinitive dependent on a past tense of #dēbeō#, #oportet#, #possum#, often requires the English perfect infinitive in translation: as, #quid enim facere poterāmus?# _Pis._ 13, _for what else could we have done?_ See, however, 1495. For the infinitive perfect, see 2230.

THE PERFECT TENSE.

2223. (1.) The perfect active infinitive sometimes serves as a complement of #dēbeō#, #volō#, #possum#, &c. (2168): as,

#tametsī statim vīcisse dēbeō, tamen dē meō iūre dēcēdam#, _RA._ 73, _though I am entitled to come off victorious at once, yet I will waive my right_; compare #vīcī#, _I am victorious_, 1608. #nīl vetitum fēcisse volet#, J. 14, 185, _nothing forbidden will he wish to have done_; compare #fēcī#, _I am guilty_. #unde illa potuit didicisse?# _Div._ 2, 51, _from what source could he have all that information acquired?_ #bellum quod possumus ante hiemem perfēcisse#, L. 37, 19, 5, _the war which we can have ended up before winter_.

2224. (2.) In prohibitions, the perfect active infinitive often serves as a complement of #nōlō# or #volō# (2168).

Thus, in old Latin, #nōlītō dēvellisse#, Pl. _Poen._ 872, _do not have had it plucked_. Particularly so when dependent on #nē velit# or #nē vellet#, in legal style: as, #nē quis convēnisse sacrōrum causā velit#, L. 39, 14, 8, _that nobody may presume to have banded with others for the observance of the mysteries_. BACAS · VIR · NEQVIS · ADIESE · VELET, CIL. I, 196, 7, inscription of 186 B.C., _that no male should presume to have had resort to the Bacchants_ (765; 48). #nē quid ēmisse velit īnsciente dominō#, Cato, _RR._ 5, 4, _he must not venture to have bought anything without his master’s knowledge_, of a head farm-steward.

2225. In poetry of the Augustan age, the complementary perfect infinitive active is sometimes dependent on a verb of will or effort, such as #cūrō#, #labōrō#, #tendō#: as, #tendentēs opācō Pēlion inposuisse Olympō#, H. 3, 4, 51, _on shadowy Olympus striving Pelion to have piled_.

2226. Any past tense of the indicative, when made dependent on a verb of perceiving, knowing, thinking, or saying, is represented by the perfect infinitive.

Thus, in #Theophrastus scrībit Cīmōnem hospitālem fuisse: ita enim vīlicīs imperāvisse, ut omnia praebērentur#, _Off._ 2, 64, _Theophrastus says in his book that Cimon was the soul of hospitality: he had directed his stewards to furnish everything required_; the #fuisse# represents #erat# or #fuit#, and the #imperāvisse# may represent #imperābat#, #imperāvit#, or perhaps #imperāverat#, of direct discourse. #praecō dīxisse prōnūntiat#, _V._ 2, 75, _the crier proclaims ‘speaking finished’_ (1605).

2227. The perfect infinitive passive with #fuisse# denotes a past resulting state: as,

#dīcō Mithridātī cōpiās omnibus rēbus ōrnātās atque īnstrūctās fuisse, urbemque obsessam esse#, _IP._ 20, _I must tell you that Mithridates’s troops were completely armed and equipped, and that the town was under siege_. Here #ōrnātās fuisse# represents #ōrnātae erant# (1615), and #obsessam esse# represents #obsidēbātur# (1595).

2228. (1.) The perfect active infinitive is sometimes used with #nōlō# or #volō#, especially in poetry, when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb (2189): as,

#hanc tē ad cēterās virtūtēs adiēcisse velim#, L. 30, 14, 6, _I only wish you had this good quality added to the rest_.

2229. (2.) #volō# often has an emphatic perfect passive infinitive, usually without #esse# (2230); less frequently #cupiō# and rarely #nōlō#: as,

#factum volō#, Pl. _B._ 495, _As._ 685, _I want it done_, i.e. I will. #illōs monitōs etiam atque etiam volō#, _C._ 2, 27, _I want those people cautioned over and over_. Particularly common in Cicero, not in Caesar or Sallust. Also with impersonal infinitives (1479): as #oblīvīscere illum adversāriō tuō voluisse cōnsultum#, _Att._ 16, 16^c, 10, _you must forget that the man wanted your enemy provided for_.

2230. The perfect infinitive passive or deponent, commonly without #esse#, is often used in Plautus, Terence, and Cicero, by assimilation with past tenses of verbs of propriety, such as #aequum est#, #convenit#, #decet#, and #oportet#: as, #nōn oportuit relīctās#, T. _Hau._ 247, _they shouldn’t have been left_. #tē Iovī comprecātam oportuit#, Pl. _Am._ 739, _you should have said your prayers to Jove_. The perfect active is less common: as, #cāvisse oportuit#, Pl. _Am._ 944, _you should have been upon your guard_. For #volō#, #cupiō#, #nōlō#, see 2229.

2231. The perfect infinitive of completed action is very common with such expressions as #satis est#, #satis habeō#, #iuvat#, #melius est#, #paenitet#, &c., also with verbs of emotion, such as #gaudeō#, &c.: as, #mē quoque iuvat ad fīnem bellī Pūnicī pervēnisse#, L. 31, 1, 1, _I am delighted myself to have reached the end of the Punic war_. Oftentimes, however, in verse, the use of the perfect is partly due to the metre.

THE FUTURE TENSE.

2232. The future infinitive is only used as a representative of the indicative, and not as a substantive.

2233. For the future infinitive active or passive, a circumlocution with #fore# or #futūrum esse# with #ut# and the subjunctive present or imperfect is often used. This construction is necessary when the verb has no future participle or supine: as,

#spērō fore ut contingat id nōbīs#, _TD._ 1, 82, _I hope we may be so fortunate_. #clāmābant fore ut ipsī sē dī ulcīscerentur#, _V._ 4, 87, _they cried out that the gods would avenge themselves_.

2234. #fore# with the perfect participle of a passive or deponent, represents the future perfect of direct discourse: as, #dēbellātum mox fore rēbantur#, L. 23, 13, 6, _they thought the war would soon be over_.

2235. (1.) The future infinitive is commonly used with #iūrō#, #minor#, #polliceor#, #prōmittō#, and #spērō#, especially when the leading verb and the infinitive have the same subject: as,