Part 17

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. | | sum esse (fuī) ---- | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | sum, _I am_ | sumus, _we are_ | | es, _thou art_ | estis, _you are_ | | est, _he is_ | sunt, _they are_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | eram, _I was_ | erāmus, _we were_ | | erās, _thou wert_ | erātis, _you were_ | | erat, _he was_ | erant, _they were_ | | | | FUTURE TENSE. | | erō, _I shall be_ | erimus, _we shall be_ | | eris, _thou wilt be_ | eritis, _you will be_ | | erit, _he will be_ | erunt, _they will be_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | fuī, _I have been_, | fuimus, _we have been_, | | or _was_ | or _were_ | | fuistī, _thou hast been_, | fuistis, _you have been_, | | or _wert_ | or _were_ | | fuit, _he has been_, | fuērunt or -re, | | or _was_ | _they have been_, or _were_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | fueram, _I had been_ | fuerāmus, _we had been_ | | fuerās, _thou hadst been_ | fuerātis, _you had been_ | | fuerat, _he had been_ | fuerant, _they had been_ | | | | FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. | | fuerō, _I shall have been_ | fuerimus, _we shall have been_ | | fueris, _thou wilt have been_ | fueritis, _you will have been_ | | fuerit, _he will have been_ | fuerint, _they will have been_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | sim, _may I be_ | sīmus, _let us be_ | | sīs, _mayst thou be_ | sītis, _be you_, _may you be_ | | sit, _let him be_, _may he be_ | sint, _let them be_, | | | _may they be_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | essem, _I should be_ | essēmus, _we should be_ | | essēs, _thou wouldst be_ | essētis, _you would be_ | | esset, _he would be_ | essent, _they would be_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | fuerim, _I may have been_ | fuerīmus, _we may have been_ | | fuerīs, _thou mayst have been_ | fuerītis, _you may have been_ | | fuerit, _he may have been_ | fuerīnt, _they may have been_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | fuissem, | fuissēmus, | | _I should have been_ | _we should have been_ | | fuissēs, | fuissētis, | | _thou wouldst have been_ | _you would have been_ | | fuisset, | fuissent, | | _he would have been_ | _they would have been_ | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | es or estō, _be thou_, | este or estōte, _be you_, | | _thou shalt be_ | _you shall be_ | | estō, _he shall be_ | suntō, _they shall be_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NOUNS OF THE VERB. | | | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ esse, _to be_ | _Pres._ See 749 | | _Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_ | _Perf._ ---- | | _Fut._ futūrus esse, | _Fut._ futūrus, _going to be_ | | _to be going to be_ | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+

746. For the first person #sum#, Varro mentions #esum# as an archaic form. This #e# was probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms; for the #-m#, and for #es#, see 728. For #sim#, &c., and #siem#, &c., see 841. In the imperfect #eram#, &c., and the future #erō#, &c., #s# has become #r# (154).

747. The indicative and imperative #es# is for older #ess# (171, 1), and is regularly used long by Plautus and Terence. The #e# of #es# and #est# is not pronounced after a vowel or #-m#, and is often omitted in writing: as #experrēcta es#, pronounced #experrēctas#; #epistula est#, pronounced #epistulast#; #cōnsilium est#, pronounced #cōnsiliumst#. In the dramatists, #-s# preceded by a vowel, which is usually short, unites with a following #es# or #est#: thus, #tū servos es# becomes #tū servos#; #similis est#, #similist#; #virtūs est#, #virtūst#; #rēs est#, #rēst#.

748. Old forms are: SONT (inscr. about 120 B.C.); with suffix #-scō# (834), #escit# (for #*esscit#), _gets to be_, _will be_, #escunt#; present subjunctive, #siem#, #siēs#, #siet#, and #sient# (841), common in inscriptions down to 100 B.C., and in old verse; also in compounds; imperative #estōd# rare.

749. The present participle is used only as an adjective. It has two forms: #sontem# (accusative, no nominative), which has entirely lost its original meaning of _being_, _actual_, _the real man_, and has only the secondary meaning of _guilty_, and #īnsōns#, _innocent_; and #-sēns# in #absēns#, _away_, #praesēns#, _at hand_, #dī cōnsentēs#, _gods collective_; also once INSENTIBVS. #sum# has no gerund or gerundive.

750. A subjunctive present #fuam#, #fuās#, #fuat#, and #fuant# occurs in old Latin; and an imperfect #forem#, #forēs#, #foret#, and #forent#, in all periods. The present infinitive #fore#, _to get to be_, _become_, has a future meaning. Old forms in the perfect system are FVVEIT (29, 1), FVET; #fūit#, #fūimus#, #fūerim#, #fūerit#, #fūerint#, #fūisset# (Plaut., Enn.). #fuī# has no perfect participle or supine.

751. #possum#, _can_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Principal parts: possum, posse; (potuī, see 875.) | +---------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | possum, potes, | possumus, potestis, | | | potest | possunt | | _Imp._ | poteram, poterās, | poterāmus, poterātis, | | | poterat | poterant | | _Fut._ | poterō, poteris, | poterimus, poteritis, | | | poterit | poterunt | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | | _Pres._ | possim, possīs, possit | possīmus, possītis, possint | | _Imp._ | possem, possēs, posset | possēmus, possētis, possent | | | | +---------+-------------------------+------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ | posse | ---- | +---------+-------------------------+------------------------------+

752. #possum# is formed from #pote#, _able_, and #sum#, juxtaposed (166, 2; 396). The separate forms #potis sum#, &c., or #pote sum#, &c., are also used, and sometimes even #potis# or #pote# alone takes the place of a verb; in either case #potis# and #pote# are indeclinable, and are applied to gender words and neuters both.

753. #t# is retained before a vowel, except in #possem#, &c., for #potessem#, &c., and in #posse#; #t# before #s# changes to #s# (166, 2). Old forms are: #possiem#, &c., (748), #potessem#, #potisset#, #potesse#. Rare forms are POTESTO (inscr. 58 B.C.), and passives, as #potestur#, &c., with a passive infinitive (1484). #possum# has no participles; the perfect system, #potuī#, &c., is like #fuī#, &c. (745).

(2.) #dō#, _give_, _put_ (#dā-#, #da-#).

754. There are two verbs #dō#, one meaning _give_, and one meaning _put_. The #dō# meaning _put_ is oftenest used in compounds; the simple verb has been crowded out by #pōnō#. The present system of #dō# is as follows:

+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Principal parts: dō, dare, dedī, datus. | +---------+-------------------------------------------------+ | | ACTIVE VOICE. | | | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | dō, dās, dat | damus, datis, dant | | _Imp._ | dabam, dabās, dabat | dabāmus, dabātis, dabant | | _Fut._ | dabō, dabis, dabit | dabimus, dabitis, dabunt | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | | _Pres._ | dem, dēs, det | dēmus, dētis, dent | | _Imp._ | darem, darēs, daret | darēmus, darētis, darent | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | | dā or datō, datō | date or datōte, dantō | +---------+-------------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ | dare | dāns | | | | | | | GERUND. | | | _Gen._ | dandī, &c. | | +---------+-------------------------------------------------+ | | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | ----, | damur, | | | daris or -re, | daminī, | | | datur | dantur | | _Imp._ | dabar, | dabāmur, | | | dabāre or -ris, | dabāminī, | | | dabātur | dabantur | | _Fut._ | dabor, | dabimur, | | | dabere or -ris, | dabiminī, | | | dabitur | dabuntur | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | | _Pres._ | ----, | ----, | | | dēre or -ris, | dēminī, | | | dētur | dentur | | _Imp._ | darer, | darēmur, | | | darēre or -ris, | darēminī, | | | darētur | darentur | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | | dare or dator, dator | daminī, dantor | | | | +---------+-------------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | | _Pres._ | darī | dandus | +---------+-------------------------------------------------+

755. In the present system #a# is short throughout in the first syllable, except in #dās# and #dā#. For #dedī#, #datus#, and supines #datum#, #datū#, see 859 and 900.

756. Old forms: #danunt# of uncertain origin (833) for #dant#. From another form of the root come #duis#, #duit#; #interduō#, #concrēduō#, perfect #concrēduī#; subjunctive #duim#, #duīs# (#duās#), #duit# and #duint# (841), and compounds, used especially in law language, and in praying and cursing; #crēduam#, #crēduās# or #crēduīs#, #crēduat# or #crēduit#.

757. Real compounds of #dō# have a present system like #regō# (782); in the perfect and the perfect participle, #e# and #a# become #i#: as, #abdō#, _put away_, #abdere#, #abdidī#, #abditus#; #crēdō#, _put trust in_. #perdō#, _fordo_, _destroy_, and #vēndō#, _put for sale_, have gerundives #perdendus#, #vēndundus#, and perfect participles #perditus#, #vēnditus#; the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pereō and #vēneō#. #reddō#, _give back_, has future #reddibō# 3 times (Plaut.). In the apparent compounds with #circum#, #pessum#, #satis#, and #vēnum#, #dō# remains without change, as in 754.

[Erratum: 756. . missing]

(3.) #bibō#, #serō#, and #sistō#.

758. #bibō#, _drink_, #serō#, _sow_ (for #*si-sō#, 154), and #sistō#, _set_, form their present stem by reduplication of the root (189). The vowel before the person endings is the root vowel, which becomes variable, like a formative vowel (824). These verbs have the present system like #regō# (782).

(_b._) WITH THE BARE ROOT IN PARTS.

#inquam#, #eō#, and #queō#.

759. #inquam#, #eō#, and #queō# have the bare root as present stem, in almost all their parts; in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel (829).

(1.) #inquam#, _say I_, _quoth I_.

760. #inquam#, _say I_, is chiefly used in quoting a person’s direct words; and, from its meaning, is naturally very defective. The only parts in common use are the following:

+---------------------------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | inquam, inquis, inquit | ----, ----, inquiunt | | _Fut._ | ----, inquiēs, inquiet | ----, ----, ---- | +---------------------------------------------------------+

761. Rare forms are: subjunctive #inquiat# (Cornif.), indicative imperfect #inquiēbat# (Cic.), used twice each; indicative present #inquimus# (Hor.), perfect #inquiī# (Catull.), #inquīstī# (Cic.), once each; imperative #inque#, 4 times (Plaut. 2, Ter. 2), #inquitō#, 3 times (Plaut.). For #inquam#, see 728.

762. (2.) #eō#, _go_ (#ī-# for #ei-#, #i-#)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Principal parts: eō, īre, iī, itum. | +---------+-------------------------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | eō, īs, it | īmus, ītis, eunt | | _Imp._ | ībam, ībās, ībat | ībāmus, ībātis, ībant | | _Fut._ | ībō, ībis, ībit | ībimus, ībitis, ībunt | | _Perf._ | iī, īstī, iīt or īt | iimus, īstis, iērunt or -re | | | | | | _Plup._ | ieram, ierās, ierat | ierāmus, ierātis, ierant | | _F. P._ | ierō, ieris, ierit | ierimus, ieritis, ierint | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | | _Pres._ | eam, eās, eat | eāmus, eātis, eant | | _Imp._ | īrem, īrēs, īret | īrēmus, īrētis, īrent | | _Perf._ | ierim, ierīs, ierit | ierīmus, ierītis, ierint | | _Plup._ | īssem, īssēs, īsset | īssēmus, īssētis, īssent | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | | ī or ītō, ītō | īte or ītōte, euntō | +---------+-------------------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ | īre | iēns, _Gen._ euntis | | _Perf._ | īsse | itum | | _Fut._ | itūrus esse | itūrus | | | | | | GERUND. | SUPINE. | | _Gen._ | eundī | | | _Dat._ | eundō | | | _Acc._ | eundum | ---- | | _Abl._ | eundō | ---- | +---------+-------------------------------------------------------+

763. The passive is only used impersonally, and has a neuter gerundive #eundum# and participle #itum#; but transitive compounds, as #adeō#, _go up to_, have a complete passive: as, #adeor#, #adīris#, &c. #ambiō#, _go round_, _canvass_, follows denominatives in #-īre# (796), but has once or twice the imperfect #ambībat#, #ambībant#, #ambībātur# (Liv., Tac., Plin. _Ep._), and once the future #ambībunt# (Plin.); future perfect #ambīssit#, #ambīssint#, once each (prol. Plaut.).

764. The #ī# is weakened from #ei# (98): as, #eis#, #eit#, #eite#, #abeis#, #abei# (Plaut.); EITVR, ABEI, ADEITVR (inscr. 130 B.C.), VENEIRE (49 B.C.), PRAETEREIS. Before #o#, #u#, or #a#, the root becomes #e#. For #u# in #euntis#, see 902.

765. Old forms are: #īerō# (Plaut.), #īī#, #īerant# (Ter.), once each (126); in an inscription of 186 B.C., ADIESET, ADIESENT, ADIESE, and of 146 B.C., REDIEIT (29, 2; 132); INTERIEISTI. A future in #-iet#, as #trānsiet# (Sen.), is late and rare.

766. A double #i# is found in #iissēs# and #iisset# once each (_Ciris_, Nepos), also sometimes in compounds of these forms: as #rediissēs#, #interiisset#. Compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative: as, #abiisse#, #abiistī#; also in #rediistis# once (Stat.). In the first person of the perfect indicative a single long #ī# is found rarely in late writers in the singular: as, #adī# (Val. Fl.).

767. A few examples are found of a perfect system with #v#, as #īvī#, &c. This form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose.

(_a_) Examples of simple forms with #v# are: #īvisse# (Plaut.), #īvit# (Cato), #īvī# (Varro), #īverat# (Catull.). (_b_) Compound forms: #exīvī# (Plaut.), #obīvit# (Verg.), #subīvit# (Stat.); #trānsīvisse# (Claud. ap. Tac.), #inīvimus#, #trānsīvī#, #trānsīvimus# (Curt.), #trānsīvit#, #trānsīverant# (Sen.), #exīvit# (Gell.). Apparent compounds (396): #īntrō īvit# (C. Gracch., Piso, Gell.).

(3.) #queō#, _can_.

768. #queō#, _can_, and #nequeō#, _can’t_, have the perfect #quīvī#, the rest like #eō# (762); but they have no imperative, gerundive, or future participle, and the present participle is rare. #queō# is commonly used with a negative, and some parts only so. Passive forms are rare, and only used with a passive infinitive (1484).

#edō#; #volō# (#nōlō#, #mālō#) and #ferō#.

(1.) #edō#, _eat_ (#ed-#, #ēd-#).

769. #edō#, _eat_, has a present system with a formative vowel like #regō# throughout (782); but in some parts of the present, and of the imperfect subjunctive, parallel root forms are usually found, with #d# of the root changed to #s#, and the vowel lengthened (135), as may be seen in the following:

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Principal parts: edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus. | +---------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | edō, ēs or edis, | edimus, ēstis or editis, | | | ēst or edit | edunt | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | | _Pres._ | edim, edīs, edit | edīmus, edītis, edint | | | or | or | | | edam, edās, edat | edāmus, edātis, edant | | _Imp._ | ēssem, ēssēs, ēsset | ēssēmus, ----, ēssent | | | or | or | | | ederem, ederēs, ederet | ederēmus, ederētis, ederent | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | | ēs or ede, | ēste or edite | | | ēstō or editō | | +---------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ | ēsse | edēns | +---------+--------------------------------------------------------+

770. For #ēs#, see 728; for #edim#, &c., 841. In the passive, the indicative present #ēstur# is used, and imperfect subjunctive #ēssētur#. The perfect participle #ēsus# is for an older #ēssus# (170, 7). Supines #ēssum#, #ēssū# (Plaut.).