Part 60

1 ūnus, _one_ (638) prīmus, _first_ (643) singulī, _one each_ (643) semel, _once_ I 2 duo, _two_ (639) secundus, _second_ bīnī, _two each_ bis, _twice_ II 3 trēs, _three_ (639) tertius, _third_ ternī, trīnī, _three each_ ter, _thrice_ III 4 quattuor, _four_ quārtus, _fourth_ quaternī, _four each_ quater, _four times_ IIII or IV 5 quīnque, _five_ quīntus, _fifth_ quīnī, _five each_ quīnquiēns, _five times_ V 6 sex, _six_ sextus, _sixth_ sēnī, _six each_ sexiēns, _six times_ VI 7 septem, _seven_ septimus, _seventh_ septēnī, _seven each_ septiēns, _seven times_ VII 8 octō, _eight_ octāvus, _eighth_ octōnī, _eight each_ octiēns, _eight times_ VIII 9 novem, _nine_ nōnus, _ninth_ novēnī, _nine each_ noviēns, _nine times_ VIIII or IX 10 decem, _ten_ decimus, _tenth_ dēnī, _ten each_ deciēns, _ten times_ X 11 ūndecim, _eleven_ ūndecimus, _eleventh_ ūndēnī, _eleven each_ ūndeciēns, _eleven times_ XI 12 duodecim duodecimus duodēnī duodeciēns XII 13 tredecim tertius decimus ternī dēnī terdeciēns XIII 14 quattuordecim quārtus decimus quaternī dēnī quater deciēns XIIII or XIV 15 quīndecim quīntus decimus quīnī dēnī quīndeciēns XV 16 sēdecim sextus decimus sēnī dēnī sēdeciēns XVI 17 septendecim septimus decimus septēni dēnī septiēns deciēns XVII 18 duodēvīgintī duodēvīcēsimus duodēvīcēnī octiēns deciēns XVIII 19 ūndēvīgintī ūndēvīcēsimus ūndēvīcēnī noviēns deciēns XVIIII or XIX 20 vīgintī, _twenty_ vīcēsimus, _twentieth_ vīcēnī, _twenty each_ vīciēns, _twenty times_ XX 21 vīgintī ūnus or ūnus et vīgintī vīcēsimus prīmus or ūnus et vīcēsimus vīcēnī singulī or singulī et vīcēnī vīciēns semel or semel et vīciēns XXI 22 vīgintī duo or duo et vīgintī vīcēsimus alter or alter et vīcēsimus vīcēnī bīnī or bīnī et vīcēnī vīciēns bis or bis et vīciēns XXII 28 duodētrīgintā duodētrīcēsimus duodētrīcēnī duodētrīciēns XXVIII 29 ūndētrīgintā ūndētrīcēsimus ūndētrīcēnī *ūndētrīciēns XXVIIII or XXIX 30 trīgintā trīcēsimus trīcēnī trīciēns XXX 40 quadrāgintā quadrāgēsimus quadrāgēnī quadrāgiēns XXXX or Xↆ 50 quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēsimus quīnquāgēnī quīnquāgiēns ↆ 60 sexāgintā sexāgēsimus sexāgēnī sexāgiēns ↆX 70 septuāgintā septuāgēsimus septuāgēnī septuāgiēns ↆXX 80 octōgintā octōgēsimus octōgēnī octōgiēns ↆXXX 90 nōnāgintā nōnāgēsimus nōnāgēnī nōnāgiēns ↆXXXX or XC 99 ūndēcentum ūndēcentēsimus ūndēcentēnī *ūndēcentiēns ↆXXXXVIIII or XCIX 100 centum, _one hundred_ centēsimus, _one hundredth_ centēnī, _a hundred each_ centiēns, _a hundred times_ C 101 centum ūnus or centum et ūnus centēsimus prīmus or centēsimus et prīmus centēnī singulī centiēns semel or centiēns et semel CI 200 ducentī (641) ducentēsimus ducēnī ducentiēns CC 300 trecentī trecentēsimus trecēnī trecentiēns CCC 400 quadringentī quadringentēsimus quadringēnī quadringentiēns CCCC 500 quīngentī quīngentēsimus quīngēnī quīngentiēns D 600 sescentī sescentēsimus sescēnī sescentiēns DC 700 septingentī septingentēsimus septingēnī septingentiēns DCC 800 octingentī octingentēsimus octingēnī octingentiēns DCCC 900 nōngentī nōngentēsimus nōngēnī nōngentiēns DCCCC 1,000 mīlle, _thousand_ (642) mīllēsimus, _thousandth_ singula mīllia, _a thousand each_ mīlliēns, _a thousand times_ ↀ 2,000 duo mīllia bis mīllēsimus bīna mīllia bis mīlliēns ↀↀ 5,000 quīnque mīllia quīnquiēns mīllēsimus quīna mīllia quīnquiēns mīlliēns ↁ 10,000 decem mīllia deciēns mīllēsimus dēna mīllia deciēns mīlliēns ↂ 50,000 quīnquāgintā mīllia quīnquāgiēns mīllēsimus quīnquāgēna mīllia quīnquāgiēns mīlliēns ↇ 100,000 centum mīllia centiēns mīllēsimus centēna mīllia centiēns mīlliēns ↈ 1,000,000 deciēns centēna mīllia deciēns centiēns mīllēsimus deciēns centēna mīllia deciēns centiēns mīlliēns [symbol]

[Erratum: 2405 ... quadringentēsimus quādringentēsimus]

[Transcriber’s Note: In this section, [--] represents a letter or image that could not be reproduced in plain text.]

NOTATION.

2406. Numbers are noted by combinations of the characters #I# = 1; #V# = 5; #X# = 10; ↆ, later [--], [--], or #L# = 50; #C# = 100; #D# = 500; ↀ or [--], post-Augustan M = 1000.

2407. Of these signs, #V# seems to be the half of #X#, which may be Etruscan in origin. The original signs for 50 and 1000 were taken from the Chalcidian Greek alphabet (18, 19), in which they represented sounds unknown to early Latin. Thus, ↆ, in the Chalcidian alphabet representing #ch# (49), was used by the early Romans for 50, and became successively [--], [--], and #L#. The form ↆ, is found very rarely, [--] oftener, in the Augustan period; [--] is common during the last century of the republic and in the early empire; L, due to assimilation with the Roman letter, appears in the last century of the republic. The sign for 1000 was originally ↀ (Chalcidian #ph#); it became [--] (the common classical form), [--], or [--]; the form #M# as a numeral appears in the second century A.D., although M is found much earlier as an abbreviation for #mīllia# in M · P, that is #mīllia passuum#. For 100, the sign Θ (Chalcidian #th#) may have been used originally; but C (the abbreviation for #centum#) came into use at an early period. The sign #D#, = 500, is the half of ↀ.

2408. To denote 10,000 the sign for 1000 was doubled: thus, ↂ, written also [--], [--], [--]. Another circle was added to denote 100,000: thus, ↈ, written also [--], [--], [--]. The halves of these signs were used for 5000 and 50,000: thus, ↁ and ↇ; variations of these last two signs are found, corresponding to the variations of the signs of which they are the halves.

2409. From the last century of the republic on, thousands are sometimes indicated by a line drawn above a numeral, and hundreds of thousands by three lines enclosing a numeral: as, #V̅# = 5000; [--] = 1,000,000.

2410. To distinguish numerals from ordinary letters, a line is often drawn above them: as, #V͞I# = 6. This practice is common in the Augustan period; earlier, a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral, as, [--] = 2; [--] = 500.

2411. Of the two methods of writing the symbols for 4, 9, 14, 19, &c., the method by subtraction (#IV#, #IX#, #XIV#, #XIX#, &c.) is rarer, and is characteristic of private, not public inscriptions.

[Erratum: 2410 ... a line is sometimes drawn across the numeral _examples show that “across” means “through”, not “above”_]

SOME FORMS OF NUMERALS.

2412. #quīnctus#, the older form of #quīntus# (170, 4) is sometimes found in old and even in classical writers. Instead of #septimus# and #decimus#, the older #septumus# and #decumus# are not uncommon (28).

2413. In the ordinals from _twentieth_ upwards, the older forms #vīcēnsumus# or #vīcēnsimus#, #trīcēnsumus# or #trīcēnsimus#, &c., &c., are not infrequently found instead of #vīcēsimus#, #trīcēsimus#, &c., &c. (63; 28).

2414. In the numeral adverbs from #quīnquiēns# upwards, later forms in #-īēs# (63) are often found: as, #quīnquiēs#, #deciēs#, &c., &c.

2415. In cardinals and ordinals from _thirteen_ to _seventeen_ inclusive, the larger number sometimes comes first, and in cardinals #et# is sometimes used, though rarely in Cicero.

#decem trēs#, L. 37, 30, 7, _thirteen_. #fundōs decem et trēs relīquit#, _RA_. 20, _he left thirteen farms_. Rarely the smaller number comes first with #et#: as, #dē tribus et decem fundīs#, _RA_. 99, _of the thirteen farms_.

2416. Numbers from 18 to 99 inclusive which end in 8 or 9 are usually expressed by subtraction, as in the list (2405); less frequently (not in Cicero, rarely in classical writers) by addition: as, #decem et octō#, 4, 19, 4; #decem novem#, Ta. _H._ 2, 58.

2417. In compound numbers from _twenty-one_ to _ninety-seven_ inclusive, except those which end in _eight_ or _nine_ (2416), the smaller number with et usually comes first or the larger number without #et#, as in the list. But rarely the larger number comes first with #et#: as, #vīgintī et septem#, _V._ 4, 123, _twenty and seven_.

2418. In numbers from a _hundred and one_ upwards, the larger number comes first, either with or without #et#; but with distributives #et# is not used. With cardinals and ordinals the smaller number sometimes comes first with #et#; as, #iīs rēgiīs quadrāgintā annīs et ducentīs praeteritīs#, _RP_. 2, 52, _after these two hundred and forty years of monarchy were ended_.

SOME USES OF NUMERALS.

CARDINALS AND ORDINALS.

2419. Dates are expressed either by cardinals with a plural substantive or by ordinals with a singular substantive: as,

#dictātor factus est annīs post Rōmam conditam CCCCXV#, _Fam._ 9, 21, 2, _he was made dictator_ 415 U. C. (1393). #annō trecentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō post Rōmam conditam, Nōnīs Iūnīs#, _RP_. 1, 25, _on the 5th of June_, 350 U. C. (1350). The ordinal is also used with a substantive not used in the singular: as, #mancipia vēnībant Sāturnālibus tertiīs#, _Att._ 5, 20, 5, _the slaves were sold on the third day of the Saturnalia_. As the Romans, however, had no fixed official era, they had no dates in the modern sense, and marked the year by the names of the consuls.

DISTRIBUTIVES.

2420. Distributives are used to denote an equal division among several persons or things, and in expressions of multiplication: as,

#bīnī senātōrēs singulīs cohortibus praepositī#, L. 3, 69, 8, _two senators were put over every cohort_: sometimes when #singulī# is added, the cardinal is used, thus: #singulīs cēnsōribus dēnāriī trecentī imperātī sunt#, _V._ 2, 137, _every censor was assessed 300 denars_. #bis bīna#, _DN_. 2, 49, _twice two_. Poets use multiplication freely, partly for variety, but mainly from metrical necessity.

2421. Distributives are also used with substantives which have no singular, or which have a different meaning in the singular; but in this use _one_ is always #ūnī#, not #singulī#, and _three_ is often #trīnī#, not #ternī#: as,

#ut ūna castra iam facta ex bīnīs vidērentur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 74, 4, _so that one camp seemed now to have been formed out of two_. #trīnīs catēnīs vinctus#, 1, 53, 5, _in triple irons_. Similarly with things in pairs, as: #bovēs bīnī#, Pl. _Pers._ 317, _a yoke of oxen_.

2422. Poets sometimes use the singular of distributives: as, #centēnāque arbore flūctum verberat#, V. 10, 207, _and with a hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites_. #duplicī nātūrā et corpore bīnō#, Lucr. 5, 879, _twynatured and of body twain_. The plural is sometimes used in verse for the cardinal: #centum bracchia . . . centēnāsque manūs#, V. 10, 565, _a hundred arms . . . and hundred hands_.

OTHER NUMERALS.

2423. Other numerical adjectives are _multiplicatives_, ending in #-plex#; they are: #simplex#, _onefold_, _simple_, #sēscuplex#, _one and a half fold_, #duplex#, #triplex#, #quadruplex#, #quīncuplex#, #septemplex#, #decemplex#, #centuplex#; and _proportionals_, used mostly in the neuter as substantives: #duplus#, _twice as great_, #triplus#, _three times as great_, #quadruplus#, #septuplus#, #octuplus#. Besides these there are other adjectives derived from numerals: as, #prīmānus#, _soldier of the first_: #prīmārius#, _first rate_: #bīmus#, _twinter_, _two-year-old_; &c., &c.

EXPRESSION OF FRACTIONS.

2424. _One half_ may be expressed by #dīmidium# or #dīmidia pars#; other fractions with 1 as a numerator by ordinals, with or without #pars#: as, #tertia pars# or #tertia#, 1/3.

2425. If the numerator is greater than 1 it is usually expressed by the cardinal feminine, with the ordinal feminine for the denominator: as, #duae septimae#, 2/7. But besides these forms there are others, namely:

2426. (1.) Fractions with a numerator less by 1 than the denominator, except 1/2, may be expressed by cardinals with #partēs#, as, #duae partēs#, 2/3; #trēs partēs#, 3/4; #quattuor partēs#, 4/5.

2427. (2.) Fractions with 12 or its multiples as a denominator are expressed in business language by the parts of an #ās#: thus,

1/12, uncia 1/6, sextāns 1/4, quadrāns 1/3, triēns 5/12, quīncunx 1/2, sēmis 7/12, septunx 2/3, bēs 3/4, dōdrāns 5/6, dēxtāns 11/12, deūnx 12/12, ās

#ex āsse hērēs#, Quintil. 7, 1, 20, _heir to the whole_; #relīquit hērēdēs ex bēsse nepōtem, ex tertiā parte neptem#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 24, 2, _she left her grandson heir to 2/3, her granddaughter to 1/3_. #hērēdem ex dōdrante#, N. 25, 5, 2, _heir to 3/4_.

2428. Sometimes fractions are expressed by addition: as, #dīmidia et quarta#, 3/4; #pars tertia et septima#, 10/21; sometimes by division of the denominator: as, #dīmidia quīnta#, 1/10.

(E.) PROSODY.

I. RULES OF QUANTITY.

(A.) IN CLASSICAL LATIN.

2429. The length of the vowel in some classes of syllables, as used in the classical period, may be conveniently fixed in the memory by the following rules. For the usage of older writers, see 126, 129, 132 and 2464-2472. For the general principles of length of vowels and syllables, see 33-41; 121-134; 177-178.

MONOSYLLABLES.

2430. Monosyllables ending in a vowel or a single consonant have the vowel long: as,

#dōs#, #sōl#; #ā# for #ab#; #ē# for #ex# or #ec-#, #pēs# for #*peds#; ablative #quā#, #quī#; #quīn# for #*quīne#; locative #sei#, commonly #sī#; #sīc# (708); dative and ablative plural #quīs# (688).

Exceptions.

2431. The vowel is short in:

2432. (_a._) Monosyllables ending in #b#, #d#, #m#, and #t#: as, #ab#, #ad#, #dum#, #dat#.

2433. (_b._) The indefinite #qua#, N. and Ac.; the enclitics #-que# (rarely #-quē#), #-ne#, #-ve#, #-ce#; and in the words #cor#, #fel#, #mel#; #os#, _bone_; #ac#, #vir#, #is#, #pol#, #quis# (N.); #fac#, #fer#, #per#, #ter#; #an#, #bis#, #in#, #cis#; #nec#, #vel#. N. #hīc# is rarely short (664). For the quantity of #es#, see 747.

POLYSYLLABLES.

PENULTS.

2434. Disyllabic perfects and perfect participles have the vowel of the penult long when it stands before a single consonant: as,

#vēnī#, #vīdī#, #vīcī# (862); #fōvī# (864), #fōtus# (917).

Exceptions.

2435. (_a._) Nine perfects have the penult short (859-861):

bibī, -fidī dedī, scidī stetī, stitī tulī, -tudī, per-culī.

2436. (_b._) Ten perfect participles have the penult short (918; see also 919):

citus, datus itum, ratus -rutus, satus situs, status litus, quitus.

FINAL SYLLABLES.

(1.) ENDING IN A VOWEL.

2437. In words of more than one syllable, final #a# and #e# are short; final #o#, #u#, and #i#, are long: as,

(_a._) N. #aquila#; Pl. N. and Ac. #oppida#, #cētera#, #omnia#.

(_b._) N. #ille#; N. and Ac. #rēte#; #impūne# (701); V. #bone#; Ab. #tempore#; Inf. #prōmere#; Imperat. #rege# (826); Pres. Ind. and Imperat. #querere#; Perf. #rēxēre#.

(_c._) N. #sermō#; D. and Ab. #verbō#; #vērō# (704). #iō#. #regō#, #erō#, #amābō#, #rēxerō# (826); #estō#.

(_d._) N. and Ac. #cornū# (587); D. and Ab. #metū# (590, 425, 593); #diū#.

(_e._) G. #frūmentī#; V. #Vergilī# (459); G. #domī# (594); D. #nūllī#, #orbī#; Ab. #sitī# (554). Imperat. #vestī# (845). Inf. #querī#, #locārī#; Ind. Perf. #rēxī# (856), #rēxistī#.

[Erratum: 2437a ... #oppida#, #cētera#, #omnia# omnīa]

Exceptions in #a#.

2438. (_a._) Final #a# is long in the ablative, in indeclinable words, and in the imperative: as,

(_a._) Ab. #mēnsā# (426).

(_b._) #quadrāgintā#; many indeclinable words are ablatives: as, #contrā#, #iūxtā#, (707). The indeclinable #heia#, #ita#, and #quia# (701), have short #a#.

(_c._) Imperat. #locā# (845). But #puta#, _for instance_, has short #a# (130, 4).

2439. (_b._) Final #a# is long in some Greek nominatives and vocatives: as, N. #Ēlectrā#; V. #Aenēā#, #Pallā#.

[Erratum: 2438c ... But #puta#, _for instance_, has short #a# (130, 4). short #a#.]

Exceptions in #e#.

2440. (_a._) Final #e# is long in cases of nouns with stems in #-ē-# (596), in adverbs from stems in #-o-#, and in the imperative singular active of verbs in #-ēre#: as,

(_a._) #diē# (G., D., or Ab.), #hodiē#, #prīdiē#; see also 603.

(_b._) #altē# (705); also #ferē#, #fermē# and #ohē# or #ōhē#; but #e# is always short in #bene# and #male#; #īnferne# and #superne#.

(_c._) #docē# (845); for #cave#, see 130, 4.

2441. (_b._) Final #e# is long in the endings of some Greek nouns: as, N. #crambē#, #Circē#; V. #Alcīdē#; Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #cētē#, #melē#, #pelagē#, #tempē#.

Exceptions in #o#.

2442. (_a._) Final #o# is short in the nominatives #ego#, #duo#. It is sometimes shortened in #homo# (130, 3) and in the nominative of other stems in #-n-# (484, 485): as, #mentio#, #Nāso#, #virgo#. #o# is regularly short in #endo#, in the ablatives #cito# and #modo#, used as adverbs, and in many other words in late poetry: as, #īlico#, #immo#, #ergo#, #quando#, #octo#, &c.; very rarely in the ablative of the gerund.

2443. (_b._) Before Ovid, #o# of the present indicative is regularly long. It is shortened only in the following words (130, 3): in

volo, six times (Cat., 4 times; Hor., Prop.). scio, twice (Verg.). nescio, six times (Verg., twice; Hor., twice; Tib., Prop.);

and once each in #eo# and #veto# (Hor.), #dēsino# (Tib.), and #findo# (Prop.). From Ovid on, short #o# is not uncommon.

Short #o# in other forms of the verb is rare: as, #dīxero# (Hor.); #esto#, #ero#, #dabo# (Ov.); but #o# is always short in the imperative #cedo#, _give_, _tell_.

Exceptions in #u#.

2444. Final #u# is short in #indu# and #noenu#.

Exceptions in #i#.

2445. (_a._) Final #i# is short in #nisi#, #quasi#, and #sīcuti#; also in the endings of some Greek nouns: as N. and Ac. #sināpi#; V. #Pari#, #Amarylli#; D. #Paridi#, #Minōidi#; Pl. D. #Trōasi#.

2446. (_b._) Final #i# is common in #mihī̆#, #tibī̆#, #sibī̆#; #ibī̆#, #ubī̆# (129, 2).

[Errata: 2445a ... Final #i# is short in #nisi#, #quasi#, and #sīcuti# _text unchanged, but form “sīcutī” with long ī occurs at least twice in this book_]

(2.) ENDING IN A SINGLE CONSONANT NOT #s#.

2447. A final syllable ending in a single consonant not #s# has its vowel short: as,

#dōnec#. #illud#. #animal# (536); #semel#. #agmen#. #calcar# (537); #soror#, #stultior# (132). #moror#, #loquar#, #fatēbor# (132); #regitur#, #regimur#, #reguntur#. #regit# (826); #amat#, #sciat#, #pōnēbat#; #tinnit#, #possit#; #iacet#, #neget#, #esset# (132).

Exceptions.

2448. (_a._) The last vowel is long in #allēc#, and in compounds of #pār#; in the contracted genitive plural of stems in #-u-#: as #currūm#; in all cases of #illic# and #istic# except the nominative masculine, in the adverbs #illūc# and #istūc#, and sometimes in #nihī̆l#. Also in the endings of some Greek nouns: as, N. #āēr#, #aethēr#, #sīrēn#; Ac. #Aenēān#.

2449. (_b._) In the short form of the genitive plural of stems in #-o-# and #-ā-#, the vowel was originally long, but afterwards short: as, #dīvŏ̄m# (462), #caelicolū̆m# (439).

2450. (_c._) The last vowel is long in #iīt# and #petiīt# and their compounds.

(3.) ENDING IN #s#.

2451. Final syllables in #is# and #us# have the vowel short; those in #as#, #es#, and #os#, have the vowel long: as,

(_a._) N. #lapis#, #fīnis#; G. #lapidis#, #fīnis#; #magis#. Indic. Pres. #regis# (826); Fut. #eris# (851, 826), #eritis#, #locābis# (853, 826), #locābitis#.

(_b._) N. #dominus#; #currus#; N. and Ac. #tempus#; #prius#; #rēgibus#; #īmus#; #regimus#.

(_c._) #aetās#; Pl. Ac. #mēnsās# (424). Indic. Pres. #locās# (840); Imp. #erās# (848); #regēbās# (847); Plup. #rēxerās# (880); Subj. Pres. #regās#, #vestiās#, #doceās# (842).

(_d._) N. #hērēs#; #sēdēs#; #nūbēs#; #Cerēs#; #fidēs#; Pl. N. and Ac. #rēgēs# (424); Indic. Pres. #docēs# (840); Fut. #regēs# (852); Subj. Pres. #siēs# (841); #locēs# (843); Imp. #essēs# (850); #regerēs# (849); Plup. #rēxissēs# (881).

(_e._) N. #custōs#; #arbōs#; Pl. Ac. #ventōs# (424).

Exceptions in #is#.

2452. (_a._) Final #is# has #ī# in all plural cases: as,

N. and Ac. #omnīs#; D. and Ab. #viīs#, #locīs# (108, _a_), #vōbīs#. Also in the nominatives singular #Quirīs# and #Samnīs#, usually in #sanguī̆s# (486), and twice in #pulvī̆s#.

2453. (_b._) Final #is# has #ī# in the second person singular of verbs in #-īre#, in #māvīs#, in compounds of #sīs#, and in all present subjunctives singular: as, #duīs#, #edīs#, #velīs#, #mālīs#, #nōlīs#. For #-rī̆s# of the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect, see 877, 878, 883, 884.

Exceptions in #us#.

2454. #u# is long in the nominative singular of consonant stems with #ū# before the final stem consonant: as, #tellūs#, stem #tellūr-#; #palūs#, once #palus# (Hor.), stem #palūd-#; in the genitive singular and nominative and accusative plural of nouns with stems in #-u-#: as, #frūctūs#; and in the ending of some Greek names: as, N. #Panthūs#; G. #Sapphūs#.

Exceptions in #as#.

2455. Final #as# has short #a# in #anas# and in the ending of some Greek nouns: as, N. #Īlias#; Pl. Ac. #cratēras#.

Exceptions in #es#.

2456. Final #es# has short #e# in the nominative singular of stems in #-d-# and #-t-# which have the genitive in #-idis#, #-itis#, and #-etis# (475, 476): as, #praeses#, #teges#, #comes# (but #ē# in #abiēs#, #ariēs#, and #pariēs#), also, in #penes#, in compounds of #es#, _thou art_, and in the endings of some Greek nouns: as, N. #Cynosarges#; Pl. N. #Arcades#, #cratēres#.

Exceptions in #os#.

2457. Final #os# has short #o# in the nominative of stems in #-o-#: as, #servos#, #suos#, #Dēlos#; also in #compos#, #impos#, and #exos#; and in the endings of some Greek nouns: as, N. and Ac. #epos#; G. #chlamydos#, #Erīnyos#.

POSITION.

2458. For the general rule of position, see 177, 178; but, except in the thesis of a foot, a final syllable ending with a short vowel generally remains short before a word beginning with two consonants or a double consonant: as, #molliă strāta#, #nemorōsă Zacȳnthos#, #lūcĕ smaragdī#.

In Horace such a final syllable is never lengthened before a word beginning with two consonants.

HIDDEN QUANTITY.

2459. A vowel which stands before two consonants, or a double consonant, belonging to the same word, so that its natural quantity cannot be determined from the scansion of the word, is said to possess _Hidden Quantity_.