Part 19

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | regor, _I am ruled_ | regimur, _we are ruled_ | | regeris or -re, | | | _thou art ruled_ | regiminī, _you are ruled_ | | regitur, _he is ruled_ | reguntur, _they are ruled_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | regēbar, | regēbāmur, | | _I was ruled_ | _we were ruled_ | | regēbāre or -ris, | regēbāminī, | | _thou wert ruled_ | _you were ruled_ | | regēbātur, | regēbantur, | | _he was ruled_ | _they were ruled_ | | | | FUTURE TENSE. | | regar, | regēmur, | | _I shall be ruled_ | _we shall be ruled_ | | regēre or -ris, | regēminī, | | _thou wilt be ruled_ | _you will be ruled_ | | regētur, | regentur, | | _he will be ruled_ | _they will be ruled_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | rēctus sum, _I have been_, | rēctī sumus, _we have been_, | | or _was ruled_ | or _were ruled_ | | rēctus es, _thou hast been_, | rēctī estis, _you have been_, | | or _wert ruled_ | or _were ruled_ | | rēctus est, _he has been_, | rēctī sunt, _they have been_, | | or _was ruled_ | or _were ruled_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | rēctus eram, | rēctī erāmus, | | _I had been ruled_ | _we had been ruled_ | | rēctus erās, | rēctī erātis, | | _thou hadst been ruled_ | _you had been ruled_ | | rēctus erat, | rēctī erant, | | _he had been ruled_ | _they had been ruled_ | | | | FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. | | rēctus erō, | rēctī erimus, | | _I shall have been ruled_ | _we shall have been ruled_ | | rēctus eris, | rēctī eritis, | | _thou wilt have been ruled_ | _you will have been ruled_ | | rēctus erit, | rēctī erunt, | | _he will have been ruled_ | _they will have been ruled_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | regar, | regāmur, | | _may I be ruled_ | _may we be ruled_ | | regāre or -ris, | regāminī, | | _mayst thou be ruled_ | _may you be ruled_ | | regātur, | regantur, | | _let him be ruled_ | _let them be ruled_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | regerer, | regerēmur, | | _I should be ruled_ | _we should be ruled_ | | regerēre or -ris, | regerēminī, | | _thou wouldst be ruled_ | _you would be ruled_ | | regerētur, | regerentur, | | _he would be ruled_ | _they would be ruled_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | rēctus sim, | rēctī sīmus, | | _I may have been ruled_ | _we may have been ruled_ | | rēctus sīs, | rēctī sītis, | | _thou mayst have been ruled_ | _you may have been ruled_ | | rēctus sit, | rēctī sint, | | _he may have been ruled_ | _they may have been ruled_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | rēctus essem, | rēctī essēmus, | | _I should have been ruled_ | _we should have been ruled_ | | rēctus essēs, _thou wouldst | rēctī essētis, | | have been ruled_ | _you would have been ruled_ | | rēctus esset, | rēctī essent, | | _he would have been ruled_ | _they would have been ruled_ | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | regere or regitor, _be ruled_, | regiminī, | | _thou shalt be ruled_ | _be ruled_ | | regitor, | reguntor, | | _he shall be ruled_ | _they shall be ruled_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NOUNS OF THE VERB. | | | | INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | | _Pres._ regī, | regendus, _to be ruled_ | | _to be ruled_ | | | _Perf._ rēctus esse, | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. | | _to have been ruled_ | rēctus, _ruled_ | | _Fut._ *rēctum īrī, | | | _to be going to be ruled_, | | | not used (2273) | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+

VERBS IN #-iō#, #-ere#.

784. Verbs in #-iō#, #-ere#, as #capiō#, #capere#, _take_ (#cap-#), drop an #i# in some forms of the present and imperfect. The present system is as follows:

+---------+-------------------------------------------+ | | ACTIVE VOICE. | | | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | capiō, | capimus, | | | capis, | capitis, | | | capit | capiunt | | _Imp._ | capiēbam, | capiēbāmus, | | | capiēbās, | capiēbātis, | | | capiēbat | capiēbant | | _Fut._ | capiam, | capiēmus, | | | capiēs, | capiētis, | | | capiet | capient | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | _Pres._ | capiam, | capiāmus, | | | capiās, | capiātis, | | | capiat | capiant | | _Imp._ | caperem, | caperēmus, | | | caperēs, | caperētis, | | | caperet | caperent | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | | cape or capitō, | capite or capitōte, | | | capitō | capiuntō | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ | capere | capiēns | | | | | | | GERUND. | | | _Gen._ | capiendī, &c. | | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | capior, | capimur, | | | caperis or -re, | capiminī, | | | capitur | capiuntur | | _Imp._ | capiēbar, | capiēbāmur, | | | capiēbāre or -ris, | capiēbāminī, | | | capiēbātur | capiēbantur | | _Fut._ | capiar, | capiēmur, | | | capiēre or -ris, | capiēminī, | | | capiētur | capientur | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | _Pres._ | capiar, | capiāmur, | | | capiāre or -ris, | capiāminī, | | | capiātur | capiantur | | _Imp._ | caperer, | caperēmur, | | | caperēre or -ris, | caperēminī, | | | caperētur | caperentur | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | | capere or capitor, | capiminī, | | | capitor | capiuntor | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | | _Pres._ | capi | capiendus | +---------+-------------------------------------------+

785. There are a dozen verbs in #-īō#, #-ere#, like #capiō#, and three deponents in #-ior#, #-ī#, all formed from consonant roots with a short vowel: see 836. #aiō#, _say_, and #fīō#, _grow_, _become_, have certain peculiarities arising from the blending of the root with the suffix.

[Errata: 784 (table) ... capi printed as shown: error for capī? 785 ... verbs in #-īō#, printed as shown: error for -iō?]

(1.) #aiō#, _say_, _say ay_, _avouch_ (#ag-#).

786. #aiō#, _say_, is defective, and has only these parts in common use:

+---------------+-----------+-----------+ | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Ind. Pres._ | aiō, | ----, | | | ais, | ----, | | | ait | aiunt | | _Ind. Imp._ | aiēbam, | aiēbāmus, | | | aiēbās, | aiēbātis, | | | aiēbat | aiēbant | | _Subj. Pres._ | ----, | ----, | | | aiās, | ----, | | | aiāt | ---- | +---------------+-----------+-----------+

787. For #aiō#, sometimes written #aiiō# (23), see 153, 2. Old forms are: present #ais#, #aīs#, #a͡is#, or with #-n# interrogative #āin#, #a͡in#; #aīt#, #ait#, or #a͡it#; imperfect #a͡ibam#, #a͡ibās#, #a͡ibat#, and #a͡ibant#; imperative once only, #aī# (Naev.). A participle #aientibus#, _affirmative_, occurs once (Cic.).

[Errata: 786 (table) ... aiāt printed as shown: error for aiat? 787 ... interrogative #āin#, #a͡in# printed as shown: āin error for aīn?]

(2.) #fīō#, _become_, _am made_.

788. #fīō#, _become_, and #factus sum# supplement each other: in the present system, the passive of #faciō#, _make_, except the gerundive, #faciendus#, is not used, #fīō#, &c., taking its place; in the perfect system, only #factus sum#, &c., is used.

+----------------+-----------+--------------------+ | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Ind. Pres._ | fīō, | ----, | | | fīs, | ----, | | | fit | fīunt | | _Ind. Imp._ | fīēbam, | fīēbāmus, | | | fīēbās, | fīēbātis, | | | fīēbat | fīēbant | | _Ind. Fut._ | fīam, | fīēmus, | | | fīēs, | fīētis, | | | fīet | fīent | | _Subj. Pres._ | fīam, | fīāmus, | | | fīās, | fīātis, | | | fīat | fīant | | _Subj. Imp._ | fierem, | fierēmus, | | | fierēs, | fierētis, | | | fieret | fierent | | _Imper._ | fī | fīte | +----------------+-----------+--------------------+ | _Infin. Pres._ | fierī | _Part. Pres._ ---- | +----------------+-----------+--------------------+

789. In #fīō#, &c., #ī# represents an older #ei#, seen in FEIENT (inscr. 45 B.C.). The infinitive #fierī# for #fierei# owes its passive ending to analogy; the active form #fiere# occurs twice (Enn., Laev.). The vowel before #-er-# in #fierem#, &c., and #fierī#, is sometimes long in the dramatists, where a cretic (- ⏑ -) is required, but otherwise always short.

790. #-fīō# is used in apparent compounds (394): as, #patē̆fit#. In real compounds commonly #-ficior#: as, #cōnficior#; but sometimes #-fīō#: as, #cōnfit#, #cōnfīunt#, #cōnfīat#, #cōnfieret#, #cōnfierent#, #cōnfī̆erī#; #dēfit#, #dēfīet#, #dēfīat#, #dēfierī#; #effit#, #effīant#, #ecfīerī#; #īnfit#; #interfīat#, #interfīerī#; #superfit#, #superfīat#.

791. Some verbs in #-iō#, #-ere# (or #-ior#, #-ī#), have occasionally the form of verbs in #-īre# (or #-īrī#), in some parts of the present system, oftenest before an #r#, and particularly in the passive infinitive: as,

#fodīrī#, 3 times (Cato, Col. 2), #circumfodīrī# (Col.), #ecfodīrī# (Plaut.); #adgredīrī# (#adgredīrier#), 4 times (Plaut.), #prōgredīrī# (Plaut.); #morīrī# 6 times (Plaut. 4, Pomp., Ov.), #ēmorīrī# twice (Plaut., Ter.); #orīrī#, always; #parīre#, twice (Plaut., Enn.); usually #potīrī# (#potīrier#). Also #cupīret# (Lucr.); #adgredīre#, #adgredībor#, #adgredīmur# (Plaut.); #morīmur# (Enn.); #orīris# (Varr., Sen.), #adorītur# (Lucil., Lucr.), #orīrētur# (Cic., Nep., Sall., Liv.), #adorīrētur# (Liv., Suet.); #parībis# (Pomp.), PARIRET (inscr.); #potīris# (Manil.), #potītur# (Lucil., Ov.), &c., &c.

[Errata: 791 ... #orīrī#, always #orīrī#. #adorītur# (Lucil., Lucr.), final , printed .]

II. DENOMINATIVE VERBS.

(1.) VERBS IN #-āre#.

_The First Conjugation._

792. #laudō#, _praise_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. | | laudō laudāre laudāvī laudātus | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ACTIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | laudō, _I praise_, | laudāmus, _we praise_, | | or _am praising_ | or _are praising_ | | laudās, _thou praisest_, | laudātis, _you praise_, | | or _art praising_ | or _are praising_ | | laudat, _he praises_, | laudant, _they praise_, | | or _is praising_ | or _are praising_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | laudābam, _I was praising_, | laudābāmus, | | or _I praised_ | _we were praising_, | | | or _we praised_ | | laudābās, _thou wert praising_, | laudābātis, _you were | | or _thou praisedst_ | praising_, or _you praised_ | | laudābat, _he was praising_, | laudābant, _they were | | or _he praised_ | praising_, or _they praised_ | | | | FUTURE TENSE. | | laudābō, _I shall praise_ | laudābimus, _we shall praise_ | | laudābis, _thou wilt praise_ | laudābitis, _you will praise_ | | laudābit, _he will praise_ | laudābunt, _they will praise_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | laudāvī, _I have praised_, | laudāvimus, _we have praised_, | | or _I praised_ | or _we praised_ | | laudāvistī, _thou hast | laudāvistis, _you have | | praised_, or _thou praisedst_ | praised_, or _you praised_ | | laudāvit, _he has praised_, | laudāvērunt or -re, | | or _he praised_ | _they have praised_, | | | or _they praised_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | laudāveram, _I had praised_ | laudāverāmus, _we had praised_ | | laudāverās, | laudāverātis, | | _thou hadst praised_ | _you had praised_ | | laudāverat, _he had praised_ | laudāverant, | | | _they had praised_ | | | | FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. | | laudāverō, | laudāverimus, | | _I shall have praised_ | _we shall have praised_ | | laudāveris, | laudāveritis, | | _thou wilt have praised_ | _you will have praised_ | | laudāverit, | laudāverint, | | _he will have praised_ | _they will have praised_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | laudem, _may I praise_ | laudēmus, _let us praise_ | | laudēs, _mayst thou praise_ | laudētis, _may you praise_ | | laudet, _let him praise_ | laudent, _let them praise_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | laudārem, _I should praise_ | laudārēmus, _we should praise_ | | laudārēs, | laudārētis, | | _thou wouldst praise_ | _you would praise_ | | laudāret, _he would praise_ | laudārent, _they would praise_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | laudāverim, | laudāverīmus, | | _I may have praised_ | _we may have praised_ | | laudāverīs, | laudāverītis, | | _thou mayst have praised_ | _you may have praised_ | | laudāverit, | laudāverint, | | _he may have praised_ | _they may have praised_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | laudāvissem, | laudāvissēmus, | | _I should have praised_ | _we should have praised_ | | laudāvissēs, | laudāvissētis, | | _thou wouldst have praised_ | _you would have praised_ | | laudāvisset, | laudāvissent, | | _he would have praised_ | _they would have praised_ | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | laudā or laudātō, _praise_, | laudāte or laudātōte, _praise_,| | _thou shalt praise_ | _you shall praise_ | | laudātō, _he shall praise_ | laudantō, _they shall praise_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NOUNS OF THE VERB. | | | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ laudāre, | _Pres._ laudāns, | | _to praise_ | _praising_ | | _Perf._ laudāvisse, | | | _to have praised_ | | | _Fut._ laudātūrus esse, | _Fut._ laudātūrus, | | _to be going to praise_ | _going to praise_ | | | | GERUND. | SUPINE. | | _Gen._ laudandī, | | | _of praising_ | | | _Dat._ laudandō, | | | _for praising_ | | | _Acc._ laudandum, _praising_ | _Acc._ laudātum, _to praise_ | | _Abl._ laudandō, _by praising_ | _Abl._ *laudātū, _in praising_,| | | not used | +------------------------------------------------------------------+