Part 21

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PART. | | audiō audīre audīvī audītus | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ACTIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | audiō, _I hear_, | audīmus, _we hear_, | | or _am hearing_ | or _are hearing_ | | audīs, _thou hearest_, | audītis, _you hear_, | | or _art hearing_ | or _are hearing_ | | audit, _he hears_, | audiunt, _they hear_, | | or _is hearing_ | or _are hearing_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | audiēbam, _I was hearing_, | audiēbāmus, _we were hearing_, | | or _I heard_ | or _we heard_ | | audiēbās, _thou wert hearing_, | audiēbātis, _you were hearing_,| | or _thou heardst_ | or _you heard_ | | audiēbat, _he was hearing_, | audiēbant, _they were hearing_,| | or _he heard_ | or _they heard_ | | | | FUTURE TENSE. | | audiam, _I shall hear_ | audiēmus, _we shall hear_ | | audiēs, _thou wilt hear_ | audiētis, _you will hear_ | | audiet, _he will hear_ | audient, _they will hear_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | audīvī, _I have heard_, | audīvimus, _we have heard_, | | or _I heard_ | or _we heard_ | | audīvistī, _thou hast heard_, | audīvistis, _you have heard_, | | or _thou heardst_ | or _you heard_ | | audīvit, _he has heard_, | audīvērunt or -re, | | or _he heard_ | _they have heard_, | | | or _they heard_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | audīveram, _I had heard_ | audīverāmus, _we had heard_ | | audīverās, _thou hadst heard_ | audīverātis, _you had heard_ | | audīverat, _he had heard_ | audīverant, _they had heard_ | | | | FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. | | audīverō, | audīverimus, | | _I shall have heard_ | _we shall have heard_ | | audīveris, | audīveritis, | | _thou wilt have heard_ | _you will have heard_ | | audīverit, | audīverint, | | _he will have heard_ | _they will have heard_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | audiam, _may I hear_ | audiāmus, _let us hear_ | | audiās, _mayst thou hear_ | audiātis, _may you hear_ | | audiat, _let him hear_ | audiant, _let them hear_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | audīrem, _I should hear_ | audīrēmus, _we should hear_ | | audīrēs, _thou wouldst hear_ | audīrētis, _you would hear_ | | audīret, _he would hear_ | audīrent, _they would hear_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | audīverim, | audīverīmus, | | _I may have heard_ | _we may have heard_ | | audīverīs, | audīverītis, | | _thou mayst have heard_ | _you may have heard_ | | audīverit, | audīverint, | | _he may have heard_ | _they may have heard_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | audīvissem, | audīvissēmus, | | _I should have heard_ | _we should have heard_ | | audīvissēs, | audīvissētis, | | _thou wouldst have heard_ | _you would have heard_ | | audīvisset, | audīvissent, | | _he would have heard_ | _they would have heard_ | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | audī or audītō, | audīte or audītōte, | | _hear_, _thou shalt hear_ | _hear_, _you shall hear_ | | audītō, _he shall hear_ | audiuntō, _they shall hear_ | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NOUNS OF THE VERB. | | | | INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | | _Pres._ audīre, | _Pres._ audiēns, | | _to hear_ | _hearing_ | | _Perf._ audīvisse, | | | _to have heard_ | | | _Fut._ audītūrus esse, | _Fut._ audītūrus, | | _to be going to hear_ | _going to hear_ | | | | GERUND. | SUPINE. | | _Gen._ audiendī, _of hearing_ | | | _Dat._ audiendō, _for hearing_ | | | _Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_ | _Acc._ audītum, _to hear_ | | _Abl._ audiendō, _by hearing_ | _Abl._ audītū, _in hearing_ | +------------------------------------------------------------------+

VERBS IN #-īre#.

_The Fourth Conjugation._

797. #audior#, _am heard_.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PASSIVE VOICE. | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | audior, | audīmur, | | _I am heard_ | _we are heard_ | | audīris or -re, | audīminī, | | _thou art heard_ | _you are heard_ | | audītur, | audiuntur, | | _he is heard_ | _they are heard_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | audiēbar, | audiēbāmur, | | _I was heard_ | _we were heard_ | | audiēbāre or -ris, | audiēbāminī, | | _thou wert heard_ | _you were heard_ | | audiēbātur, | audiēbantur, | | _he was heard_ | _they were heard_ | | | | FUTURE TENSE. | | audiar, | audiēmur, | | _I shall be heard_ | _we shall be heard_ | | audiēre or -ris, | audiēminī, | | _thou wilt be heard_ | _you will be heard_ | | audiētur, | audientur, | | _he will be heard_ | _they will be heard_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | audītus sum, _I have been_, | audītī sumus, _we have been_, | | or _was heard_ | or _were heard_ | | audītus es, _thou hast been_, | audītī estis, _you have | | or _wert heard_ | been_, or _were heard_ | | audītus est, _he has been_, | audītī sunt, _they have | | or _was heard_ | been_, or _were heard_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | audītus eram, | audītī erāmus, | | _I had been heard_ | _we had been heard_ | | audītus erās, | audītī erātis, | | _thou hadst been heard_ | _you had been heard_ | | audītus erat, | audītī erant, | | _he had been heard_ | _they had been heard_ | | | | FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. | | audītus erō, | audītī erimus, | | _I shall have been heard_ | _we shall have been heard_ | | audītus eris, | audītī eritis, | | _thou wilt have been heard_ | _you will have been heard_ | | audītus erit, | audītī erunt, | | _he will have been heard_ | _they will have been heard_ | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------- + | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | | | PRESENT TENSE. | | Singular. | Plural. | | audiar, _may I be heard_ | audiāmur, _may we be heard_ | | audiāre or -ris, | audiāminī, _may you be heard_ | | _mayst thou be heard_ | | | audiātur, _let him be heard_ | audiantur, _let them be heard_ | | | | IMPERFECT TENSE. | | audīrer, | audīrēmur, | | _I should be heard_ | _we should be heard_ | | audīrēre or -ris, | audīrēminī, | | _thou wouldst be heard_ | _you would be heard_ | | audīrētur, | audīrentur, | | _he would be heard_ | _they would be heard_ | | | | PERFECT TENSE. | | audītus sim, | audītī sīmus, | | _I may have been heard_ | _we may have been heard_ | | audītus sīs, | audītī sītis, | | _thou mayst have been heard_ | _you may have been heard_ | | audītus sit, | audītī sint, | | _he may have been heard_ | _they may have been heard_ | | | | PLUPERFECT TENSE. | | audītus essem, | audītī essēmus, | | _I should have been heard_ | _we should have been heard_ | | audītus essēs, _thou wouldst | audītī essētis, | | have been heard_ | _you would have been heard_ | | audītus esset, | audītī essent, _they would | | _he would have been heard_ | have been heard_ | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | audīre or audītor, _be heard_, | audīminī, _be heard_ | | _thou shalt be heard_ | | | audītor, | audiuntor, | | _he shall be heard_ | _they shall be heard_ | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | NOUNS OF THE VERB. | | | | INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | | _Pres._ audīrī, | audiendus, _to be heard_ | | _to be heard_ | | | _Perf._ audītus esse, | PERFECT PARTICIPLE. | | _to have been heard_ | audītus, _heard_ | | _Fut._ audītum īrī, | | | _to be going to be heard_ | | | (2273) | | +------------------------------------------------------------------+

THE DEPONENT VERB.

798. Deponents, that is, verbs with passive person endings and a reflexive or an active meaning (725), have these active noun forms: participles, the future infinitive, the gerund, and the supines. The perfect participle is usually active, but sometimes passive; the gerundive always passive. The following is a synopsis of deponents:

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PRINCIPAL PARTS. | | | | queror, _complain_, querī, questus | | mīror, _wonder_, mīrārī, mīrātus | | vereor, _fear_, verērī, veritus | | partior, _share_, partīrī, partītus | +---------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | | I. -ī II. (1.) -ārī (2.) -ērī (3.) -īrī | | | | | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | _Pres._ | queror | mīror | vereor | partior | | _Imp._ | querēbar | mīrābar | verēbar | partiēbar | | _Fut._ | querar | mīrābor | verēbor | partiar | | _Perf._ | questus sum | mīrātus sum | veritus sum | partītus sum | | _Plup._ | questus | mīrātus | veritus | partītus | | | eram | eram | eram | eram | | _F. P._ | questus erō | mīrātus erō | veritus erō | partītus erō | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | _Pres._ | querar | mīrer | verear | partiar | | _Imp._ | quererer | mīrārer | verērer | partīrer | | _Perf._ | questus sim | mīrātus sim | veritus sim | partītus sim | | _Plup._ | questus | mīrātus | veritus | partītus | | | essem | essem | essem | essem | | | | | | IMPERATIVE MOOD. | | | querere | mīrāre | verēre | partīre | +---------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | | PARTICIPLES. | | _Pres._ | querēns | mīrāns | verēns | partiēns | | _Perf._ | questus | mīrātus | veritus | partītus | | _Fut._ | questūrus | mīrātūrus | veritūrus | partītūrus | | | | | | INFINITIVE. | | _Pres._ | querī | mīrārī | verērī | partīrī | | _Perf._ | questus | mīrātus | veritus | partītus | | | esse | esse | esse | esse | | _Fut._ | questūrus | mīrātūrus | veritūrus | partītūrus | | | esse | esse | esse | esse | | | | | | GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. | | _Gen._ | querendī, | mīrandī, | verendī, | partiendī, | | | &c. | &c. | &c. | &c. | | | querendus | mīrandus | verendus | partiendus | | | | | | SUPINE. | | _Acc._ | questum | *mīrātum | *veritum | *partītum | | _Abl._ | *questū | mīrātū | *veritū | *partītū | +---------+--------------------------------------------------------+

799. Three deponents in #-ior#, #-ī#, #gradior#, _walk_, #morior#, _die_, and #patior#, _suffer_, and their compounds, have a present system like the passive of #capiō# (784). But #adgredior# and #prōgredior# and #morior# and #ēmorior# have sometimes the forms of verbs in #-īrī#; for these, and for #orior#, _arise_, #orīrī#, #ortus#, and #potior#, _become master of_, #potīrī#, #potītus#, see 791. By far the largest number of deponents are verbs in #-ārī#, like #mīror#, #mīrārī# (368).

800. Some verbs waver between active and passive person endings: as, #adsentiō#, _agree_, #adsentīre#, and #adsentior#, #adsentīrī#; #populō#, _ravage_, #populāre#, and #populor#, #populārī#: see 1481.

801. A few verbs are deponent in the present system only: as, #dēvortor#, _turn in_, perfect #dēvortī#; #revortor#, _turn back_, perfect #revortī#, but with active perfect participle #revorsus#. Four are deponent in the perfect system only: #fīdō#, _trust_, #fīdere#, #fīsus#, and the compounds, #cōnfīdō#, #diffīdō#; and #audeō#, _dare_, #audēre#, #ausus#, #gaudeō#, _feel glad_, #gaudēre#, #gāvīsus#, and #soleō#, _am used_, #solēre#, #solitus#. Most impersonals in #-ēre# have both an active and a deponent form in the perfect system: see 815, 816.

PERIPHRASTIC FORMS.

802. (1.) The future active participle with a form of #sum# is used to denote an intended or future action: as,

#rēctūrus sum#, _I am going to rule_, _intend to rule_.

+---------+----------------------------------------+ | | INDICATIVE MOOD. | | | Singular. | Plural. | | _Pres._ | rēctūrus sum, | rēctūrī sumus, | | | es, | estis, | | | est | sunt | | _Imp._ | rēctūrus eram, | rēctūrī erāmus, | | | erās, | erātis, | | | erat | erant | | _Fut._ | rēctūrus erō, | rēctūrī erimus, | | | eris, | eritis, | | | erit | erunt | | _Perf._ | rēctūrus fuī, | rēctūrī fuimus, | | | fuistī, | fuistis, | | | fuit | fuērunt | | _Plup._ | rēctūrus fueram, | rēctūrī fuerāmus, | | | fuerās, | fuerātis, | | | fuerat | fuerant | | | | | | SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | | _Pres._ | rēctūrus sim, | rēctūrī sīmus, | | | sīs, | sītis, | | | sit | sint | | _Imp._ | rēctūrus essem, | rēctūrī essēmus, | | | essēs, | essētis, | | | esset | essent | | _Perf._ | rēctūrus fuerim, | rēctūrī fuerīmus, | | | fuerīs, | fuerītis, | | | fuerit | fuerint | | _Plup._ | rēctūrus fuissem, | rēctūrī fuissēmus, | | | fuissēs, | fuissētis, | | | fuisset | fuissent | +---------+----------------------------------------+ | | INFINITIVE. | | | _Pres._ | rēctūrus esse | | | _Perf._ | rēctūrus fuisse | | +---------+----------------------------------------+

803. A future perfect is hardly ever used: as, #fuerit victūrus# (Sen.). In the imperfect subjunctive, #forem#, #forēs#, #foret#, and #forent# are sometimes used (Nep., Sall., Liv., Vell.).

804. (2.) The gerundive with a form of #sum# is used to denote action which requires to be done: as,

#regendus sum#, _I am to be ruled_, _must be ruled_.