Part 56

#nūllum tempus illī umquam vacābat aut ā scrībendō aut ā cōgitandō#, _Br._ 272, _he never had any time free from writing or from thinking_. #quod verbum ductum est ā nimis intuendō fortūnam alterīus#, _TD._ 3, 20, _a word which is derived from ‘looking too closely at’ another’s prosperity_, of the word #invidia#. #cōnsilium illud dē occlūdendīs aedibus#, T. _Eu._ 784, _that idea about barring up the house_. #nihil dē causā discendā praecipiunt#, _DO._ 2, 100, _they give no instruction about studying up a case_. #vostra ōrātiō in rē incipiundā#, T. _Ph._ 224, _your remarks when we started in with this affair_. #Āfricānī in rē gerundā celeritātem#, _V._ 5, 25, _Africanus’s swiftness in execution_. #vix ex grātulandō ēminēbam#, Pl. _Cap._ 504, _I barely got my head above their congratulations_. #quae virtūs ex prōvidendō est appellāta prūdentia#, _Leg._ 1, 60, _a virtue which from ‘foreseeing’ is called foresight_. #prō līberandā amīcā#, Pl. _Per._ 426, _for setting free a leman_. #prō ope ferendā#, L. 23, 28, 11, _instead of going to the rescue_. In this use #ab# is not found in Plautus or Terence, nor #prō# in Terence. #cum# is found in Quintilian, #super# once in Horace, then in Tacitus, #sine# once in Varro.

2268. With a comparative expression, the ablative of the gerundive is found once: #nūllum officium referendā grātiā magis necessārium est#, _Off._ 1, 47, _no obligation is more binding than the returning of a favour_. The gerundive construction in the ablative of separation (1302) is found rarely in Livy and Pliny the younger; Livy has also the gerund: as, #Verminam absistere sequendō coēgit#, L. 29, 33, 8, _he forced Vermina to abandon his pursuit_.

THE SUPINE.

2269. The supine is a verbal substantive. The form in #-um# is an accusative. The form in #-ū# is used sometimes as a dative, sometimes as an ablative.

THE SUPINE IN #-um#.

2270. The supine in #-um# denotes purpose with verbs of motion (1166): as,

#abiīt piscātum#, Pl. #R.# 898, _he’s gone a fishing_. #neu noctū īrem obambulātum#, Pl. _Tri._ 315, _not to go a prowling by night_. #legiōne ūnā frūmentātum missā#, 4, 32, 1, _one legion being sent a foraging_. #sessum it praetor#, _DN._ 3, 74, _the praetor is going to take his seat_. #spectātum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae#, O. _AA._ 1, 99, _they come to see and eke for to be seen_. This use is very common in Plautus and Terence, less common in Cicero and Caesar. It is found not infrequently in Sallust and particularly in Livy; sporadically in the Augustan poets. In late prose it is almost confined to archaistic writing. In classical Latin, purpose is more commonly expressed by the subjunctive with #ut# or a relative pronoun, or by a gerundive or gerund with #ad# or #causā#. See also 2164.

2271. The most common supines in #-um# are #cubitum#, #dormītum#, #ēreptum#, #frūmentātum#, #grātulātum#, #nūntiātum#, #oppugnātum#, #ōrātum#, #pāstum#, #perditum#, #petītum#, #salūtātum#, #sessum#, #supplicātum#. They are found chiefly with #eō# and #veniō#. #nūptum# is also common with #dō#, #collocō#, &c., and supines are occasionally found with other verbs implying motion.

2272. The supine in #-um# may be followed by the same construction as its verb: as,

(_a._) Accusative: #deōs salūtātum atque uxōrem modo intrō dēvortor domum#, Pl. _St._ 534, _I’ll just turn in home to greet my gods and my wife_. #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt rogātum auxilium#, 1, 11, 2, _they send envoys to Caesar to beg aid_. #oppugnātum patriam nostram veniunt#, L. 21, 41, 13, _they come to assail our country_. Classical writers generally avoid this use of the accusative. (_b._) Dative: #servītum tibi mē abdūcitō#, Pl. _Ps._ 520, _take me away to slave for you_. #nōn ego Grāīs servītum mātribus ībō#, V. 2, 786, _not I shall go to be the serf of Grecian dames_. (_c._) Subordinate clause: #lēgātī veniēbant: Aeduī questum quod Harūdēs fīnēs eōrum populārentur#, 1, 37, 1, _envoys came: the Aeduans to complain ‘because the Harudians were laying their country waste’_ (1853). #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt ōrātum nē sē in hostium numerō dūceret#, 6, 32, 1, _they sent envoys to Caesar to beg that he would not regard them in the light of enemies_.

2273. The supine in #-um# followed by #īrī# forms the future passive infinitive: as,

#eum exceptum īrī putō#, _Att._ 7, 22, 1, _I think that there is a going to capture him_, i.e. _that he is going to be captured_. Here #īrī# is used impersonally and #eum# is the object of #exceptum#. This infinitive is found half a dozen times in old Latin, often in Cicero, rarely in other writers; not in the Augustan poets. For the common periphrasis, see 2233.

THE SUPINE IN #-ū#.

2274. The supine in #-ū# is used with #fās#, #nefās#, and adjectives, chiefly of such meaning as _easy_, _good_, _pleasant_, _strange_, or their opposites.

Only a few supines in #-ū# are found; the commonest are #audītū#, #cōgnitū#, #dictū#, #factū#, #inventū#, #memorātū#, #nātū#, #vīsū#.

#sī hoc fās est dictū#, _TD._ 5, 38, _if heaven allows us to say so_. #difficile dictū est dē singulīs#, _Fam._ 1, 7, 2, _it is hard to say in the case of individuals_. #quaerunt quod optimum factū sit#, _V._ 1, 68, _they ask what the best thing is to do_. #quid est tam iocundum cōgnitū atque audītū?# _DO._ 1, 31, _what pleasure is greater to mind and ear?_ #palpebrae mollissimae tāctū#, _DN._ 2, 142, _the eyelids are very soft to the touch_. With such adjectives the dative is commonly used (1200); or, particularly with #facilis# or #difficilis#, the gerundive construction with #ad# (2252); for the infinitive, see 2166. The supine in #-ū# is found chiefly in Cicero and Livy. Very rare in old Latin, Sallust, Caesar (who has only #factū# and #nātū#), and the poets. From the elder Pliny and Tacitus on, it gets commoner.

2275. The supine in #-ū# sometimes introduces a subordinate sentence, but it is never used with an object in the accusative.

#quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser#, T. _Hec._ 296, _anybody can easily understand how unhappy I was_. #incrēdibile memorātū est quam facile coaluerint#, S. _C._ 6, 2, _it is an incredible tale how readily they grew into one_. #vidētis nefās esse dictū miseram fuisse tālem senectūtem#, _CM._ 13, _you see that it were a sin to say that an old age like his was unhappy_.

2276. The supine in #-ū# is found rarely with #opus est# (1379), #dīgnus# and #indīgnus# (1392): as,

#ita dictū opus est#, T. _Hau._ 941, _thus thou must needs say_. #nihil dignum dictū āctum hīs cōnsulibus#, L. 4, 30, 4, _nothing worth mentioning was done this year_. For #dignus# with #quī# and the subjunctive, see 1819; for #opus est# with the infinitive, 2211.

2277. In Plautus and Cato, the supine in #-ū# is very rarely used like an ablative of separation (1302): as, #nunc opsonātū redeō#, Pl. _Men._ 288, _I’m only just back from catering_. #prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat#, Cato, _RR._ 5, 5, _let him be first to get up from bed and last to go to bed_. Statius imitates this use in _Ach._ 1, 119.

[Erratum: 2276 ... #dīgnus# and #indīgnus# text unchanged: word generally spelled “-dign-” (see endnote on first edition)]

THE PARTICIPLE.

2278. The participle is a verbal adjective. Like the adjective, it is inflected to agree with its substantive. Like the verb, it may be modified by an adverb, it is active or passive, and it expresses action as continuing, completed, or future. It may also be followed by the same case as its verb.

TIME OF THE PARTICIPLE.

2279. (1.) The time to which the participle refers is indicated by the verb of the sentence.

#āēr effluēns hūc et illūc ventōs efficit#, _DN._ 2, 101, _the air by streaming to and fro produces winds_. #convēnī hodiē adveniēns quendam#, T. _Eu._ 234, _I met a man as I was coming to-day_. #manūs tendentēs vītam ōrābant#, L. 44, 42, 4, _with hands outstretched they begged their lives_. #Croesus Halyn penetrāns magnam pervertet opum vim#, oracle in _Div._ 2, 115, _Croesus, when Halys he shall cross, will overthrow a mighty realm_. #benignitātem tu͡am mihī̆ expertō praedicās#, Pl. _Merc._ 289, _thou vauntest to me who’ve proved thy courtesy_. #cōnsecūtus id quod animō prōposuerat, receptuī canī iussit#, 7, 47, 1, _having accomplished what he had designed, he gave orders to sound the retreat_. #Dionȳsius Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat#, _TD._ 3, 27, _after his expulsion from Syracuse, Dionysius kept school at Corinth_. #lēgātī dīxērunt sē rē dēlīberātā ad Caesarem reversūrōs#, 4, 9, 1, _the envoys said that they would come back to Caesar after they had thought the matter over_.

2280. (2.) The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous action. So occasionally a perfect passive.

(_a._) #Metellum esse ratī portās clausēre#, S. _I._ 69, 1, _supposing that it was Metellus, they closed their gates_. #gāvīsus illōs retinērī iussit#, 4, 13, 6, _with pleasure he gave orders for their detention_. #persuādent Rauracīs utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō proficīscantur#, 1, 5, 4, _they coaxed the Rauraci to adopt the same plan and go_. #sōlātus iussit sapientem pāscere barbam#, H. _S._ 2, 3, 35, _consoling me he bade me grow a philosophic beard_. This use is found in old Latin and in Cicero very rarely. Sallust and Caesar use a few verbs thus. It is not uncommon in the Augustan poets and Livy. In late writers, especially Tacitus, it is frequent. (_b._) #servum sub furcā caesum mediō ēgerat circō#, L. 2, 36, 1, _he had driven a slave round, flogged under the fork, right in the circus_. With this compare #servus per circum, cum virgīs caederētur, furcam ferēns ductus est#, _Div._ 1, 55, _a slave with the fork on his neck was driven through the circus, flogged with rods the while_ (1872). But the perfect passive has its ordinary force (2279) in #verberibus caesum tē in pistrīnum dēdam#, T. _Andr._ 199, _I’ll give you a flogging and then put you in the mill_.

2281. For the perfect participle with forms of #sum# and #fuī#, see 1608, 1609; for the conative present participle, 2301; reflexive, 1482.

THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE.

2282. The present or perfect participle is often used as an adjective to express a permanent condition: as,

#ācrem ōrātōrem, incēnsum et agentem et canōrum forī strepitus dēsīderat#, _Br._ 317, _the noisy forum requires an impetuous speaker, inspired and dramatic and sonorous_. #L. Abuccius, homo adprīmē doctus#, Varro, _RR._ 3, 2, 17, _Abuccius, an eminently learned man_. #aliī facētī, flōrentēs etiam et ōrnātī#, _O._ 20, _others are brilliant, even bright and elegant_. #id tibī̆ renūntiō futūrum ut sīs sciēns#, T. _Andr._ 508, _I give you notice this will happen, that you may be prepared_.

2283. The future participle is found as an adjective in the Augustan poets and in late writers. Cicero, however, has #futūrus# in this use with #rēs# and a few other words, and has #ventūrus# once.

#dā mānsūram urbem#, V. 3, 85, _grant a city that shall abide_. #firmus pariēs et dūrātūrus#, Ta. _D._ 22, _a strong and durable wall_. #sīgna ostenduntur ā dīs rērum futūrārum#, _DN._ 2, 12, _signs of future events are disclosed by the gods_. For the future participle with forms of #sum#, see 1633.

2284. Many participles have become complete adjectives, and as such are capable of composition or comparison, or take the case required by an adjective.

(_a._) #nōmen invictī imperātōris#, _V._ 4, 82, _the invincible general’s name_. #pūrus et īnsōns sī vīvō#, H. _S._ 1, 6, 69, _pure and guiltless if I live_ (749). (_b._) #solūtus venēficae scientiōris carmine#, H. _Epod._ 5, 71, _freed by some craftier witch’s charm_. #homo ērudītissimus, Verrēs#, _V._ 4, 126, _Verres, most accomplished of men_. (_c._) #tibi sum oboediēns#, Pl. _MG._ 806, _I’m your obedient_ (1200). #tē cōnfīdō ea factūrum quae mihī̆ intellegēs maximē esse accommodāta#, _Fam._ 3, 3, 2, _I feel confident that you will do what you shall feel most appropriate to my interests_ (1201). For the genitive with such participles, see 1266.

2285. A perfect participle in agreement with a substantive often contains the leading idea, and may be translated like an abstract substantive with a genitive dependent. The nominative is rarely thus used. The present participle in this use is rare, the future late.

This construction expresses the completed action of the verb in precisely the same way that the gerundive construction (2240) expresses uncompleted action.

(_a._) Joined with substantives: #iniūriae retentōrum equitum Rōmānōrum#, 3, 10, 2, _the outrages of Roman knights detained_, i.e. _in the detention of Roman knights_. #servātī cōnsulis decus#, L. 21, 46, 10, _the credit of saving the consul_. #male administrātae prōvinciae urgēbātur#, Ta. 6, 29, _he was charged with maladministration of his province_. #ō quid solūtīs est beātius cūrīs?# Cat. 31, 7, _oh what is sweeter than the putting off of care?_

(_b._) Joined with prepositions: #ab conditā urbe ad līberātam#, L. 1, 60, 3, _from the foundation of the city to the liberation thereof_. #post nātōs hominēs improbissimus#, _Br._ 224, _the greatest reprobate since the creation of man_. #ante cīvitātem datam#, _Arch._ 9, _before the gift of the citizenship_.

(_c._) In the nominative: very rare before Livy: #dēpressa hostium classis#, _Arch._ 21, _the sinking of the enemy’s fleet_. #angēbant ingentis spīritūs virum Sicilia Sardiniaque āmissae#, L. 21, 1, 5, _what tortured the high-souled hero was the loss of Sicily and Sardinia_. #cuius turbāvit nitidōs exstīnctus passer ocellōs#, J. 6, 7, _whose sparkling eyne the sparrow’s death bedimmed_.

2286. This use of the participle, though old, is not common before Livy, who, like Tacitus, has it frequently, both with substantives and with prepositions. Very rare in Caesar, rare in Cicero, who, however, uses it both with substantives and with a few prepositions. In old Latin (not in Terence), it is found with the substantives #opus# and #ūsus#, in Cato with #post#, in Varro with #propter#: as, #mī homine conventōst opus#, Pl. _Cur._ 302, _I needs must see the man_. #propter mare congelātum#, Varro, _RR._ 1, 2, 4, _by reason of the freezing of the sea water_. For the participle alone with #ūsus est# and #opus est#, see 1382.

THE SUBSTANTIVE PARTICIPLE.

2287. Participles sometimes become substantives, especially the perfect participle: as,

#vīvit gnāta#, T. _Ph._ 749, _your daughter’s alive_. #dē dēmēnsō suō#, T. _Ph._ 43, _out of his allowance_. #īnstitūtum tenēbimus#, _TD._ 4, 7, _we will hold to our fundamental idea_. Adverbs, not adjectives, are commonly used to qualify perfect participles used as substantives; for examples, see 1440. The masculine singular is rarely used as a substantive; the neuter, both singular and plural, is common, particularly with prepositions.

2288. The masculine plural of the perfect participle, when used as a substantive, generally denotes a definite class of persons: as,

#ut damnātī in integrum restituantur, vīnctī solvantur#, _V._ 5, 12, _that the condemned go scot-free, the imprisoned are set at liberty_. #Catilīna cum expedītīs in prīmā aciē vorsārī#, S. _C._ 60, 4, _Catiline bustling round in the van with the light infantry_. #ēvocātīs equōs sūmit#, 7, 65, 5, _he took away the veterans’ horses_. Rarely not denoting a definite class: as, #missī intercipiuntur#, 5, 40, 1, _the men who had been sent_ (i.e. on a particular occasion) _are cut off_.

2289. The perfect participle alone sometimes serves as the subject of a sentence instead of an abstract substantive (2285): as,

#nōtum furēns quid fēmina possit#, V. 5, 6, _the knowledge of what a woman in her wrath can do_. #prōnūntiātum repente nē quis violārētur, multitūdinem exuit armīs#, L. 4, 59, 7, _the sudden proclamation that nobody was to be harmed, deprived the people of their weapons_. This use is found chiefly in Livy, once or twice in Cicero; not in Caesar or Sallust. See 1382.

2290. The present participle is rarely a substantive in the nominative and ablative singular, but often in the other cases.

#in cōnstituentibus rem pūblicam#, _Br._ 45, _among the founders of a state_. #multae īnsectantēs dēpellunt#, _DN._ 2, 127, _many drive off their pursuers_. #nec praeterita nec praesentia abs tē, sed futūra exspectō#, _Fam._ 2, 8, 1, _I do not expect from you the past or the present, but the future_.

2291. The genitive plural of the present participle is often best translated by an English abstract: as,

#cachinnōs inrīdentium commovēbat#, _Br._ 216, _he provoked guffaws of derision_. #mixtōs terrentium paventiumque clāmōrēs#, L. 22, 5, 4, _mingled cries of exultation and terror_. #prīmō gaudentium impetū#, Ta. _H._ 1, 4, _in the first outburst of joy_.

2292. The future participle is very rarely used as a substantive.

#audītūrum dictūrī cūra dēlectat#, Quintil. 11, 3, 157, _deliberation on the part of one who is on the point of speaking attracts his prospective hearer_. #havē̆, imperātor, moritūrī tē salūtant#, Suet. _Claud._ 21, _emperor, all hail! the doomed give thee greeting_. This use is found in late writers, as in Tacitus and Curtius once each, and half a dozen times in Pliny the younger. Cicero and Sallust have #futūrus# thus (2283): as, #abs tē futūra exspectō#, _Fam._ 2, 8, 1, _from you I expect the future_. #supplicia in post futūrōs composuit#, S. _Fr. Lep._ 6, _he invented penalties for men unborn_.

THE APPOSITIVE PARTICIPLE.

2293. The appositive participle is a loose substitute for a subordinate sentence introduced by a relative or by a conjunctive particle.

2294. (1.) The appositive participle may represent a relative sentence: as,

#nōvī ego Epicūrēōs omnia sigilla venerantēs#, _DN._ 1, 85, _why, I know Epicureans who bow the knee to all sorts of graven images_. #Conōn mūrōs dīrutōs ā Lȳsandrō reficiendōs cūrat#, N. 9, 4, 5, _Conon superintended the rebuilding of the walls which had been destroyed by Lysander_. The future participle is poetic and late (2283): as, #servēs itūrum Caesarem in Britannōs#, H. 1, 35, 29, _guard Caesar who against the Britons is to march_.

2295. (2.) The appositive participle, representing other sentences, may express various relations: as, (_a._) time, (_b._) cause or means, (_c._) purpose, (_d._) concession, (_e._) hypothesis, (_f._) description or the manner of an action, like an adverb.

For the ablative absolute in such relations, see 1362-1374, particularly 1367.

(_a._) Time: #vehemēns sum exoriēns, quom occidō vehementior#, Pl. _R._ 71, _furious am I at my rising, when I set more furious still_. #occīsus est ā cēnā rediēns#, _RA._ 97, _he was murdered on his way home from a dinner-party_. #ūnam noctem sōlam praedōnēs commorātī, accedēre incipiunt Syrācūsās#, _V._ 5, 95, _the freebooters, after tarrying but one night, began to draw near Syracuse_. The future is late (2283): as, #prīmum omnium virōrum fortium itūrī in proelia canunt#, Ta. _G._ 3, _as the chief of all brave heroes, they sing of him when they are on the point of going to battle_, of Hercules.

(_b._) Cause or means: #mōtum exspectāns dīlectum habēre īnstituit#, 6, 1, 1, _since he anticipated a rising, he determined on recruiting troops_. #moveor tālī amīcō orbātus#, _L._ 10, _I am certainly affected at being bereaved of such a friend_. #dextrā datā fidem futūrae amīcitiae sanxisse#, L. 1, 1, 8, _by giving his right hand he gave a pledge of future friendship_. #quae contuēns animus accēdit ad cōgnitiōnem deōrum#, _DN._ 2, 153, _through the contemplation of these, the mind arrives at a knowledge of the gods_. The future participle is late: as, #neque illīs iūdicium aut vēritās, quippe eōdem diē dīversa parī certāmine postulātūrīs#, Ta. _H._ 1, 32, _they had neither sound judgement nor sincerity, since on the same day they were to make conflicting demands with equal vehemence_.

(_c._) Purpose: the future participle, commonly with a verb of motion: #ad Clūsium vēnērunt, legiōnem Rōmānam castraque oppugnātūrī#, L. 10, 26, 7, _they came to the neighbourhood of Clusium, to assail the Roman legion and camp_. #ascendit ipse, lātūrus auxilium#, Plin. _Ep._ 6, 16, 9, _he went aboard in person to go to the rescue_. #laetō complērant lītora coetū vīsūrī Aeneadas#, V. 5, 107, _in happy company they’d filled the strand to see Aeneas’ men_. #rediēre omnēs Bonōniam, rursus cōnsiliātūrī#, Ta. _H._ 2, 53, _they all went back to Bologna for a second consultation_. This use appears first in C. Gracchus as cited by Gellius, then once in Cicero and Sallust each, and a few times in the poets. From Livy on, it grows commoner. In the poets, Livy, and Tacitus, it is sometimes joined with a conditional idea or protasis: as, #ēgreditur castrīs Rōmānus, vāllum invāsūrus nī cōpia pugnae fieret#, L. 3, 60, 8, _the Roman marches out of camp, proposing to assault the stockade unless battle were offered_.

(_d._) Concession: #quī mortālis nātus condiciōnem postulēs immortālium#, _TD._ 3, 36, _thou who, though born to die, layest claim to the state of the deathless_. #bēstiīs, quibus ipsa terra fundit pāstūs abundantīs nihil labōrantibus#, _Fin._ 2, 111, _the beasts, on which, though they toil not, earth lavishes sustenance in profusion_. Often with #tamen# or the like accompanying the verb: as, #ibī̆ vehementissimē perturbātus Lentulus tamen et sīgnum et manum suam cōgnōvit#, _C._ 3, 12, _thereupon Lentulus, though thrown into the most extreme confusion, did yet recognize his own hand and seal_. For #quamquam# and #quamvīs#, see 1900, 1907. Ovid and Propertius sometimes have #licet# (1710): as, #isque, licet caelī regiōne remōtōs, mente deōs adiīt#, O. 15, 62, _he in the spirit to the gods drew nigh, though they are far away in heaven’s domain_. The future participle is rare and late.

(_e._) Hypothesis: #quid igitur mihī̆ ferārum laniātus oberit nihil sentientī?# _TD._ 1, 104, _what hurt will the clawing of wild beasts do me if I have no feeling?_ #appārēbat nōn admissōs prōtinus Carthāginem itūrōs#, L. 21, 9, 4, _it grew obvious that, if not given audience, they would go to Carthage forthwith_. For other examples, see 2110. For the participle with #quasi# or #ut#, and in late writers with #tamquam# or #velut#, see 2121. The future participle is rare and late.

(_f._) Description or manner: #haec properantēs scrīpsimus#, _Att._ 4, 4^a, _I have written this hastily_, i.e. _in haste yours truly_. #dictātor et magister equitum triumphantēs in urbem rediēre#, L. 2, 20, 13, _the dictator and his master of the horse returned to the city in triumph_. #incendēbat haec flētū et pectus verberāns#, Ta. 1, 23, _he lent passion to his words with tears and beating of his breast_. #vīnctōs aspiciunt catēnīs līberōs suōs#, _V._ 5, 108, _they behold their own children held in bondage_.

2296. The participle with a negative may be translated by _without_: as,

#id illa ūnivorsum abripiet haud existumāns quantō labōre partum#, T. _Ph._ 45, _my lady’ll grab it all without a thought of all the toil it cost to get_. #nōn rogātōs ultrō offerre auxilium#, L. 34, 23, 3, _that without being asked, they offer assistance of their own accord_.

THE PREDICATIVE PARTICIPLE.

2297. #habeō# is sometimes used with certain perfect participles to express an action continuing in its consequences, #faciō#, #dō#, and in old Latin #reddō# and #cūrō#, with a perfect participle, are emphatic substitutes for the verb to which the participle belongs.