Part 33

1347. (4.) With country names and most appellatives, the place where is generally expressed by the ablative with #in#. But even without an attribute, the ablative alone is sometimes used, especially in poetry: as,

#Ītaliā#, V. 1, 263, _in Italy_, #lītore#, V. 1, 184, _upon the beach_, #corde#, V. 1, 209, _in heart_, #pectore#, V. 1, 657, _in breast_, #thalamō#, H. 1, 15, 16, _in bower_, #umerō#, V. 1, 501, _on shoulder_, #Ēsquiliīs#, _DN._ 3, 63, _on the Esquiline_. Once in Plautus #Ālide#, _Cap._ 330, _in Elis_, but eight times #in Ālide#.

1348. The locative ablative is sometimes used with such verbs as #teneō# and #recipiō#: as, (_a._) #Ariovistus exercitum castrīs continuit#, 1, 48, 4, _Ariovistus kept his infantry in camp_. #oppidō sēsē continēbant#, 2, 30, 2, _they kept inside the town_. (_b._) #oppidīs recipere#, 2, 3, 3, _to receive inside their towns_. #rēx ecquis est, qui senātōrem tēctō ac domō nōn invītet?# _V._ 4, 25, _is there a monarch in the wide world that would not welcome a senator to house and home?_

1349. The locative ablative is used with #fīdō# and #cōnfīdō#, #glōrior#, #laetor#, #nītor#, #stō#, and with #frētus#: as, #barbarī cōnfīsī locī nātūrā in aciē permānsērunt#, 8, 15, 1, _the natives, trusting in the nature of their position, kept their stand in battle array_. #superiōribus vīctōriis frētī#, 3, 21, 1, _relying on their former victories_. For other constructions with these words, see the dictionary.

TIME AT WHICH OR TIME WITHIN WHICH.

1350. (1.) The locative ablative is used to denote the point of time at which action occurs.

So particularly of substantives denoting periods or points of time, thus: #hieme#, 5, 1, 1, _in the winter_. #Kalendīs#, H. _Epod._ 2, 70, _upon the first_, i.e. of the month. Generally with an attribute: as, #prīmō vēre#, 6, 3, 4, _in the first month of spring_. #Mārtiīs Kalendīs#, H. 3, 8, 1, _upon the first of March_. With a parallel locative (1341): #vesperī eōdem diē#, _Att._ 8, 5, 1, _the evening of the same day_.

1351. Words not in themselves denoting periods or points of time, are in the same way put in the ablative: as,

#patrum nostrōrum memoriā#, 1, 12, 5, _in the memory of our fathers_. #nōn modo illīs Pūnicīs bellīs, sed etiam hāc praedōnum multitūdine#, _V._ 4, 103, _not only in the Punic wars of yore, but also in the present swarm of pirates_. #proxumīs comitiīs#, 7, 67, 7, _at the last election_. #spectāculīs#, _Att._ 2, 19, 3, _at the shows_. Especially substantives of action in #-tus# or #-sus# (235): as, #sōlis occāsū#, 1, 50, 3, _at sunset_. #adventū in Galliam Caesaris#, 5, 54, 2, _at Caesar’s arrival in Gaul_. #eōrum adventū#, 7, 65, 5, _after these people came_. #discessū cēterōrum#, _C._ 1, 7, _when the rest went away_.

1352. (2.) The locative ablative is used to denote the space of time within which action occurs: as,

#paucīs diēbus opus efficitur#, 6, 9, 4, _the job is finished up in a few days_. #tribus hōris Aduātucam venīre potestis#, 6, 35, 8, _in three hours you can get to Aduatuca_. #quae hīc mōnstra fīunt, annō vix possum ēloquī#, Pl. _Most._ 505, _what ghost-transactions take place here I scarce could tell you in a year_. #cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodūnum vēnisset, id bīduō circumvāllāvit#, 7, 11, 1, _arriving at Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senons, in two days time he invested it_. #quicquid est, bīduō sciēmus#, _Att._ 9, 14, 2, _whatever it may be, we shall know in a couple of days_.

1353. The ablative of the time at or within which action occurs is sometimes accompanied by #in#: as, #in bellō#, 6, 1, 3, _in the war_. #in tempore#, T. _Hau._ 364, _in the nick of time_. #in adulēscentiā#, Pl. _B._ 410, _in my young days_. #in tālī tempore#, Lucr. 1, 93, L. 22, 35, 7, _in such a stress, at such an hour_. #in hōc trīduō#, Pl. _Ps._ 316, _within the next three days_. Especially of repeated action, in the sense of _a_ or _every_, with numerals: as, #ter in annō#, Pl. _B._ 1127, _RA._ 132, _three times a year_. #in hōrā saepe ducentōs versūs dictābat#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 9, _two hundred verses in an hour he’d often dictate off_. But occasionally without #in#: as, #mē deciēns diē ūnō extrūdit aedibus#, Pl. _Aul._ 70, _ten times a day he thrusts me from the house_. #septiēns diē#, L. 28, 6, 10, _seven times a day_.

1354. An ablative of the time within which action occurs is sometimes followed by a relative pronoun sentence, with the relative pronoun likewise in the ablative: as, #quadrīduō, quō haec gesta sunt, rēs ad Chrȳsogonum dēfertur#, _RA._ 20, _within the four days space in which this occurred, the incident is reported to Chrysogonus_, i.e. four days after this occurred. #diēbus decem, quibus māteria coepta erat conportārī, omnī opere effectō#, 4, 18, 1, _the job being all done ten days after the carting of the stuff had begun_.

1355. The ablative is exceptionally used to denote duration of time: as,

#tōtā nocte continenter iērunt#, 1, 26, 5, _they went on and on all night without interruption_. Regularly, however, the accusative (1151); but the ablative is common in inscriptions.

III. THE INSTRUMENTAL ABLATIVE.

(A.) THE ABLATIVE OF ATTENDANCE.

THE ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT.

1356. A few indefinite designations of military forces denote accompaniment by the ablative alone, or oftener with #cum#: as,

(_a._) #ad castra Caesaris omnibus cōpiīs contendērunt#, 2, 7, 3, _they marched upon Caesar’s camp with all their forces_. #omnibus cōpiīs ad Ilerdam proficīscitur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 2, _he marches before Ilerda, horse, foot, and dragoons_. (_b._) #is cīvitātī persuāsit, ut cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent#, 1, 2, 1, _well, this man induced the community to emigrate in a body, bag and baggage_.

1357. The participles #iūnctus# and #coniūnctus# take the ablative of the thing joined with: as, #dēfēnsiōne iūncta laudātiō#, _Br._ 162, _a eulogy combined with a defence_. But sometimes the ablative with #cum# is used, or the dative (1186).

THE ABLATIVE OF MANNER.

1358. (1.) Certain substantives without an attribute are put in the ablative alone to denote manner; but usually substantives without an attribute have #cum#.

(_a._) Such adverbial ablatives are #iūre# and #iniūriā#, #ratiōne et viā#, #silentiō#, #vitiō#, #ōrdine#, #sponte#, #cōnsuētūdine#, &c.: as, #Arātus iūre laudātur#, _Off._ 2, 81, _Aratus is justly admired_. #iniūriā suspectum#, _C._ 1, 17, _wrongfully suspected_. #in omnibus, quae ratiōne docentur et viā#, _O._ 116, _in everything that is taught with philosophic method_. #silentiō ēgressus#, 7, 58, 2, _going out in silence_. #cēnsōrēs vitiō creātī#, L. 6, 27, 5, _censors irregularly appointed_. #ōrdine cūncta exposuit#, L. 3, 50, 4, _he told the whole story from beginning to end_, i.e. with all the particulars. (_b._) With #cum#: #face rem hanc cum cūrā gerās#, Pl. _Per._ 198, _see that this job with care thou dost_. #cum virtūte vīvere#, _Fin._ 3, 29, _to live virtuously_.

1359. (2.) The ablative of a substantive with an attribute is often used to denote manner, sometimes with #cum#: as,

(_a._) #ī pede faustō#, H. _E._ 2, 2, 37, _go with a blessing on thy foot_. #dat sonitū magnō strāgem#, Lucr. 1, 288, _it deals destruction with a mighty roar_. #ferārum rītū sternuntur#, L. 5, 44, 6, _they throw themselves down beast-fashion_. #apis Matīnae mōre modōque operōsa carmina fingō#, H. 4, 2, 27, _in way and wise of Matin bee laborious lays I mould_. #‘indoctus’ dīcimus brevī prīmā litterā, ‘īnsānus’ prōductā, ‘inhūmānus’ brevī, ‘īnfēlīx’ longā#. _O._ 159, _we pronounce_ #indoctus# _with the first letter short_, #īnsānus# _with it long_, #inhūmānus# _with it short_, #īnfēlīx# _with it long_ (167). #ternō cōnsurgunt ōrdine rēmī#, V. 5, 120, _with triple bank each time in concert rise the oars_. (_b._) #Allobroges magnā cum cūrā suōs fīnēs tuentur#, 7, 65, 3, _the Allobrogans guard their own territory with great care_.

1360. With a substantive meaning _way_ or _manner_, as #modō#, #rītū#, &c., _feeling_ or _intention_, as #hāc mente#, #aequō animō#, _condition_, as #eā condiciōne#, or a part of the body, as in #nūdō capite#, _bareheaded_, #cum# is not used.

1361. Other expressions denoting manner, particularly prepositional expressions with #per#, may be found in the dictionary: as, #per dolum#, 4, 13, 1, _by deceit_, #per iocum#, _Agr._ 2, 96, _in fun_, #per litterās#, _Att._ 5, 21, 13, _by letter_, _in writing_, #per vim#, _RA._ 32, _violently_, #per praestigiās#, _V._ 4, 53, _by some hocus pocus or other_, &c., &c. Sometimes the ablative with #ex#.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

1362. (1.) The ablative of a substantive, with a predicate participle in agreement, is used to denote an attendant circumstance of an action.

In this construction, which is called the _Ablative Absolute_, (_a._) the present participle is sometimes used: as, #nūllō hoste prohibente incolumem legiōnem in Nantuātīs perdūxit#, 3, 6, 5, _with no enemy hindering, he conducted the legion in safety to the Nantuates_. Much oftener, however, (_b._) the perfect participle: as, #hōc respōnsō datō discessit#, 1, 14, 7, _this answer given he went away_. (_c._) The future participle is also used in the ablative absolute from Livy on: as, #hospite ventūrō, cessābit nēmo tuōrum#, J. 14, 59, _a visitor to come, your slaves will bustle each and all_.

1363. A predicate ablative with a participle meaning _made_, _kept_, _chosen_, or the like, occurs in Cicero, Caesar, Nepos, and Livy, but is rare (1167): as, #Dolābellā hoste dēcrētō#, _Ph._ 11, 16, _Dolabella having been voted an enemy of the state_.

1364. The perfect participles of deponents used actively in the ablative absolute, are chiefly those of intransitive use, such as #nātus#, #mortuus#, #ortus#, #profectus#. From Sallust on, other perfect deponent participles also are used actively with an accusative. Cicero and Caesar use a few deponent participles, such as #ēmeritus#, #pactus#, #partītus#, #dēpopulātus#, as passives, and later authors use many other participles so.

1365. (2.) The ablative of a substantive, with a predicate noun in agreement, is often used to denote an attendant circumstance of an action: as,

#brevitātem secūtus sum tē magistrō#, _Fam._ 11, 25, 1, _I aimed at brevity with you as a teacher_. #nātus dīs inimīcīs#, Pl. _Most._ 563, _born under wrath of gods_. #M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus#, 1, 2, 1, _in the consulship of Messala and Piso_. #istō praetōre vēnit Syrācūsās#, _V._ 4, 61, _in the defendant’s praetorship he came to Syracuse_.

1366. The nominative #quisque#, #plerīque#, or #ipse#, sometimes accompanies the ablative absolute: as, #causā ipse prō sē dictā, damnātur#, L. 4, 44, 10, _he is condemned after pleading his case in person_.

1367. The ablative absolute may denote in a loose way various relations which might be more distinctly expressed by subordinate sentences.

So particularly: (_a._) Time: as, #tertiā initā vigiliā exercitum ēdūcit#, Caes. _C._ 3, 54, 2, _at the beginning of the third watch he leads the army out_. (_b._) Cause or means: as, #C. Flāminium Caelius religiōne neglēctā cecidisse apud Trāsumēnum scrībit#, _DN._ 2, 8, _Caelius writes that Flaminius fell at Trasumene in consequence of his neglect of religious observances_. (_c._) Concession: as, #id paucīs dēfendentibus expugnāre nōn potuit#, 2, 12, 2, _though the defenders were few, he could not take it by storm_. (_d._) Hypothesis: as, #quae potest esse vītae iūcunditās sublātīs amīcitiīs?# _Pl._ 80, _what pleasure can there be in life, if you take friendships away?_ (_e._) Description: as, #domum vēnit capite obvolūtō#, _Ph._ 2, 77, _he came home with his head all muffled up_.

1368. It may be seen from the examples above that a change of construction is often desirable in translating the ablative absolute. Particularly so in many set idiomatic expressions: as, #nūllā interpositā morā#, Caes. _C._ 3, 75, 1, _without a moment’s delay_, _instantly_. #equō admissō#, 1, 22, 2, #equō citātō#, Caes. _C._ 3, 96, 3, _full gallop_. #clāmōre sublātō#, 7, 12, 5, _with a round of cheers_. #bene rē gestā salvos redeō#, Pl. _Tri._ 1182, _crowned with success I come back safe and sound_.

1369. The substantive of the ablative absolute usually denotes a different person or thing from any in the main sentence. But exceptions to this usage sometimes occur: as,

#quibus audītīs, eōs domum remittit#, 4, 21, 6, _after listening to these men, he sends them home again_. #sī ego mē sciente paterer#, Pl. _MG._ 559, _if I should wittingly myself allow_, more emphatic than #sciēns#. #sē iūdice nēmo nocēns absolvitur#, J. 13, 2, _himself the judge, no criminal gets free_.

1370. Two ablatives absolute often occur together, of which the first indicates the time, circumstances, or cause of the second: as, #exaudītō clāmōre perturbātīs ōrdinibus#, 2, 11, 5, _the ranks being demoralized from hearing the shouts_. #cōnsūmptīs omnibus tēlīs gladiīs dēstrictīs#, Caes. _C._ 1, 46, 1, _drawing their swords after expending all their missiles_.

1371. The substantive is sometimes omitted in the ablative absolute, particularly when it is a general word for a person or a thing which is explained by a relative: as, #praemissīs, quī repūrgārent iter#, L. 44, 4, 11, _sending sappers and miners ahead to clear a way_. #relātīs ōrdine, quae vīdissent#, L. 42, 25, 2, _telling circumstantially all they had seen_.

1372. The ablative neuter of some perfect participles is used impersonally (1034). This use is rare in old Latin, in classical Latin commonest in Cicero, and afterwards in Livy: as, #auspicātō#, _DN._ 2, 11, _with auspices taken_. #sortītō#, _V._ 2, 126, _lots being drawn_, or _by lot_. Such ablatives readily become adverbs (704). Substantives are also sometimes used alone: as, #austrō#, _Div._ 2, 58, _when the wind is south_. #tranquillitāte#, Plin. _Ep._ 8, 20, 6, _when it is calm_. #serēnō#, L. 37, 3, 3, _the day being clear_.

1373. The ablative neuter of some perfect participles is occasionally used in agreement with a sentence or an infinitive: as, #cōgnitō vīvere Ptolomaeum#, L. 33, 41, 5, _it being known that Ptolomy was alive_. This construction is not used in old Latin, and is rare in classical Latin, but common in Livy and Tacitus. So adjectives also: as, #incertō quid vītārent#, L. 28, 36, 12, _it not being obvious what they were to steer clear of_.

1374. The ablative absolute is sometimes attended, especially in Livy and Tacitus, by an explanatory word, such as #etsī#, #tamen#, #nisi#, #quasi#, #quamquam#, or #quamvīs#: as, #etsī aliquō acceptō dētrīmentō, tamen summā exercitūs salvā#, Caes. _C._ 1, 67, 5, _though with some loss, yet with the safety of the army as a whole_.

THE ABLATIVE OF QUALITY.

1375. The ablative with an adjective in agreement or with a limiting genitive is used to denote quality, either predicatively or attributively: as,

(_a._) Predicatively: #capillō sunt prōmissō#, 5, 14, 3, _they have long hair_, or _let their hair grow long_. #singulārī fuit industriā#, N. 24, 3, 1, _he had unparalleled activity_. #animō bonō’s#, Pl. _Aul._ 732, _be of good cheer_. #ad flūmen Genusum, quod rīpīs erat impedītīs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 75, 4, _to the river Genusus, which had impracticable banks_. (_b._) Attributively: #difficilī trānsitū flūmen rīpīsque praeruptīs#, 6, 7, 5, _a river hard to cross and with steep banks_. #interfectus est C. Gracchus, clārissimō patre, avō, maiōribus#, _C._ 1, 4, _Gracchus was done to death, a man with an illustrious father, grandfather, and ancestors in general_ (1044). #bōs cervī figūrā#, 6, 26, 1, _an ox with the shape of a stag_. Compare the genitive of quality (1239).

THE ABLATIVE OF THE ROUTE TAKEN.

1376. The instrumental ablative is used with verbs of motion to denote the route taken: as,

#Aurēliā viā profectus est#, _C._ 2, 6, _he has gone off by the Aurelia Road_. #omnibus viīs sēmitīsque essedāriōs ex silvīs ēmittēbat#, 5, 19, 2, _he kept sending his chariot men out by all possible highways and byways_. #hīs pontibus pābulātum mittēbat#, Caes. _C._ 1, 40, 1, _by these bridges he sent foraging_. #frūmentum Tiberī vēnit#, L. 2, 34, 5, _some grain came by the Tiber_. #lupus Ēsquilīna portā ingressus per portam Capēnam prope intāctus ēvāserat#, L. 33, 26, 9, _a wolf that came in town by the Esquiline gate had got out through the Capene gate, almost unscathed_. This construction gives rise to some adverbs: see 707. The ablative of the route is sometimes used with a substantive of action (1301): as, #nāvigātiō īnferō#, _Att._ 9, 5, 1, _the cruise by the lower sea_. #eōdem flūmine invectiō#, _Fin._ 5, 70, _entrance by the same river_.

(B.) THE INSTRUMENTAL PROPER.

THE ABLATIVE OF INSTRUMENT OR MEANS.

1377. The ablative is used to denote the instrument or means: as,

#pugnābant armīs#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 103, _they fought with arms_. #clārē oculīs videō, sum pernīx pedibus, manibus mōbilis#, Pl. _MG._ 630, _I can see distinctly with my eyes, I’m nimble with my legs, and active with my arms_. #iuvābō aut rē tē aut operā aut cōnsiliō bonō#, Pl. _Ps._ 19, _I’ll help thee either with my purse or hand or good advice_. #lacte et carne vīvunt, pellibusque sunt vestītī#, 5, 14, 2, _they live on milk and meat, and they are clad in skins_. #contentus paucīs lēctōribus#, H. _S._ 1, 10, 74, _content with readers few_. #centēnāque arbore flūctum verberat#, V. 10, 207, _and with an hundred beams at every stroke the wave he smites_. Rarely with substantives denoting action (1301): as, #gestōrēs linguīs, audītōrēs auribus#, Pl. _Ps._ 429, _reporters with their tongues and listeners with their ears_. #tenerīs labellīs mollēs morsiunculae#, Pl. _Ps._ 67^a, _caressing bites with velvet lips_.

1378. When the instrument is a person, the accusative with #per# is used: as, #haec quoque per explōrātōrēs ad hostēs dēferuntur#, 6, 7, 9, _this too is reported to the enemy through the medium of scouts_. Or a circumlocution, such as #virtūte#, #beneficiō#, #benignitāte#, or especially #operā#, with a genitive or possessive; as, #deūm virtūte multa bona bene parta habēmus#, Pl. _Tri._ 346, _thanks to the gods, we’ve many a pretty penny prettily put by_. #meā operā Tarentum recēpistī#, _CM._ 11, _It was through me you got Tarentum back_. Rarely the ablative of a person, the person being then regarded as a thing: as, #iacent suīs testibus#, _Mil._ 47, _they are cast by their own witnesses_.

1379. The instrumental ablative is used with the five deponents #fruor#, #fungor#, #potior#, #ūtor#, #vēscor#, and several of their compounds, and with #ūsus est# and #opus est#: as,

#pāce numquam fruēmur#, _Ph._ 7, 19, _we never shall enjoy ourselves with peace_, i.e. _we never shall enjoy peace_. #fungar vice cōtis#, H. _AP._ 304, _I’ll play the whetstone’s part_. #castrīs nostrī potītī sunt#, 1, 26, 4, _our people made themselves masters of the camp_. #vestrā operā ūtar#, L. 3, 46, 8, _I will avail myself of your services_. #carne vēscor#, _TD._ 5, 90, _I live on meat_. #opust chlamyde#, Pl. _Ps._ 734, _there is a job with a cloak_, i.e. _we need a cloak_.

1380. Instead of the instrumental ablative, some of the above verbs take the accusative occasionally in old and post-Augustan Latin: thus, in Plautus, Terence, Cato, always #abūtor#, also #fungor#, except once in Terence; #fruor# in Cato and Terence, and #perfungor# in Lucretius, once each; #potior# twice in Plautus and three times in Terence, often also the genitive (1292). The gerundive of these verbs is commonly used personally in the passive, as if the verbs were regularly used transitively (2244).

1381. #ūtor# often has a second predicative ablative: as, #administrīs druidibus ūtuntur#, 6, 16, 2, _they use the druids as assistants_. #facilī mē ūtētur patre#, T. _Hau._ 217, _an easy-going father he will find in me_.

1382. #ūsus est# and #opus est# sometimes take a neuter participle, especially in old Latin: as, #vīsō opust cautōst opus#, Pl. _Cap._ 225, _there’s need of sight, there’s need of care_. Sometimes the ablative with a predicate participle: as, #celeriter mī eō homine conventōst opus#, Pl. _Cur._ 302, _I needs must see that man at once_.

1383. With #opus est#, the thing wanted is often made the subject nominative or subject accusative, with #opus# in the predicate: as, #dux nōbīs et auctor opus est#, _Fam._ 2, 6, 4, _we need a leader and adviser_. Usually so when the thing needed is a neuter adjective or neuter pronoun: as, #multa sibī̆ opus esse#, _V._ 1, 126, _that he needed much_. A genitive dependent on #opus# is found once or twice in late Latin (1227).

1384. #ūsus est# is employed chiefly in comedy, but also once or twice in Cicero, Lucretius, Vergil, and Livy. Once with the accusative: #ūsust hominem astūtum#, Pl. _Ps._ 385, _there’s need of a sharp man_.

THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION.

1385. The instrumental ablative is used to denote that in respect of which an assertion or a term is to be taken: as,

#temporibus errāstī#, _Ph._ 2, 23, _you have slipped up in your chronology_. #excellēbat āctiōne#, _Br._ 215, _his forte lay in delivery_. #Helvētiī reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt#, 1, 1, 4, _the Helvetians outdo the rest of the Kelts in bravery_. #hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt#, 1, 1, 2, _these people all differ from each other in language, usages, and laws_. #sunt quīdam hominēs nōn rē sed nōmine#, _Off._ 1, 105, _some people are human beings not in reality but in name_. #ūna Suēba nātiōne, altera Nōrica#, 1, 53, 4, _one woman a Suebe by birth, the other Noric_. #vīcistis cochleam tarditūdine#, Pl. _Poen._ 532, _you’ve beaten snail in slowness_. #dēmēns iūdiciō volgī#, H. _S._ 1, 6, 97, _mad in the judgement of the world_. #sapiunt me͡ā sententiā#, T. _Ph._ 335, _in my opinion they are wise_. #meā quidem sententiā#, _CM._ 56, _in my humble opinion_. #quis iūre perītior commemorārī potest?# _Clu._ 107, _who can be named that is better versed in the law?_

THE ABLATIVE OF FULNESS.

1386. The instrumental ablative is used with verbs of abounding, filling, and furnishing: as,

#vīlla abundat porcō, haedō, āgnō#, _CM._ 56, _the country place is running over with swine, kid, and lamb_. #tōtum montem hominibus complērī iussit#, 1, 24, 3, _he gave orders for the whole mountain to be covered over with men_. #Māgōnem poenā adfēcērunt#, N. 23, 8, 2, _they visited Mago with punishment_. #legiōnēs nimis pulcrīs armīs praeditās#, Pl. _Am._ 218, _brigades in goodliest arms arrayed_. #cōnsulārī imperiō praeditus#, _Pis._ 55, _vested with the authority of consul_. For the genitive with #compleō# and #impleō#, see 1293.

1387. The ablative is sometimes used with adjectives of fulness, instead of the regular genitive (1263). Thus, in later Latin, rarely with #plēnus#: as, #maxima quaeque domus servīs est plēna superbīs#, J. 5, 66, _a grand establishment is always full of stuck-up slaves_. #et ille quidem plēnus annīs abiīt, plēnus honōribus#, Plin. _Ep._ 2, 1, 7, _well, as for him, he has passed away, full of years and full of honours_. So in Cicero and Caesar, once each. Also with #dīves# in poetry, and, from Livy on, in prose. With #refertus#, the ablative of things is common, while persons are usually in the genitive (1263). With #onustus#, the ablative is generally used, rarely the genitive.

THE ABLATIVE OF MEASURE, EXCHANGE, AND PRICE.

1388. The instrumental ablative is used with verbs of measuring and of exchanging, and in expressions of value and price: as,