Part 43

#haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram#, _Fam._ 12, 14, 7, _all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend_. #inīquos es, quī mē tacēre postulēs#, T. _Hau._ 1011, _thou art unfair, expecting me to hold my tongue_. So also when the antecedent is implied in a possessive: as, #cum tū nostrā, quī remānsissēmus, caede tē contentum esse dīcēbās#, _C_. 1, 7, _when you said you were satisfied with murdering us, who had staid behind_.

1808. For an accusative of the relative with an ablative antecedent the ablative is rarely used: as, #notante iūdice quō nōstī populō#, H. _S_. 1, 6, 15, _the judge condemning--thou know’st who--the world_. This represents the older interrogative conception: #notante iūdice--quō?--nōstī, populō# (1795).

1809. A new substantive added in explanation of an antecedent is put after the relative, and in the same case: as, #ad Amānum contendī, quī mōns erat hostium plēnus#, _Att._ 5, 20, 3, _I pushed on to Amanus, a mountain that was packed with the enemy_. This use begins with Cicero; but from Livy on, the explanatory word is also put as an appositive, with the relative following: as, #Decius Magius, vir cui nihil dēfuit#, L. 23, 7, 4, _Magius, a man that lacked nothing_.

1810. An adjective, especially a comparative, superlative, or numeral, explanatory of a substantive in the main sentence, is often put in the relative sentence: as,

#palūs quae perpetua intercēdēbat Rōmānōs ad īnsequendum tardābat#, 7, 26, 2, _a morass, that lay unbroken between, hindered the Romans from pursuit_.

1811. When reference is made to the substance of a sentence, the neuter #quod# is used, or more commonly #id quod#, either usually in parenthesis: as,

#intellegitur, id quod iam ante dīxī, imprūdente L. Sūllā scelera haec fierī#, _RA._ 25, _it is plain, as I have said once before, that these crimes are committed without the cognizance of Sulla_. In continuations, #quae rēs#: as, #nāvēs removērī iussit, quae rēs māgnō ūsuī nostrīs fuit#, 4, 25, 1, _he ordered the vessels to be withdrawn, a course which proved very advantageous for our people_.

[Erratum: 1811 ... quae rēs māgnō text unchanged: word generally spelled “magn-” (see endnote on first edition)]

MOODS IN THE RELATIVE SENTENCE.

1812. The relative is sometimes equivalent to a conditional protasis. When thus used, it may have either the indicative or the subjunctive, as the sense requires: as,

(_a._) #quod beātum est, nec habet nec exhibet cuiquam negōtium#, _DN._ 1, 85, _whatsoever is blessed, has no trouble and makes none to anybody_. #quisquis hūc vēnerit, pugnōs edet#, Pl. _Am._ 309, _whoever comes this way, shall have a taste of fists_ (1796). #omnia mala ingerēbat quemquem adspexerat#, Pl. _Men._ 717, _she showered all possible bad names on every man she saw_ (1795). (_b._) #haec quī videat, nōnne cōgātur cōnfitērī deōs esse#, _DN._ 2, 12, _whoso should see this would be forced, wouldn’t he? to admit the existence of gods_. #quī vidēret, equom Trōiānum intrōductum dīceret#, _V._ 4, 52, _whoever saw it would have sworn it was the Trojan horse brought in_ (1559).

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

1813. The indicative is used in simple declarations or descriptions introduced by a relative: as,

#quem dī dīligunt, adulēscēns moritur#, Pl. _B._ 816, _whom the gods love, dies young_. #reliquī, qui domī mānsērunt, sē alunt#, 4, 1, 5, _the others, that stay at home, support themselves_ (1736). #quōs labōrantēs cōnspexerat, hīs subsidia submittēbat#, 4, 26, 4, _to such as he saw in stress, he kept sending reinforcements_ (1736). #tū quod volēs faciēs#, _QFr._ 3, 4, 5, _do what you like_ (1735).

1814. The indicative is also used with indefinite relative pronouns and adverbs: as, #quidquid volt, valdē volt#, _Att._ 14, 1, 2, _whatever he wants, he wants mightily_. #quisquis est#, _TD._ 4, 37, _whoever he may be_. #quācumque iter fēcit#, _V._ 1, 44, _wherever he made his way_. In later writers the imperfect or pluperfect is often in the subjunctive: see 1730.

1815. An original indicative often becomes subjunctive, particularly in indirect discourse (1722); or by attraction (1728); or to indicate repeated action (1730). See also 1727 and 1731.

[Erratum: 1814 ... _TD._ 4, 37 4. 37]

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

1816. Relative pronoun sentences take the subjunctive to denote (1.) a purpose, (2.) a characteristic or result, (3.) a cause, reason, proof, or a concession.

SENTENCES OF PURPOSE.

1817. (1.) Relative sentences of purpose are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by #ut#, _in order that_, _to_ (1947): as,

#ea quī cōnficeret, C. Trebōnium relinquit#, 7, 11, 3, _he left Trebonius to manage this_. #quālis esset nātūra montis, quī cōgnōscerent, mīsit#, 1, 21, 1, _he sent some scouts to ascertain what the character of the mountain was_. #haec habuī dē amīcitiā quae dīcerem#, _L._ 104, _this was what I had to say of friendship_. Sentences of purpose are an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540).

SENTENCES OF CHARACTERISTIC OR RESULT.

1818. (2.) Relative sentences of characteristic or result are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by #ut#, _so as to_, _so that_ (1947).

The main sentence sometimes has a word denoting character, such as #is#, #eius modī#, rarely #tālis#: as, #neque is sum, quī mortis perīculō terrear#, 5, 30, 2, _but I am not the man to be scared by danger of death, no not I_. Often, however, character is intimated by the mood alone: as, #secūtae sunt tempestātēs quae nostrōs in castrīs continērent#, 4, 34, 4, _there followed a succession of storms to keep our people in camp_. #quod miserandum sit labōrātis#, _DN._ 3, 62, _you struggle away to a pitiable degree_. Sentences of result are an extension of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554).

1819. The subjunctive with #quī# is often used with #dignus#, #indignus#, or #idōneus#, usually with a form of #sum#: as, #Līviānae fābulae nōn satis dignae quae iterum legantur#, _Br._ 71, _Livy’s plays are not worth reading twice_. #nōn erit idōneus quī ad bellum mittātur#, _IP._ 66, _he will not be a fit person to be sent to the war_. Twice thus, #aptus#, once in Cicero, once in Ovid. In poetry and late prose these adjectives sometimes have the infinitive. #dignus# and #indignus# have also #ut# in Plautus, Livy, and Quintilian.

1820. Relative subjunctive sentences are sometimes coordinated by #et# or #sed#, with a substantive, adjective, or participle: as, #audāx et coetūs possit quae ferre virōrum#, J. 6, 399, _a brazen minx, and one quite capable of facing crowds of men_.

1821. Relative sentences after assertions or questions of existence or non-existence, usually take the subjunctive: as,

#sunt quī putent#, _TD._ 1, 18, _there be people to think_, _there be who think_, or _some people think_. #nēmō est quī nesciat#, _Fam._ 1, 4, 2, _there is nobody that doesn’t know_. #sapientia est ūna quae maestitiam pellat ex animīs#, _Fin._ 1, 43, _wisdom is the only thing to drive sadness from the soul_.

1822. Such expressions are: #est (exsistit, exortus est), quī#; #sunt (reperiuntur, nōn dēsunt), quī#; #nēmō est, quī#; #quis est, quī#; #sōlus# or #ūnus est, quī#; #est, nihil est, quod#; #quid est, quod?# #habeō, nōn habeō, nihil habeō, quod#, &c., &c. Indefinite subjects are sometimes used with these verbs: as, #multī#, #quīdam#, #nōnnūllī#, #aliī#, #paucī#; sometimes appellatives: as, #hominēs#, #philosophī#.

1823. The indicative, however, is not infrequently found in affirmative sentences, particularly in old Latin and in poetry: as, #sunt quōs sciō esse amīcōs#, Pl. _Tri._ 91, _some men there are I know to be my friends_. #interdum volgus rēctum videt, est ubi peccat#, H. _E._ 2, 1, 63, _sometimes the world sees right, there be times when it errs_. #sunt item, quae appellantur alcēs#, 6, 27, 1, _then again there are what they call elks_.

[Erratum: 1823 ... #sunt quōs sciō esse amīcōs#, Pl. _Tri._ 91 printed . for ,]

SENTENCES OF CAUSE OR CONCESSION.

1824. (3.) Relative sentences of cause, reason, proof, or of concession, are equivalent to subjunctive sentences introduced by #cum#, _since_, _though_ (1877): as,

(_a._) #hospes, quī nihil suspicārētur, hominem retinēre coepit#, _V._ 1, 64, _the friend, suspecting nothing, undertook to hold on to the man_. Often justifying the use of a single word: as, #ō fortūnāte adulēscēns, quī tuae virtūtis Homērum praecōnem invēnerīs#, _Arch._ 24, _oh youth thrice-blest, with Homer trumpeter of thy prowess_. #ad mē vēnit Hēraclīus, homo nōbilis, quī sacerdōs Iovis fuisset#, _V._ 4, 137, _I had a call from Heraclius, a man of high standing, as is proved by his having been a priest of Jupiter_. (_b._) #Cicerō, quī mīlitēs in castrīs continuisset, quīnque cohortēs frūmentātum mittit#, 6, 36, 1, _though Cicero had kept his men in camp, he sends five cohorts foraging_.

1825. With #quī tamen#, however, the indicative is usual: as, #alter, quī tamen sē continuerat, nōn tenuit eum locum#, _Sest._ 114, _the other, though he had observed a quiet policy, did not hold the place_.

1826. Oftentimes, where a causal relation might be expected, a simple declaratory indicative is used: as,

#habeō senectūtī magnam grātiam, quae mihī̆ sermōnis aviditātem auxit#, _CM._ 46, _I feel greatly indebted to age, which has increased my eagerness for conversation_. Particularly thus in old Latin: as, #sed sumne ego stultus, quī rem cūrō pūblicam?# Pl. _Per._ 75, _but am I not a fool, who bother with the common weal?_ Compared with: #sed ego sum īnsipientior, quī rēbus cūrem pūplicis#, Pl. _Tri._ 1057, _but I’m a very fool, to bother with the common weal_. Often of coincident action (1733): as, #stultē fēcī, quī hunc āmīsī#, Pl. _MG._ 1376, _I’ve acted like a fool, in letting this man off_.

1827. The causal relative is often introduced by #quippe#, less frequently by #ut#, or #ut pote#, _naturally_: as,

#‘convīvia cum patre nōn inībat;’ quippe quī nē in oppidum quidem nisi perrārō venīret#, _RA._ 52, _‘he never went to dinner-parties with his father;’ why, of course not, since he never went to a simple country town even, except very rarely_. #dictātor tamen, ut quī magis animīs quam vīribus frētus ad certāmen dēscenderet, omnia circumspicere coepit#, L. 7, 14, 6, _but the dictator, naturally, since he went into the struggle trusting to mind rather than muscle, now began to be all on the alert_. With #quippe quī#, the indicative only is used by Sallust, and is preferred by Plautus and Terence. Cicero has, with one exception, the subjunctive, Tacitus and Nepos have it always. Livy has either mood. Not in Caesar. #ut quī# has the subjunctive. It occurs a few times in Plautus, Cicero, once in Caesar, oftenest in Livy. With the indicative once in Cicero, and once in Tacitus. #ut pote quī# has the subjunctive. It is used by Plautus, by Cicero, once with the indicative, by Sallust, and Catullus.

1828. The indefinite ablative #quī#, _somehow_, _surely_, sometimes follows #quippe# or #ut# in old Latin, in which case it must not be confounded with the relative: as, #quippe quī ex tē audīvī#, Pl. _Am._ 745, _why, sure I’ve heard from you_; it cannot be the relative here, as the speaker is a woman.

1829. The subjunctive is used in parenthetical sentences of restriction: as,

#quod sciam#, Pl. _Men._ 500; T. _Ad._ 641; _RA._ 17, _to the best of my knowledge and belief_. #quod sine molestiā tuā fīat#, _Fam._ 13, 23, 2, _as far as may be without trouble to yourself_. #quī# is often followed by #quidem#: as, #omnium ōrātōrum, quōs quidem ego cōgnōverim, acūtissimum iūdicō Q. Sertōrium#, _Br._ 180, _of all orators, at least of all that I have made the acquaintance of myself, I count Sertorius the sharpest_.

1830. The indicative, however, is used in #quod attinet ad#, _as to_, and usually with #quantum#, and with forms of #sum# and #possum#: as, #quod sine molestiā tuā facere poteris#, _Att._ 1, 5, 7, _as far as you can without troubling yourself_.

CORRELATIVE SENTENCES.

1831. Sentences are said to be _correlative_, when a relative pronoun or adverb has a corresponding determinative or demonstrative pronoun or adverb in the main sentence.

Thus, the ordinary correlative of #quī# is #is#, less frequently #hīc#, #ille#, #īdem#. Similarly #tot . . . quot# are used as correlatives; also #quō . . . eō#, #quantō . . . tantō#; #quantum . . . tantum#; #tam . . . quam#; #totiēns . . . quotiēns#; #tālis . . . quālis#; #ubī̆ . . . ibī̆#; #ut . . . ita#, #sīc#, or #item#; #cum ... tum#.

RELATIVE SENTENCES COMBINED.

(A.) COORDINATION OF A RELATIVE.

1832. (1.) When two coordinate relative sentences would have the second relative in the same case as the first, the second relative is usually omitted: as,

#Dumnorīgī quī prīncipātum optinēbat, ac maximē plēbī acceptus erat, persuādet#, 1, 3, 5, _he prevails with Dumnorix, who held the headship, and was popular with the commons_.

1833. (2.) When two coordinate relative sentences require two different cases of the relative, the relative is usually expressed with both, or else the second relative, which is usually nominative or accusative, is omitted, or #is#, #hīc#, #ille#, or #īdem#, is substituted for it: as,

(_a._) #cūr loquimur dē eō hoste, quī iam fatētur sē esse hostem, et quem nōn timeō?# _C._ 2, 17, _why am I talking about an enemy who admits himself he is an enemy, and whom I do not fear?_ (_b._) #Bocchus cum peditibus, quōs Volux addūxerat, neque in priōre pugnā adfuerant#, S. _I._ 101, 5, _Bocchus with the infantry whom Volux had brought up, and who had not been engaged in the first skirmish_. (_c._) #Viriāthus, quem C. Laelius frēgit, ferōcitātemque eius repressit#, _Off._ 2, 40, _Viriathus, whom Laelius crushed, and curbed his fiery soul_. This last use is chiefly limited to old Latin, Cicero, and Lucretius.

(B.) SUBORDINATION OF A RELATIVE.

1834. A sentence consisting of a main and a relative member, may be further modified by a more specific relative sentence: as,

#proximī sunt Germānīs quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt# (general), #quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt# (specific), 1, 1, 3, _they are nearest to the Germans that live beyond the Rhine, with whom they carry on uninterrupted hostilities_. #īdem artifex Cupīdinem fēcit illum quī est Thespiīs# (general), #propter quem Thespiae vīsuntur# (specific), _V._ 4, 4, _the selfsame artist made the world-renowned Cupid at Thespiae, which is the attraction for tourists in Thespiae_.

THE RELATIVE INTRODUCING A MAIN SENTENCE.

1835. Besides the ordinary use of the relative, to introduce a subordinate sentence, it is often used like #hīc#, or #is#, or like #et is#, #is autem#, #is enim#, or #is igitur#, to append a fresh main sentence or period to the foregoing: as,

#cōnsiliō convocātō sententiās exquīrere coepit, quō in cōnsiliō nōnnūllae huius modī sententiae dīcēbantur#, 3, 3, 1, _calling a council of war, he proceeded to ask their opinion, and in this council some opinions of the following import were set forth_. #centuriōnēs hostēs vocāre coepērunt; quōrum prōgredī ausus est nēmō#, 5, 43, 6, _the officers proceeded to call the enemy; but not a man of them ventured to step forward_. #perūtilēs Xenophōntis librī sunt; quos legite studiōsē#, _CM._ 59, _Xenophon’s works are extremely profitable reading; so do read them attentively_. In Plautus this use is rare; but it becomes more and more prevalent, and in the time of Cicero the relative is one of the commonest connectives.

1836. From this use of the relative come many introductory formulas, such as #quō factō#, #quā rē cōgnitā#, #quae cum ita sint#, &c., &c.

1837. A connective #quod# is often used before #sī#, #nisi#, or #etsī#, less frequently before #quia#, #quoniam#, #utinam#, #quī#, &c.

This #quod# may be translated _so_, _but_, _now_, _whereas_, _as to that_, &c., or it is often best omitted in translation. See 2132.

THE CONJUNCTIVE PARTICLE SENTENCE.

#quod.#

1838. The conjunctive particle #quod#, originally the neuter of the relative pronoun, has both a declarative sense, _that_, and a causal sense, _because_. In both senses it regularly introduces the indicative (1721). For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is often used, and particularly in indirect discourse (1722).

1839. In some of its applications, particularly in old Latin, the conjunctive particle #quod# can hardly be distinguished from the pronoun #quod#, as follows:

1840. (1) In old Latin, #quod#, _why_, _for what_, is sometimes used with #veniō# and #mittō#. Thus, as in #id vēnimus#, Pl. _MG._ 1158, _that’s why we’ve come_, #id# is used to define the purpose of the motion (1144), so also #quod#, in #quod vēnī, ēloquar#, T. _Hau. prol._ 3, _what I’ve come for, I’ll set forth_. Instead of #quod#, more explicitly #quam ob rem#: as, #quam ob rem hūc sum missa#, Pl. _R._ 430, _what I am sent here for_.

1841. (2.) #quod#, _why_, _for what_, is used in such expansions as #quid est quod?# #quid habēs quod?# or #nihil est quod#: as,

#quid est quod mē excīvistī?# Pl. _E._ 570, _why is it that you’ve called me out?_ (1144). Usually with the subjunctive (1563): as, #quid est quod plūra dīcāmus?# _Clu._ 59, _what reason is there for saying more?_ For #quod#, sometimes #quā rē#, #quam ob rem#, #cūr#, &c. The question itself is also sometimes varied: as, #quid fuit causae, cūr in Āfricam Caesarem nōn sequerēre?# _Ph._ 2, 71, _what earthly reason was there, why you should not have followed Caesar to Africa?_

1842. (3.) #quod#, _as to what_, or _that_, is used, especially at the beginning of a sentence, to introduce a fact on which something is to be said, often by way of protest or refutation: as,

#vērum quod tū dīcis, nōn tē mī īrāscī decet#, Pl. _Am._ 522, _but as to what you say, it is n’t right that you should get provoked with me_. #quod multitūdinem Germānōrum in Galliam trādūcat, id sē suī mūniendī causā facere#, 1, 44, 6, _as to his moving a great many Germans over to Gaul, that he did for self-protection_ (1722). This construction is particularly common in Caesar, and in Cicero’s letters.

1843. When #quod#, _in case_, _suppose_, _although_, introduces a mere conjecture or a concession, the subjunctive is used (1554): as, #quod quispiam ignem quaerat, extinguī volō#, Pl. _Aul._ 91, _in case a man may come for fire, I want the fire put out_. This use is principally found in old Latin, but once or twice also in Cicero.

1844. #quod#, _that_, _the fact that_, is often used in subordinate sentences which serve to complete the sense of the main sentence.

1845. The sentence with #quod# may represent a subject, as with #accēdit#; an object, as with #praetereō#, &c.; or any case of a substantive; frequently it is in apposition with a demonstrative or an appellative: as,

(_a._) #accēdēbat, quod suōs ab sē līberōs abstrāctōs dolēbant#, 3, 2, 5, _there was added this fact, that they lamented that their own children were torn from them_; or less clumsily, _then too they lamented_. #praetereō, quod eam sibī̆ domum sēdemque dēlēgit, in quā cōtīdiē virī mortis indicia vidēret#, _Clu._ 188, _I pass over the fact that she picked out a house to live in, in which she would see, day in day out, things to remind her of her husband’s death_. #illud minus cūrō, quod congessistī operāriōs omnēs#, _Br._ 297, _I am not particularly interested in the fact that you have lumped together all sorts of cobblers and tinkers_. (_b._) #Caesar senātūs in eum beneficia commemorāvit, quod rēx appellātus esset ā senātū#, 1, 43, 4, _Caesar told of the kindnesses of the senate to the man, the fact that ‘he had been styled king by the senate’_ (1722). #quō factō duās rēs cōnsecūtus est, quod animōs centuriōnum dēvinxit et mīlitum voluntātēs redēmit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 39, 4, _thus he killed two birds with one stone: he won the hearts of the officers, and he bought golden opinions of the rank and file_. #hōc ūnō praestāmus vel maximē ferīs, quod conloquimur inter nōs#, _DO._ 1, 32, _in this one circumstance do we perhaps most of all surpass brutes, that we can talk with each other_. #labōre et industriā et quod adhibēbat grātiam, in prīncipibus patrōnīs fuit#, _Br._ 233, _thanks to his untiring industry, and to his bringing his winning manners to bear, he figured among the leaders of the bar_.

1846. #accēdit#, as the passive of #addō#, often has the subjunctive with #ut#: see 1965. #addō quod#, especially in the imperative form #adde quod#, occurs in Accius, Terence, Lucretius, Horace, and Ovid. #adiciō quod# begins with Livy.

1847. The sentence with #quod# is often introduced by a prepositional expression, such as #eō# with #dē#, #ex#, #in#, #prō#, rarely with #cum#; or #id# with #ad# in Livy, #super# in Tacitus.

1848. #nisi quod#, or in Plautus and Terence #nisi quia#, _but for the fact that_, _except_, _only that_, and #praeter quam quod#, _besides the fact that_, are used in limitations: as, #nihil peccat, nisi quod nihil peccat#, Plin. _Ep._ 9, 26, 1, _he erreth naught, save that he naught doth err_. Livy has also #super quam quod#. #tantum quod# in the sense of #nisi quod# is rare; more commonly of time, _just_, _hardly_.

1849. #quid quod?# for #quid dē eō dīcam quod?# _what of the fact that_, or _nay more_, marks an important transition: as, #quid quod salūs sociōrum in perīculum vocātur?# _IP._ 12, _nay more, the very existence of our allies is endangered_.

1850. With verbs of doing or happening, accompanied by some word of manner, #quod# introduces a verb of coincident action (1733): as,

#bene facis quod mē adiuvās#, _Fin._ 3, 16, _you are very kind in helping me_. #videor mihī̆ grātum fēcisse Siculīs, quod eōrum iniūriās sum persecūtus#, _V._ 2, 16, _I flatter myself that I have won the gratitude of the Sicilians in acting as avenger of their wrongs_. In this sense #quī# (1826) or #cum# (1874) is often used, or in Plautus and once in Horace #quia#.

1851. #quod#, _that_, _because_, is used to denote cause with verbs of emotion.

Thus, as with #id# in #id gaudeō#, T. _Andr._ 362, _I’m glad of that_ (1144), so with an object sentence, as #gaudeō quod tē interpellāvī#, _Leg._ 3, 1, _I’m glad that I interrupted you_. Such verbs are: #gaudeō#, #laetor#; #mīror#; #doleō#, #maereō#, #angor#, #indignor#, #suscēnseō#, #īrāscor#, &c. In old Latin, Cicero’s letters, Livy, and rarely in Tacitus such verbs may have #quia#, sometimes #quom# (1875). For the accusative with the infinitive, see 2187.

1852. Verbs of praising, blaming, accusing, and condemning, often take #quod#: as,

#quod bene cōgitāstī aliquandō, laudō#, _Ph._ 2, 34, _that you have ever had good intentions, I commend_. #laudat Africānum Panaetius, quod fuerit abstinēns#, _Off._ 2, 76, _Panaetius eulogizes Africanus, ‘for being so abstinent’_ (1725). #ut cum Sōcratēs accūsātus est quod corrumperet iuventūtem#, Quintil. 4, 4, 5, _as when Socrates was charged with ‘demoralizing the rising generation’_ (1725). #grātulor#, _congratulate_, and #grātiās agō#, _thank_, have regularly #quod# or #cum# (1875). Verbs of accusing sometimes have #cūr#.

1853. Causal #quod#, _owing to the fact that_, _because_, introduces an efficient cause, or a reason or motive: as,