Part 47

Will may be suggested by a general verb or expression: as, #dīcō#, #respondeō#, #nūntiō#, &c.; or denoted by specific ones, of which some of the commonest are: desire: #volō# (#mālō#), #concupīscō#, #optō#. request: #petō#, #postulō#, #flāgitō#, #ōrō#, #rogō#, #precor#, #obsecrō#, #implōrō#, #instō#, _urge_, #invītō#. advice: #suādeō#, #persuādeō#, _persuade_, #moneō#, _bid_, #admoneō#, #hortor#, #cēnseō#, _propose_, _vote_. resolution, stipulation: #dēcernō#, #statuō#, _decree_, #cōnstituō#, #placet#, #sanciō#, #pacīscor#, #pepigī#. command: #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #praescrībō#, #mandō#, #negōtium dō#, #ēdīcō#, #ferō#, #caveō#, #interdīcō#. permission: #concēdō#, _allow_, #permittō#, #committō#, #potestātem faciō#, #veniam dō#, #sinō#, #nōn patior#.

1951. (_b._) Verbs of aim include those of striving, accomplishing, or inducing; such are:

striving: #agō# or #id agō#, #animum indūcō#, #temptō#, #operam dō#, #labōrō#, #nītor#, #ēnītor#, #mōlior#, #videō#, #prōspiciō#, #cūrō#, #nihil antīquius habeō quam#, #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#. accomplishing: #faciō# (#efficiō#, #perficiō#), #praestō#; #mereō#; #impetrō#, #adsequor#, #cōnsequor#, #adipīscor#. inducing: #moveō#, #excitō#, #incitō#, #impellō#, #perpellō#, #cōgō#.

(_a._) #optāvit ut in currum patris tollerētur#, _Off._ 3, 94, _he asked to be lifted into his father’s chariot_. #optō nē sē illa gēns moveat#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 2, _I hope and pray that that nation may not stir_. #Ubiī ōrābant, ut sibī̆ auxilium ferret#, 4, 16, 5, _the Ubians begged that he would help them_. #Pausaniās ōrāre coepit nē ēnūntiāret#, N. 4, 4, 6, _Pausanias began to beg that he would not tell_. #hortātus est utī in officiō manēret#, 5, 4, 2, _he urged him to remain steadfast in duty_. #hortātur eōs nē animō dēficiant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 19, 1, _he urges them not to get disheartened_ (1752). #suīs, ut idem faciant, imperat#, 5, 37, 1, _he orders his men to do the same_. #suīs imperāvit nē quod omnīnō tēlum rēicerent#, 1, 46, 2, _he ordered his men not to throw any weapon at all back_. #huic permīsit, utī in hīs locīs legiōnem conlocāret#, 3, 1, 3, _he allowed this man to quarter his legion in these parts_. #neque suam neque populī Rōmānī cōnsuētūdinem patī, utī sociōs dēsereret#, 1, 45, 1, _that his practice and that of the Roman nation would not allow him to desert his allies_.

(_b._) #neque id agere ut exercitum teneat ipse, sed nē illī habeant quō contrā sē ūtī possint#, Caes. _C._ 1, 85, 11, _and that his object was not to hold the army himself, but to prevent the other side from having an army which they could use against him_. #XII nāvibus āmissīs, reliquīs ut nāvigārī commodē posset effēcit#, 4, 31, 3, _a dozen vessels were lost, but he managed to sail comfortably with the rest_. #eius bellī fāma effēcit nē sē pugnae committerent Sappīnātēs#, L. 5, 32, 4, _the story of this war prevented the Sappinatians from hazarding an engagement_. #sī ā Chrȳsogonō nōn impetrāmus ut pecūniā nostrā contentus sit, vītam nē petat#, _RA._ 150, _if we do not succeed in making Chrysogonus satisfied with our money without his aiming at our life_. #Aulum spē pactiōnis perpulit, utī in abditās regiōnēs sēsē īnsequerētur#, S. _I._ 38, 2, _Aulus he induced by the hope of a pecuniary settlement to follow him to distant regions_. #Antōnium pactiōne prōvinciae perpulerat, nē contrā rem pūblicam sentīret#, S. _C._ 26, 4, _by agreeing to let Antony have a province, he had induced him not to be disaffected toward the government_.

1952. Many of these verbs often have a coordinated subjunctive (1705-1713), or, according to the meaning, admit other constructions, which must in general be learned by reading, or from the dictionary. The following points may be noticed:

1953. (_a._) The verbs of resolving, #statuō#, #cōnstituō#, and #dēcernō#, and of striving, #nītor#, and #temptō#, have usually the complementary infinitive (2169), unless a new subject is introduced. For #volō# (#mālō#), and #cupiō#, see also 2189; for #iubeō#, #vetō#, #sinō#, and #patior#, 2198. #postulō#, _expect_, often has the same construction as #volō#, especially in old Latin (2194). For #imperō#, see 2202.

1954. (_b._) Some of the above verbs, with the meaning _think_ or _say_, have the accusative with the infinitive (2175, 2195): as, #volō#, #contendō#, _maintain_, #concēdō#, _admit_, #statuō#, _assume_, #dēcernō#, _judge_, #moneō#, _remind_, #persuādeō#, _convince_.

1955. (_c._) Verbs of accomplishing sometimes express result rather than purpose, and when the result is negative, are completed by a clause with #ut nōn# (1965). For the infinitive with such verbs, see 2196.

1956. #est# with a predicate noun is sometimes equivalent to a verb of will or aim, and has the same construction.

So with words like #iūs#, #lēx#, #mūnus#, &c.: as, #iūs esse bellī ut quī vīcissent hīs quōs vīcissent imperārent#, 1, 36, 1, _that rules of war entitled conquerors to lord it over conquered_. #quis nescit prīmam esse historiae lēgem, nē quid falsī dīcere audeat?# _DO._ 2, 62, _who does not know that the first rule of history is that it shall not venture to say anything false?_ #iūstitiae prīmum mūnus est ut nē cui quis noceat#, _Off._ 1, 20, _the first duty of justice is that a man harm nobody_. #nam id arbitror adprīmē in vītā esse ūtile, ‘ut nē quid nimis,’# T. _Andr._ 60, _for this I hold to be a rule in life that’s passing useful, ‘naught in overplus.’_

1957. (2.) The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used in clauses which complete expressions of fear, anxiety, or danger.

#ut#, _that not_, _may not_, and #nē#, _lest_, _may_, were originally signs of a wish (1540): thus, #vereor, ut fīat#, _I am afraid; may it come to pass_, acquires the meaning of _I am afraid it may not come to pass_ (1706); and #vereor, nē fīat#, _I am afraid; may it not come to pass_, of _I am afraid it may come to pass_. #metuō ut# is common in old Latin, and is used by Horace, but not by Caesar or Sallust, once by Cicero in the orations. #timeō ut# is rare, and first used by Cicero. #vereor ut# is not uncommon.

#at vereor ut plācārī possit#, T. _Ph._ 965, _but I’m afraid she can’t be reconciled_. #nē uxor rescīscat metuit#, Pl. _As._ 743, _he is afraid his wife may find it out_. #ō puer, ut sīs vītālis metuō, et maiōrum nē quis amīcus frīgore tē feriat#, H. _S._ 2, 1, 60, _my boy, you’ll not see length of days I fear, and that some grander friend may with his coldness cut you dead_. #nēquid summā dēperdat metuēns aut ampliet ut rem#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 31, _in dread lest from his store he something lose or may not add to his estate_. #metuō nē nōs nōsmet perdiderīmus uspiam#, Pl. _MG._ 428, _I’m afraid we’ve lost ourselves somewhere_. #sollicitus nē turba perēgerit orbem#, J. 5, 20, _apprehensive that the throng may have finished its round_. #nē nōn# is often, though rarely in old Latin, used for #ut#, and regularly when the expression of fear is negative: as, #nōn vereor nē hoc officium meum P. Servīliō nōn probem#, _V._ 4, 82, _I have no fear but I may make my services acceptable in the eyes of Servilius_. For #nōn metuō quīn#, see 1986.

1958. #vereor nē# is often equivalent to _I rather think_, and #vereor ut# to _hardly_. #vidē (videāmus, videndum est) nē#, and similar expressions, are sometimes used for #vereor nē#, to introduce something conjectured rather than proved: as,

#vereor nē barbarōrum rēx fuerit#, _RP._ 1, 58, _I rather think he was king over savages_. #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97, _I rather think my conjecture is in better keeping with the facts_.

1959. Other constructions with expressions of fear are: (_a._) Indirect question. (_b._) Accusative with infinitive. (_c._) Complementary infinitive: as,

(_a._) #erī semper lēnitās verēbar quorsum ēvāderet#, T. _Andr._ 175, _I was afraid how master’s always gentleness would end_. #timeō quid sit#, T. _Hau._ 620, _I have my fears what it may be_. #timeō quid rērum gesserim#, Pl. _MG._ 397, _I am concerned to think what capers I have cut_. #metuō quid agam#, T. _Hau._ 720, _I’m scared and know not what to do_ (1731). (_b._) #ego mē cupiditātis rēgnī crīmen subitūrum timērem?# L. 2, 7, 9, _was I to fear being charged with aspiring to a throne?_ (_c._) #vereor cōram in ōs tē laudāre#, T. _Ad._ 269, _I am afraid to disgrace you with praise to the face_ (2168).

1960. (3.) The subjunctive with #nē# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of avoiding, hindering, and resisting.

Such are: avoiding: #caveō#, #mē ēripiō#, #vītō#. hindering: #intercēdō#, #interdīcō#, #recūsō#, #repugnō#, #temperō#; also the following which often have #quōminus# (1977): #dēterreō#, #impediō#, #obsistō#, #obstō#, #officiō#, #prohibeō#, #teneō#. resisting: #resistō#, #repugnō#, #recūsō#; with these last often #quōminus#. Some of the above verbs when preceded by a negative also take #quīn# (1986); #prohibeō# and #impediō# have also the accusative with the infinitive (2203). For the subjunctive coordinated with #cavē̆#, see 1711.

#nē quid eīs noceātur neu quis invītus sacrāmentum dīcere cōgātur ā Caesare cavētur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 86, 4, _all precaution is taken by Caesar that no harm be done them, and that nobody be compelled to take the oath against his will_. #per eōs, nē causam dīceret, sē ēripuit#, 1, 4, 2, _thanks to this display of retainers he succeeded in avoiding trial_. #plūra nē scrībam, dolōre impedior#, _Att._ 11, 13, 5, _grief prevents me from writing more_. #nē qua sibī̆ statua pōnerētur restitit#, N. 25, 3, 2, _he objected to having a statue erected in his honour_.

[Errata: 1951b ... #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#. text unchanged: word generally spelled “pugn-” (see endnote on first edition) 1958 ... #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97 . for ,]

II. PURE FINAL CLAUSES.

1961. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used to denote the purpose of the main action.

The purpose is often indicated in the main sentence by an expression like #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, #eā mente#, &c.

#vigilās dē nocte, ut tuīs cōnsultōribus respondeās#, _Mur._ 22, _you have to get up early in the morning to give advice to your clients_. #maiōrēs nostrī ab arātrō addūxērunt Cincinnātum, ut dictātor esset#, _Fin._ 2, 12, _our fathers brought Cincinnatus from his plough, to be dictator_. #dīcam auctiōnis causam, ut damnō gaudeant#, Pl. _St._ 207, _I’ll tell the reason for the sale, that o’er my losses they may gloat_. #quīn etiam nē tōnsōrī collum committeret, tondēre fīliās suās docuit#, _TD._ 5, 58, _why, he actually taught his own daughters to shave, so as not to trust his throat to a barber_. #Caesar, nē graviōrī bellō occurreret, ad exercitum proficīscitur#, 4, 6, 1, _to avoid facing war on a more formidable scale, Caesar goes to the army_. #tē ulcīscar, ut nē inpūne in nōs inlūseris#, T. _Eu._ 941, _I’ll be revenged on you, so that you shan’t play tricks on me for nothing_ (1947). #nē īgnōrārētis esse aliquās pācis vōbīs condiciōnēs, ad vōs vēnī#, L. 21, 13, 2, _I have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace_ (1754). #ita mē gessī nē tibī̆ pudōrī essem#, L. 40, 15, 6, _I comported myself in such a way that I might not be a mortification to you_. #Mariōnem ad tē eō mīsī, ut tēcum ad mē venīret#, _Fam._ 16, 1, 1, _I sent Mario to you with the intention of having him come with you to me_. #idcircō nēmō superiōrum attigit, ut hīc tolleret? ideō C. Claudius rettulit, ut C. Verrēs posset auferre?# _V._ 4, 7, _was that the reason why no former officials laid a finger on it, that this man might swoop it away? was that why Claudius returned it, that a Verres might carry it off?_ #danda opera est, ut etiam singulīs cōnsulātur, sed ita, ut ea rēs aut prōsit aut certē nē obsit rē̆ī pūblicae#, _Off._ 2, 72, _we must be particular in regarding the interests of individuals as well, but with this restriction, that our action may benefit, or at any rate may not damage the country_.

1962. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is often used not to express the purpose of the main action, but in a parenthetical clause, as though dependant upon some verb unexpressed: as,

#ut in pauca cōnferam, testāmentō factō mulier moritur#, _Caec._ 17, _to cut a long story short, the woman makes her will and dies_. #sed ut hīc nē īgnōret, quae rēs agātur: dē nātūrā agēbāmus deōrum#, _DN._ 1, 17, _but that our friend here may know what is up: we were just on the nature of the gods_. The tense is present, in late writers the perfect, as #ut sīc dīxerim#, Quint. 1, 6, 1. Here may also be mentioned the use of #nēdum# (rarely #nē# or, from Livy on, #nēdum ut#) with the present subjunctive (rarely the imperfect): as, #satrapa numquam sufferre eius sūmptūs queat: nēdum tū possīs#, T. _Hau._ 452, _a prince couldn’t stand her extravagance, much less could you_. This is found in Terence and Lucretius once each, in Cicero, and later; not in Caesar. The preceding clause is negative or involves a negative idea. From Livy on, the verb may be omitted: as, #vix clāmōrem eōrum, nēdum impetum tulēre#, L. 34, 20, 7, _they hardly stood their war cry, much less their charge_.

1963. The subjunctive is used in an assumption or concession with #ut# or #nē#, or if the negation belongs to a single word, with #ut nōn#, #nēmō#, &c.: as,

#ut taceam, quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser#, T. _Hec._ 296, _even supposing I say nothing, anybody can understand how unhappy I was_. #sed ut haec concēdantur, reliqua quī concēdī possunt?# _DN._ 3, 41, _but even supposing this be admitted, how can the rest be admitted?_ #nē sit summum malum dolor, malum certē est#, _TD._ 2, 14, _grant that suffering is not the chiefest evil, an evil it assuredly is_ (1553). #vērum ut hoc nōn sit, tamen praeclārum spectāculum mihī̆ prōpōnō#, _Att._ 2, 15, 2, _but suppose this be not the case, still I anticipate a gorgeous show_. #ac iam ut omnia contrā opīniōnem acciderent, tamen sē plūrimum nāvibus posse perspiciēbant#, 3, 9, 6, _and even supposing everything turned out contrary to expectation, still they saw clearly that they had the advantage by sea_. #ut enim nēminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogāsset, scīre potuit prōdī flāminem necesse esse#, _Mil._ 46, _for even supposing he had asked nobody but Patina, he might have known that a priest must be appointed_. This use is common in Cicero, not found in Plautus or Sallust.

1964. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē#, generally with #ita# as a correlative, sometimes has the force of a proviso: as,

#ita probanda est clēmentia, ut adhibeātur sevēritās#, _Off._ 1, 88, _mercy is to be commended, provided that strictness is employed_. #satis memoriae meae tribuent, ut maiōribus meīs dignum crēdant#, Ta. 4, 38, _they will pay respect enough to my memory, provided they consider me worthy of my ancestors_.

(B.) RESULT.

I. COMPLEMENTARY CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES.

1965. The subjunctive with #ut# or #ut nōn# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of certain verbs and expressions, chiefly of bringing to pass, happening, and following.

Such are: (_a._) #faciō#, #efficiō# (unless they imply purpose, 1951); #fit#, #accidit#, #contingit#, #ēvenit#, #est#, _it is the case_; similarly #mōs est#, #cōnsuētūdō est#, &c. (_b._) #proximum est#, #reliquum est#, #extrēmum est#, #relinquitur#, #restat#, #accēdit#. Or, of logical sequence, #sequitur#, #efficitur#.

(_a._) #fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectiō vidērētur#, 2, 11, 1, _they made their march look exactly like a stampede_. #splendor vester facit ut peccāre sine summō perīculō nōn possītis#, _V._ 1, 22, _your conspicuous position makes it impossible for you to do wrong without great peril_. #hīs rēbus fīēbat, ut minus lātē vagārentur#, 1, 2, 4, _so it came to pass that they did not rove round much_. #fit ut nātūrā ipsā ad ōrnātius dīcendī genus excitēmur#, _DO._ 2, 338, _it is sometimes the case that we are roused to a loftier style in oratory by sheer circumstance_. #potest fierī ut fallar#, _Fam._ 13, 73, 2, _it is possible that I am mistaken_. #fierī nōn potest ut eum tū nōn cōgnōverīs#, _V._ 2, 190, _it must be the case that you have made his acquaintance yourself_. #eādem nocte accidit, ut esset lūna plēna#, 4, 29, 1, _it came to pass on the same night that there was a full moon_ (1758). #negāvit mōris esse Graecōrum ut in convīviō virōrum accumberent mulierēs#, _V._ 1, 66, _he said it was not etiquette among the Greeks for women to go to men’s dinner parties_. #est hōc commūne vitium in līberīs cīvitātibus, ut invidia glōriae comes sit#, N. 12, 3, 3, _this is a common trouble in free communities, that envy is the attendant of a great name_.

(_b._) #proximum est, ut doceam#, _DN._ 2, 73, _my next task is to prove_. #relinquēbātur ut neque longius ab āgmine legiōnum discēdī Caesar paterētur#, 5, 19, 3, _the consequence was that Caesar could not allow any very distant excursion from the main line of march_. #restat ut doceam omnia hominum causā facta esse#, _DN._ 2, 154, _lastly, I must prove that everything is made for man_. #accēdēbat ut tempestātem ferrent#, 3, 13, 9, _then, too, they could stand the gale_. #accēdit ut# is not found in old Latin; for #accēdit quod#, see 1845. #ita efficitur ut omne corpus mortāle sit#, _DN._ 3, 30, _thus it follows that every bodily substance is mortal_. #sequitur# and #efficitur#, _it follows_, often have the accusative with the infinitive (2207). For the subjunctive with #quam ut# after a comparative of disproportion, see 1896. For #fore# and #futūrum esse ut# as the periphrasis for the future infinitive, see 2233.

1966. Verbs of happening may often be rendered best by compacter expressions: thus, #hīs rēbus fīēbat ut#, _consequently_; #fit ut#, _once in a while_, _sometimes_, _often_; #fierī potest ut#, _possibly_; #accidit ut#, _accidentally_, _unfortunately_.

1967. #faciō ut#, or with a negative, commonly #committō ut#, is used in circumlocutions for emphasis: as,

#faciundum mihī̆ putāvī, ut tuīs litterīs brevī respondērem#, _Fam._ 3, 8, 1, _I thought I ought to take hold and write a few lines in answer to your letter_. #ego vērō nōn committam, ut tibī̆ causam recūsandī dem#, _DO._ 2, 233, _no, no, sir, I will not be guilty, not I, of giving you an excuse to back out_. So particularly with #invītus#, #libenter#, #prope#: as, #invītus fēcī ut L. Flāminīnum ē senātū ēicerem#, _CM._ 42, _it was with great reluctance that I expelled Flamininus from the senate_.

1968. A subjunctive clause with #ut# is often used to define a preceding idea indicated in a general way by a neuter pronoun: as,

#post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī id, quod cōnstituerant, facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant#, 1, 5, 1, _after his death the Helvetians attempted just the same to carry out their resolution of moving out of their abodes_ (1752). #omnibus Gallīs idem esse faciendum, quod Helvētiī fēcerint, ut domō ēmigrent#, 1, 31, 14, _that all the Gauls must do just as the Helvetians had done and move away from home_. #Helvētiī, cum id, quod ipsī diēbus XX aegerrimē cōnfēcerant, ut flūmen trānsīrent, illum ūnō diē fēcisse intellegerent, lēgātōs mittunt#, 1, 13, 2, _when the Helvetians learned that the Roman commander had done in a single day what they had found it hard themselves to do in twenty, namely cross the river, they sent deputies_ (1752). #id aliquot dē causīs acciderat, ut subitō Gallī bellī renovandi cōnsilium caperent#, 3, 2, 2, _it was due to a variety of reasons that the Gauls suddenly conceived the idea of making war again_ (1758). #hocine bonī esse officium servī exīstumas, ut erī suī corrumpat et rem et fīlium?# Pl. _Most._ 27, _is this what you think the duty of a good slave, to waste his own master’s property and corrupt his son?_

1969. #tantum abest#, _so far from_, is sometimes followed by a double #ut#, the first introducing an unreal, and the second a real action: as,

#tantum abest ut haec bēstiārum causā parāta sint, ut ipsās bēstiās hominum grātiā generātās esse videāmus#, _DN._ 2, 158, _so far from these things being made for brutes, we see that brutes themselves were created for man_. This use, very rarely personal, begins with Cicero, and is common in his writings and in Livy. Not in Caesar, Sallust, or Tacitus. Sometimes instead of #ut# the second sentence is coordinated (1700): #tantum abfuit ut īnflammārēs nostrōs animōs, somnum vix tenēbāmus#, _Br._ 278, _so far from your firing our heart, we could hardly keep awake_. Or, the idea is expressed by #ita nōn . . . ut#: as, #erat ita nōn timidus ad mortem, ut in aciē sit ob rem pūblicam interfectus#, _Fin._ 2, 63, _so far from being afraid of death, he fell in battle for his country_.

[Erratum: 1965a ... splendor vester facit ut word may be “voster”: major blot over text]

II. PURE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES.

1970. The subjunctive is used with #ut# or #ut nōn# to denote result.

The result may be the result of an action or of a thing named in the main sentence. The main sentence often has a correlative to #ut#, expressing (_a._) degree: as, #tantus#, _so great_, #tam#, _so_ (with adjectives or adverbs), #adeō#, #tantopere#. (_b._) quality: as, #is# (#hīc#, #ille#, #iste#), _such_, #tālis#, #ita#, #sīc#.

#mōns altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent#, 1, 6, 1, _an exceeding high mountain hung over, so that a very few could block the way_. #dictitābant sē domō expulsōs, omnibus necessāriīs egēre rēbus, ut honestā praescrīptiōne rem turpissimam tegerent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 32, 4, _they stoutly declared that they were driven out of house and home, and lacked the necessaries of life, thus veiling dishonour under the name of respectability_.

(_a._) #Ariovistus tantōs sibī̆ spīritūs sūmpserat, ut ferendus nōn vidērētur#, 1, 33, 5, _Ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs as to seem intolerable_. #adeō angustō marī cōnflīxit, ut eius multitūdō nāvium explicārī nōn potuerit#, N. 2, 4, 5, _he went into action in such cramped sea-room, that his armada could not deploy_, of Xerxes (1757).

(_b._) #eōs dēdūxī testēs ut dē istīus factō dubium esse nēminī possit#, _V._ 4, 91, _I have brought such witnesses that nobody can entertain a doubt of the defendant’s guilt_. #ita sē recipiēbat ut nihil nisi dē perniciē populī Rōmānī cōgitāret#, _Ph._ 4, 4, _he retreated, it is true, but retreated with his mind running on nothing but how to ruin the country_. #illa, ex tūribulīs quae ēvellerat, ita scītē in aureīs pōculīs inligābat, ut ea ad illam rem nāta esse dīcerēs#, _V._ 4, 54, _what he had torn from the censers he attached to golden cups so cunningly that you would have said it was just made for that very purpose_ (1731, 1559).

For the imperfect subjunctive connected with a main general present, see 1751; for the independent present or perfect subjunctive with a main secondary tense, see 1757.

#ubī̆.#

1971. #ubī̆#, in the sense of _where_ (709), has the ordinary construction of a relative (1812-1831). For #ubī̆#, _when_, see 1923-1926 and 1932-1934; as a synonym of #sī#, _if_, see 2110.

#quō# or #quī#.

1972. #quō#, #whereby#, #wherewith#, or in old Latin sometimes #quī# (689), is the instrumental ablative from the relative and interrogative stem #qui-#. Combined with #minus#, _the less_, _not_, #quō# gives #quōminus#.

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1973. The indicative is used with #quō# and a comparative in the protasis of a comparative period, with #eō# or #hōc# and a comparative as correlative (1393): as,