A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Part 13

Chapter 132,657 wordsPublic domain

527. #mare# has rarely the ablative #mare# in verse: in the plural only the nominative and accusative are usual; but a genitive #marum# is once quoted (Naev.), and the ablative #maribus# is once used by Caesar.

528. Examples of parisyllabic neuters in #-i-#, with the nominative in #-e#, genitive #-is#, are:

#ancīle#, _sacred shield_; #aplustre#, _ancient_; #conclāve#, _suite of rooms_; #īnsīgne#, _ensign_; #praesaepe#, _stall_; #rēte#, _net_, Ab. #rēte#. Also the neuter of adjectives in #-i-# ‘of two endings’ (630), and some words in #-īle#, #-āle#, #-āre#, originally adjectives (313, 314): as, #būbīle#, _ox-stall_; #fōcāle#, _neckcloth_; #cocleāre#, _spoon_.

[Erratum: 522. (_d._) (_d_)]

II. IMPARISYLLABLES.

529. Sometimes a plural stem in #-i-# is combined, in the singular, with a stem in a mute, in #-l#, or #-r#, or rarely in #-s#. These mixed stems thus become imparisyllables. Gender stems of this class are like consonant stems in the singular, except the ablative of adjectives, which has usually #-ī#.

530. Imparisyllabic stems in #-i-# are declined as follows:

531. Examples of stems in #-ci-#, with nominative #-x#, genitive #-cis#, are:

#-āx#, #-ācis# #fornāx#, F., _furnace_. Many adjectives (284): as, #audāx#, _daring_. #-aex#, #-aecis# #faex#, F., _dregs_, no G. Pl. (430). #-ex#, #-icis# #supplex#, _suppliant_, Ab. #-ī#, sometimes #-e#, G. Pl. #supplicum#. Adjectives: #duplex#, _twofold_; #multiplex#, _manifold_; #quadruplex#, _fourfold_; #septemplex#, _sevenfold_; #simplex#, _simple_; #triplex#, _threefold_. The foregoing have Ab. #-ī#: as, #duplicī#; #duplice# once (Hor.), #septemplice# twice (Ov.; Stat.); G. Pl. #-ium#, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#. #-īx#, #-īcis# #fēlīx#, _happy_; #pernīx#, _nimble_, adjectives. Also many feminines of the agent in #-trīx# (205): as, #victrīx#, _victorious_; these sometimes have a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.: as, #victrīcia#; in the G. Pl. they have #-ium#, or, as substantives, #-um#: as, #nūtrīcum#, _nurses_. #-lx#, #-lcis# #calx#, F. (M.), _heel_; #calx#, M., F., _limestone_, no G. Pl. (430); #falx#, F., _sickle_. #-nx#, #-ncis# #lanx#, F., _platter_, no G. Pl. (430); #deūnx#, M., _eleven twelfths_; #quīncunx#, M., _five twelfths_. #-ox#, #-ocis# #praecox#, _over-ripe_, older stem #praecoqui-#: as, G. #praecoquis#; rarely with #-o-# stem (401): as, #praecoquam#. #-ōx#, #-ōcis# #celōx#, F., _clipper_. #atrōx#, _savage_; #ferōx#, _wild_; #vēlōx#, _swift_, adjectives. #-rx#, #-rcis# #arx#, F., _citadel_, G. Pl. rare and late; #merx#, F., _ware_, N. in old Latin sometimes #mercēs# or #mers#. #-ux#, #-ucis# Adjectives: #trux#, _savage_, Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, G. Pl. #-ium#; #redux#, _returning_, Ab. #-ī# or #-e# (558); no G. Pl. and no Ne. N. or Ac. (430). #-aux#, #----# #fauce#, F., Ab., _throat_, N. #faux# once only and late, generally Pl. #-ūx#, #-ūcis# #lūx#, F. (581), _light_, Ab. sometimes #-ī#, no G. Pl. (430).

532. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-di-#, with nominative #-s#, genitive #-dis#, are:

#-ēs#, #-edis# Compounds of #pēs#, _foot_: #compede#, F., Ab., _fetter_, no N., G. Pl. #compedium#; adjectives: as, #ālipēs#, _wing-footed_, #bipēs#, _two-legged_, #quadrupēs#, _four-footed_, &c., Ab. #-ī#, Pl. G. #-um# only (563), Ne. N. and Ac. #-ia#, rare and late. #-ns#, #-ndis# Feminines: #frōns#, _foliage_; #glāns#, _acorn_; #iūglāns#, _walnut_. #-rs#, #-rdis# #concors#, _like-minded_, adjective, and other compounds of #cor#, Ab. #-ī# (559) Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#, G. Pl. not usual: #discordium#, _at variance_, and #vēcordium#, _frantic_, once each. #-aus#, #-audis# #fraus#, F., _deceit_, G. Pl. #fraudium#, later #fraudum#.

533. (_b._) Examples of stems in #-ti-#, with nominative #-s# (#-x#), genitive #-tis#, are:

#-ās#, #-ātis# #Arpīnās#, _of Arpinum_, and adjectives from other town names; #optimātēs#, _good men and true_, G. Pl. #-ium#, less often #-um#; #penātēs#, _gods of the household store_. #-es#, #-etis# Adjectives: #hebes#, _dull_; #teres#, _cylindrical_, Ab. #-ī# (559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. #hebetia#, #teretia#, late and rare; #perpes#, _lasting through_, Ab. #perpetī#, late only; #praepes#, _swift-winged_, Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, G. Pl. #-um#, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. #-ēs#, #-ētis# #locuplēs#, _rich_, adjective, Ab. usually #-e# of a person, #-ī# often of a thing, G. Pl. #locuplētium#, sometimes #locuplētum#, Ne. Pl. #locuplētia# once. #-īs#, #-ītis# #līs#, _contention_; #dīs#, _rich_, adjective, Ab. always #-ī# (559), Pl. G. #-ium#, once #-um# (Sen.), Ne. N. and Ac. #-ia#. #Quirīs#, #Samnīs#. #-ls#, #-ltis# #puls#, _pottage_, no G. Pl. (430). #-ns#, #-ntis# Masculines: #dēns#, _tooth_: #fōns#, _fountain_; #pōns#, _bridge_; #mōns#, _mountain_, N. once #montis# (Enn.); factors of twelve: #sextāns#, _one sixth_; #quadrāns#, #triēns#, #dōdrāns#, #dēxtāns#. Feminines: #frōns#, _forehead_; #gēns#, _clan_; #mēns#, _mind_. Present participles: as, #regēns#, _guiding_. Many adjectives: as, #ingēns#, _gigantic_, Ab. #-ī# (559); #Vēiēns#, _of Vei_; compounds of #mēns#: as, #āmēns#, _out of one’s head_; of #dēns#: as, #tridēns#, Ab. #-ī#, as substantive usually #-e#. #-eps#, #-ipitis# Adjective compounds of #caput#, _head_: #anceps# (543), _two-headed_, once older #ancipēs# (Plaut.); #biceps#, _two-headed_; #triceps#, _three-headed_; #praeceps#, _head-first_, old #praecipēs# (Plaut.; Enn.), Ab. #-ī# (559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#. #-rs#, #-rtis# Feminines: #ars#, _art_; #cohors#, _cohort_; #fors#, _chance_; #mors#, _death_; #pars#, _part_; #sors#, _lot_, N. twice #sortis# (Plaut.; Ter.). Adjectives: #cōnsors#, _sharing_, #exsors#, _not sharing_, no G. Pl.; #expers#, _without part_; #iners#, _unskilled_, #sollers#, _all-skilled_, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#. #-x#, #-ctis# #nox#, F., _night_; Ab. also #noctū# (401); an old adverb form is #nox#, _nights_.

534. (_a._) Stems in #-bi-#, with nominative #-bs# (149), genitive #-bis#, are:

#trabs#, F., _beam_, older N. #trabēs# (Enn.); #plēbs#, F., _commons_, N. sometimes #plēps#, for the older #plēbēs# (603), no Pl.; #urbs#, F., _city_.

535. (_b._) Stems in #-pi-#, with nominative #-ps#, genitive #-pis#, are:

#inops#, _poor_, adjective, Ab. #-ī# (559), G. Pl. #-um#, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430); #stirps#, F. (M.), _trunk_.

536. Examples of stems in #-li-#, with nominative #-l#, genitive #-lis#, are:

#-al#, #-ālis# Neuters, originally adjective (546): #animal#, _animal_; #bacchānal#, _shrine_ or _feast of Bacchus_; #cervīcal#, _bolster_; #puteal#, _well-curb_; #toral#, _valance_; #tribūnal#, _tribunal_; #vectīgal#, _indirect tax_. Only N. or Ac.: #cubital#, _elbow-cushion_; #minūtal#, _minced-fish_; #capital#, #capitālia#, _death_, _capital crime_. #-il#, #-ilis# #vigil#, _wide-awake_, adjective, Ab. #-ī#, as substantive #-e# (561), G. Pl. #vigilum# (563), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430).

537. (_a._) Examples of stems in #-ri-#, with nominative #-r#, genitive #-ris#, are:

#-ar#, #-āris# Neuters, originally adjective (546): #calcar#, _spur_; #columbar#, _dove-cote_; #exemplar#, _pattern_; #lacūnar#, _panel-ceiling_; #pulvīnar#, _couch_; #subligar#, _tights_; #torcular#, _wine-press_. #-ār#, #-aris# Adjectives: #pār#, _equal_; #dispār#, #impār#, _unequal_, for Ab., see 561; G. Pl. #-ium#, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#; #compār#, _co-mate_, as substantive has G. Pl. #-um#. #-er#, #-eris# Adjectives: #dēgener#, _degenerate_, Ab. #-ī# (559), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430); #ūber#, _fruitful_, Ab. #-ī#, late #-e#, Ne. Pl. #ūbera# once only (Acc.). #-or#, #-oris# Adjectives: #memor#, _remembering_; #immemor#, _forgetful_, Ab. #-ī# (559), G. Pl. #memorum# (636) once only (Verg.), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430). #-or#, #-ōris# Adjective compounds of #color#: as, #concolor#, _of like shade_, #discolor#, _of different shade_, both with Ab. #-ī# only; #versicolor#, _pied_, Ab. #-ī#, rarely #-e#, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#; the G. Pl. of these words is not usual, but #versicōlorum# once.

538. (_b._) Stems in #-ri-#, with nominative #-s# of the stem, genitive #-ris#, are #glīs#, F., _dormouse_, #glīris#; #mās#, M., _male_, #maris#; #mūs#, F., _mouse_, #mūris#.

539. The only imparisyllabic stem in #-si-# is #ās# (171, 1), M., _unit, an as_, G. #assis#, with its compounds #bēs#, _two thirds_, G. #bessis#, and #sēmis#, _half an as_, _half_, G. #sēmissis#.

[Erratum: 537 ... #dēgener#, _degenerate_, Ab. #-ī# (559) Ab.,]

SINGULAR CASES.

540. (1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in #-i-# is usually formed by adding #-s# to the stem (422). But many gender substantives have the nominative in #-ēs# (236, 401): as,

#amni-#, _river_, N. #amnis#; #aedi-#, _temple_, N. #aedis#; #brevi-#, _short_, N. #brevis#. With N. #-ēs#: #nūbi-#, _cloud_, N. #nūbēs#; for other examples, see 523.

541. Some substantives form the nominative in both these ways: as, #vallēs# and #vallis#, _valley_, equally common; #aedis#, _temple_, later #aedēs#; for #caedēs#, _slaughter_, #clādēs#, _disaster_, and #mōlēs#, _pile_, #caedis#, &c., occur exceptionally.

542. A few stems in #-bri-#, #-cri-#, or #-tri-#, drop #-i-# in the nominative. The endings #brs#, #crs#, #trs#, then change to #-ber#, #-cer#, #-ter# (111, _b_): as, #imbrī-#, _shower_, N. #imber# (525).

543. Of gender imparisyllables, some have lost #-i-# of the stem before #-s# in the nominative; others have originally a consonant stem in the nominative (529-535).

Thus, #monti-#, _mountain_, and #sorti-#, _lot_, have N. #mōns# and #sors# for an older #montis# and #sortis#; but #dēns#, _tooth_, and #regēns#, _ruling_, have as original stems #dent-# and #regent-#. Adjectives in #-cipiti-# have N. #-ceps# (533).

544. A few adjective stems in #-li-# or #-ri-# drop #-i-# in the nominative without taking #-s# (536, 537): as, #vigili-#, _wide-awake_, N. #vigil#; #pari-#, _equal_, N. #pār#; so also #Arar# and #Liger#. Three substantives in #-ri-# for #-si-# likewise drop #-i-#, and end in the original #-s# (538): #glīri-# for #glīsi-#, _dormouse_, N. #glīs#; #mās#, _male_; #mūs#, _mouse_.

545. For #carō#, F., _flesh_, #carnis# (Ab. #-ī#, usually #-e#, no G. Pl.) see 135, 2. #supellēx#, F., _furniture_, #supellēctilis# (Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, no Pl.), has the nominative formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401).

546. (2) Neuter stems in #-i-# have no nominative suffix, and end in #-e# for #-i-# of the stem (107, _b_): as,

#mari-#, _sea_, N. #mare#; #brevi-#, _short_, N. #breve#. In some words, originally neuter adjectives in #-āle# and #-āre#, the #-e# is dropped and the #ā# shortened: as, #animāle#, _living thing_, #animal# (536); #exemplāre# (Lucr.), _pattern_, #exemplar# (537). Some neuter adjectives end in #-l# or #-r# (536, 537); and some ‘of one ending’ end in #-s# (612).

547. The accusative singular of gender substantives usually has #-em#, like consonant stems (424); but a few substantives with the nominative in #-is# have #-im# only, and some have either #-im# or #-em#.

548. (_a._) Accusatives in #-im#

Are sitim, tussim, vim, _thirst_, _cough_, _strength_ And būrim, cucumim. _ploughtail_, _cucumber_

549. The accusative in #-im# is found in many adverbs (700): as, #partim#, _in part_; in some adverbial expressions: as, #adamussim#, #examussim#, _to a #T#_, #adfatim#, _to satiety_, #ad ravim#, _to hoarseness_; in some names of rivers and cities: as, #Tiberim#, #Hispalim#; and in some Greek words (565).

550. (_b._) Six have the accusative commonly in #-im#, sometimes in #-em#:

febrim, -em, _fever_ pelvim, -em, _basin_ puppim, -em, _stern_ restim, -em, _rope_ secūrim, -em, _axe_ turrim, -em, _tower_

551. Six have the accusative commonly in #-em#, sometimes in #-im#:

bipennem, -im, _two-edged axe_ clāvem, -im, _key_ messem, -im, _crop_ nāvem, -im, _ship_ sēmentem, -im, _planting_ strigilem, -im, _skin-scraper_

552. In the ablative, gender substantives have usually #-e#, and neuters and adjectives have #-ī#: as,

#hoste#, _enemy_; #marī#, _sea_; #ācrī#, _sharp_, #brevī#, _short_, #audācī#, _daring_.

553. (1.) Of gender substantives with the nominative in #-is#, a few have only #-ī# in the ablative, and many have either #-ī# or #-e#.

554. (_a._) These ablatives have only #-ī#:

secūrī, sitī, tussī, vī, _axe_, _thirst_, _cough_, _strength_ canālī, cucumī, _conduit_, _cucumber_

Some names of rivers and cities have only #-ī#: as, #Tiberī#, #Hispalī#. The locative also ends in #-ī#: as, #Neāpolī#, _at Neapolis_.

555. (_b._) These ablatives of gender substantives with the nominative in #-is# have #-ī# or #-e#:

amne, -ī, _river_ ave, -ī, _bird_ bīle, -ī, _bile_ cīvī, -e, _citizen_ classe, -ī, _fleet_ clāvī, -e, _key_ febrī, -e, _fever_ fūstī, -e, _club_ ignī, -e, _fire_ nāvī, -e, _ship_ orbī, -e, _circle_ puppī, -e, _stern_ sēmentī, -e, _planting_ strigilī, -e, _skin-scraper_ turrī, -e, _tower_

556. A few other words in #-is# have occasionally an ablative in #-ī#: as, #anguis#, _snake_, #collis#, _hill_, #fīnis#, _end_, #postis#, _post_, #unguis#, _nail_, &c. #sors#, _lot_, #imber#, _shower_, and #lūx#, _light_, have also #-e# or #-ī#; #supellēx#, _furniture_, has #supellēctilī# or #-e#; #Arar# has #-e# or #-ī#; #Liger#, #-ī# or #-e#.

557. Neuter names of towns with the nominative in #-e# have #-e# in the ablative: as, #Praeneste#. #rēte#, _net_, has only #rēte#; #mare#, _sea_, has rarely #mare# (527).

558. (2.) Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in #-i-# (630) often have #-e# in the ablative when they are used as substantives, and sometimes in verse, when a short vowel is needed: as,

#adfīnī#, #-e#, _connection by marriage_; #aedīle#, #-ī#, _aedile_; #familiārī#, #-e#, _friend_. But some, even as substantives, have #-ī#: as, #aequālī#, _of the same age_, #cōnsulārī#, _ex-consul_, #gentīlī#, _tribesman_. Adjectives of place in #-ēnsis# (330) usually have #-ī#, but sometimes #-e#: as, #Tarquiniēnse#. Proper names have usually #-e#: as, #Iuvenāle#.

559. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with stems in #-i-# (632), have commonly #-ī# in the ablative. The following ablatives have only #-ī#:

#āmentī#, _frenzied_, #ancipitī#, _two-headed_, #praecipitī#, _head-first_, #concolōrī#, _of like hue_, #concordī#, _harmonious_, #discordī#, _at variance_, #sōcordī#, _imperceptive_, #dēgenerī#, _degenerate_, #dītī#, _rich_, #teretī#, _rounded_, #ingentī#, _huge_, #inopī#, _without means_, #memorī#, _remembering_, #immemorī#, _forgetful_.

560. Present participles, when used as adjectives, have #-ī# in the ablative, otherwise #-e#: as,

#ā sapientī virō#, _by a wise man_; #adulēscente#, _youth_, substantive; #Rōmulō rēgnante#, _in the reign of Romulus_, ablative absolute (1362).

561. Other adjectives ‘of one ending’ occasionally have #-e# in the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons, or in verse when a short syllable is needed: as,

#cōnsortī#, _sharing_, #parī#, _equal_, #vigilī#, _wide-awake_, #fēlīcī#, _happy_, as adjectives; but #cōnsorte#, &c., as substantives; in prose, #imparī#, #disparī#, _unequal_; in verse, #impare#, #dispare#. Proper names have #-e#: as, #Fēlīce#.

PLURAL CASES.

562. In the plural, gender nominatives have #-ēs#, rarely #-īs# or #-eīs#, and gender accusatives have #-īs# or #-ēs# indifferently, sometimes #-eis#; after about 50 A.D., #-ēs# was the prevalent ending for both cases. Neuters add #-a# to the stem, making #-ia#; for #-iā́# in old Latin, cf. 2505.

563. In the genitive plural, present participles, some substantive stems in #-nt(i)-#, and some adjectives ‘of two endings’ (631) have occasionally #-um#: as,

#amantum#, _lovers_; #rudentum#, _rigging_; #agrestum#, _country folk_; #caelestum#, _heaven’s tenantry_. #apis#, _bee_, has commonly #-um#; #caedēs#, _slaughter_, and #fraus#, _deceit_, have rarely #-um#. For #-um# in some adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see 636; for #-bū́s# in the dative and ablative in old Latin, see 2505.

564. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. without #-is#: VECTIGAL, i.e. #vectīgālis#, adjective; #-e# for #-is# (66, 41): MILITARE, i.e. #mīlitāris#, adjective; #-ēs# (540): AIDILES, i.e. #aedīlis#; CIVES, i.e. #cīvis#. G. #-us#, from 186 to 100 B.C.: PARTVS, i.e. #partis#. D. #-ei#: VRBEI. Ac. #-i# (61): PARTI, i.e. #partem#; #-e#: AIDE, i.e. #aedem#. Ab. #-ei#: FONTEI; #-e#: SERVILE, i.e. #servīlī#. Plural: N. #-ēs#: FINES; #-eis#: FINEIS; #-īs#: FINIS.

GREEK NOUNS.

565. Greek stems in #-i-# are usually declined like Latin ones, with the accusative in #-im#, and ablative in #-ī#. But the accusative sometimes has #-n#: as, #poēsin#, _poetry_, #Charybdin#; similarly #Capyn#; and a vocative occurs: as, #Charybdi#. The plural genitive #Metamorphōseōn#, and as ablative #Metamorphōsesin#, occur as titles of books.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS IN #-i-#.

566. Parisyllables with nominatives in #-is#, #-ēs#, or #-e#, and a few in #-er#; and imparisyllables with nominatives in #-al#, and in #-ar# for #-āre#, have stems in #-i-#.

But #canis#, #iuvenis# (486), #volucris# (490), #mēnsis# (492), #sēdēs# (476), and #vātēs# (478), have consonant stems.

567. Under #-i-# stems may also conveniently be grouped the following classes, which have usually a consonant form in the singular, and an #-i-# form in the plural:

568. (_a._) Imparisyllabic adjectives with the genitive in #-is#, except comparatives and the dozen with consonant stems (624), and imparisyllables with a nominative in #-s# or #-x# preceded by any consonant except #p#. But #cōniūnx# (472) and #caelebs# (480) have consonant stems.

569. (_b._) The following monosyllables: #ās#, _unit_, _an as_, #faex#, _dregs_, #fraus#, _deceit_, #glīs#, _dormouse_, #līs#, _strife_, #lūx#, _light_, #mās#, _male_, #mūs#, _mouse_, #nox#, _night_, #stirps#, _trunk_, #vīs#, _strength_. Also #fauce#, _throat_, and #compede#, _fetter_, both Ab., no N., and #fornāx#, _furnace_.

GENDER OF CONSONANT STEMS AND #-i-# STEMS.

570. The gender of many of these substantives is determined by their meaning (404-412); that of participles used as substantives follows the gender of the substantive understood; Greek substantives follow the Greek gender. The gender of other words may be conveniently arranged for the memory according to the nominative endings as follows.

MASCULINE.

571. Imparisyllables in #-es# or #-ēs# and substantives in #-er#, #-ō#, #-or#, and #-ōs# are masculine: as,

#caespes#, _sod_; #pēs#, _foot_; #agger#, _mound_; #sermō#, _speech_; #pallor#, _paleness_; #flōs#, _flower_.

572. These imparisyllables in #-es# or #-ēs# are feminine: #merges#, _sheaf_, #seges#, _crop_, #teges#, _mat_; #requiēs# and #quiēs#, _rest_; #compedēs#, plural, _fetters_; #mercēs#, _reward_. #aes#, _copper_, _bronze_, is neuter.

573. These substantives in #-er# are neuter: #cadāver#, _corpse_, #iter#, _way_, #tūber#, _swelling_, _truffle_, #ūber#, _udder_, #verberis#, _lash_, genitive, no nominative; also names of plants in #-er#: as, #acer#, _maple_, #cicer#, _chickpea_, #papāver#, _poppy_, #piper#, _pepper_, #siler#, _osier_, #siser#, _skirret_, #sūber#, _corktree_. #linter#, _tub_, _boat_, is feminine, once masculine. #vēr#, _spring_, is neuter.

574. Substantives in #-ō#, with genitive #-inis# (485), are feminine; as, #imāgō#, #imāginis#, _likeness_; also #carō#, #carnis#, _flesh_, and words of action in #-iō# and #-tiō# (227, 228). But #cardō#, _hinge_, #ōrdō#, _rank_, and #turbō#, _whirlwind_, are masculine. #margō#, _brink_, and #cupīdō#, _desire_, are sometimes masculine.

575. These substantives in #-or# are neuter: #ador#, _spelt_, #aequor#, _sea_, #marmor#, _marble_, #cor#, _heart_. #arbor#, _tree_, is feminine.

576. These substantives in #-ōs# are feminine: #cōs#, _whetstone_, #arbōs#, _tree_, #dōs#, _dowry_. #ōs#, #ōris#, _mouth_, _face_, is neuter, also #os#, #ossis#, _bone_.

[Erratum: 575 ... #cor#, _heart_. . missing]

FEMININE.

577. Parisyllables in #-ēs#, and substantives in #-ās#, #-aus#, #-is#, #-s# preceded by a consonant, and #-x#, are feminine: as,

#nūbēs#, _cloud_; #aetās#, _age_; #laus#, _praise_; #nāvis#, _ship_; #urbs#, _city_; #pāx#, _peace_.

578. #ās#, #assis#, _penny_, is masculine. #vās#, _vessel_, _utensil_, and the defectives #fās#, _right_, and #nefās#, _wrong_, are neuter.

579. Substantives in #-nis# are masculine; also twenty-nine others in #-is#, as follows:

axis, callis, caulis, anguis, _axle_, _path_, _cabbage_, _snake_ fascis, fūstis, lapis, sanguī̆s, _bundle_, _club_, _stone_, _blood_ piscis, postis, pulvī̆s, ēnsis, _fish_, _post_, _dust_, _glaive_ torquis, torris, unguis, mēnsis, _twisted collar_, _firebrand_, _nail_, _month_ vectis, vermis, vōmis, collis, _lever_, _worm_, _ploughshare_, _hill_ glīs, canālis, also follis, _dormouse_, _conduit_, _ball_ cassēs, sentēs, veprēs, orbis, _nets_, _brambles_, _thorns_, plurals, _circle_ cucumis, and sometimes corbis. _cucumber_, _basket_

#būrim#, _ploughtail_, accusative only, is also masculine. A few of the above are sometimes feminine: as, #amnis#, #anguis#, #callis#, #canālis#, #cinis#, #fīnis#, #fūnis#, #torquis#, #veprēs#, &c.