Part 34

(_a._) #quod magnōs hominēs virtūte mētīmur#, N. 18, 1, 1, _because we gauge great men by their merit_. (_b._) #nēmō nisi vīctor pāce bellum mūtāvit#, S. _C._ 58, 15, _nobody except a conqueror has ever exchanged war for peace_. (_c._) #haec sīgna sēstertiūm sex mīllibus quīngentīs esse vēndita#, _V._ 4, 12, _that these statues were sold for sixty-five hundred sesterces_. #aestimāvit dēnāriīs III#, _V._ 3, 214, _he valued it at three denars_. #trīgintā mīllibus dīxistis eum habitāre#, _Cael._ 17, _you have said he pays thirty thousand rent_. #quod nōn opus est, āsse cārum est#, Cato in Sen. _Ep._ 94, 28, _what you don’t need, at a penny is dear_. #hem, istūc verbum, mea voluptās, vīlest vīgintī minīs#, Pl. _Most._ 297, _bless me, that compliment, my charmer, were at twenty minas cheap_.

1389. With #mūtō# and #commūtō#, the ablative usually denotes the thing received. But sometimes in Plautus, and especially in Horace, Livy, and late prose, it denotes the thing parted with: as, #cūr valle permūtem Sabīnā dīvitiās operōsiōrēs?# H. 3, 1, 47, _why change my Sabine dale for wealth that brings more care?_ Similarly with #cum# in the prose of Cicero’s age: as, #mortem cum vītā commūtāre#, Sulp. in _Fam._ 4, 5, 3, _to exchange life for death_.

1390. The ablative of price or value is thus used chiefly with verbs or verbal expressions of bargaining, buying or selling, hiring or letting, costing, being cheap or dear. Also with #aestimō#, of a definite price, and sometimes #magnō#, #permagnō# (1273).

1391. The ablatives thus used, are (_a._) those of general substantives of value and price, such as #pretium#, (_b._) numerical designations of money, or (_c._) neuter adjectives of quantity, #magnō#, #permagnō#, #quam plūrimō#, #parvō#, #minimō#, #nihilō#, #nōnnihilō#: as, #magnō decumās vēndidī#, _V._ 3, 40, _I sold the tithes at a high figure_. For #tantī# and #quantī#, #plūris# and #minōris#, see 1274.

1392. The ablative is also used with #dignus# and #indignus#: as,

#dignī maiōrum locō#, _Agr._ 2, 1, _well worthy of the high standing of their ancestors_. #nūlla vōx est audīta populī Rōmānī maiestāte indigna#, 7, 17, 3, _not a word was heard out of keeping with the grandeur of Rome_. See also #dignor# in the dictionary. Similarly in Plautus with #condignē#, #decōrus#, #decet#, #aequē#, #aequos#. For the genitive with #dignus#, see 1269; for the accusative with #dignus# and a form of #sum#, 1144.

[Erratum: 1389 ... #cūr valle permūtem Sabīnā dīvitiās operōsiōrēs?# operōsiōres]

THE ABLATIVE OF THE AMOUNT OF DIFFERENCE.

1393. The instrumental ablative is used to denote the amount of difference.

This ablative is used with any words whatever of comparative or of superlative meaning: as, #ūnō diē longiōrem mēnsem faciunt aut bīduō#, _V._ 2, 129, _they make the month longer by a day, or even by two days_. #ubī̆ adbibit plūs paulō#, T. _Hau._ 220, _when he has drunk a drop too much_. #nummō dīvitior#, Pl. _Ps._ 1323, _a penny richer_. #bīduō post#, 1, 47, 1, _two days after_. #multīs ante diēbus#, 7, 9, 4, _many days before_. #paucīs ante diēbus#, _C._ 3, 3, _a few days ago_. #nimiō praestat#, Pl. _B._ 396, _‘t is ever so much better_. #multō mālim#, _Br._ 184, _I would much rather_. #multō maxima pars#, _C._ 4, 17, _the largest part by far_.

1394. In expressions of time, the accusative is sometimes used with #post#, less frequently with #ante#, as prepositions, instead of the ablative of difference: as, #post paucōs diēs#, L. 21, 51, 2, #post diēs paucōs#, L. 37, 13, 6, #paucōs post diēs#, L. 33, 39, 2, _after a few days_. #paucōs ante diēs#, L. 39, 28, 4, #diēs ante paucōs#, L. 31, 24, 5, _a few days before_. With this prepositional construction, ordinals are common: as, #post diem tertium#, 4, 9, 1, _after the third day_, according to the Roman way of reckoning, i.e. the next day but one.

1395. (1.) When the time before or after which anything occurs is denoted by a substantive, the substantive is put in the accusative with #ante# or #post#: as,

#paulō ante tertiam vigiliam#, 7, 24, 2, _a little before the third watch_. #bīduō ante vīctōriam#, _Fam._ 10, 14, 1, _the day but one before the victory_. #paucīs diēbus post mortem Āfricānī#, _L._ 3, _a few days after the death of Africanus_.

1396. Sometimes in late writers, as Tacitus, Pliny the younger, and Suetonius, a genitive is loosely used: as, #sextum post clādis annum#, Ta. 1, 62, i.e. #sextō post clādem annō#, _six years after the humiliating defeat_. #post decimum mortis annum#, Plin. _Ep._ 6, 10, 3, _ten years after his death_. Similarly #intrā sextum adoptiōnis diem#, Suet. _Galb._ 17, _not longer than six days after the adoption-day_.

1397. (2.) When the time before or after which anything occurs is denoted by a sentence, the sentence may be introduced:

(_a._) By #quam#: as, #post diem tertium gesta rēs est quam dīxerat#, _Mil._ 44, _it took place two days after he said it_. With #quam#, #post# is sometimes omitted. Or (_b._) less frequently by #cum#: as, #quem trīduō, cum hās dabam litterās, exspectābam#, Planc. in _Fam._ 10, 23, 3, _I am looking for him three days after this writing_ (1601). For a relative pronoun sentence, see 1354.

1398. Verbs of surpassing sometimes have an accusative of extent (1151): as, #mīrāmur hunc hominem tantum excellere cēterīs?# _IP._ 39, _are we surprised that this man so far outshines everybody else?_ With comparatives, the accusative is rare: as, #aliquantum inīquior#, T. _Hau._ 201, _somewhat too hard_. Similarly #permultum ante#, _Fam._ 3, 11, 1, _long long before_.

1399. In numerical designations of distance, the words #intervāllum# and #spatium# are regularly put in the ablative: as, #rēx VI mīlium passuum intervāllō ā Saburrā cōnsēderat#, Caes. _C._ 2, 38, 3, _the king had pitched six miles away from Saburra_. So sometimes #mīlle#: as, #mīlibus passuum VI a Caesaris castrīs sub monte cōnsēdit#, 1, 48, 1. See 1152.

[Errata: 1393 ... #multīs ante diēbus#, 7, 9, 4 diēbus. 1395 ... #bīduō ante vīctōriam# vĭctōriam]

TWO OR MORE ABLATIVES COMBINED.

1400. Two or more ablatives denoting different relations are often combined in the same sentence: as,

#Menippus, meō iūdiciō (1385) tōtā Asiā (1346) illīs temporibus (1350) disertissimus#, _Br._ 315, _Menippus, in my opinion the most gifted speaker of that day in all Asia_. #hāc habitā ōrātiōne (1362) mīlitibus studiō (1316) pugnae ardentibus (1370) tubā (1377) sīgnum dedit#, Caes. _C._ 3, 90, 4, _seeing that his soldiers were hot for battle after this speech, he gave the signal by trumpet_.

USE OF CASES WITH PREPOSITIONS.

1401. Two cases, the accusative and the ablative, are used with prepositions.

1402. Prepositions were originally adverbs which served to define more exactly the meaning of a verb.

Thus, #endo#, _in_, _on_, the older form of #in#, is an adverb, in an injunction occurring in a law of the Twelve Tables, 451 B.C., #manum endo iacitō#, _let him lay hand on_. Similarly, #trāns#, _over_, in #trānsque datō#, _and he must hand over_, i.e. #trāditōque#.

1403. In the course of time such adverbs became verbal prefixes; the verbs compounded with them may take the case, accusative or ablative, required by the meaning of the compound. Thus, #amīcōs adeō#, _I go to my friends_ (1137); #urbe exeō#, _I go out of town_ (1302).

1404. For distinctness or emphasis, the prefix of the verb may be repeated before the case: as, #ad amīcōs adeō#; #ex urbe exeō#. And when it is thus separately expressed before the case, it may be dropped from the verb: as, #ad amīcōs eō#; #ex urbe eō#.

1405. The preposition thus detached from the verb becomes an attendant on a substantive, and serves to show the relation of the substantive in a sentence more distinctly than the case alone could.

1406. A great many adverbs which are never used in composition with a verb likewise become prepositions: as, #apud#, #circiter#, #īnfrā#, #iūxtā#, #pōne#, #propter#, &c., &c. The inflected forms of substantives, #prīdiē#, #postrīdiē# (1413), #tenus# (1420), and #fīnī# (1419), are also sometimes used as prepositions. And #vicem# (1145), #causā#, #grātiā#, #nōmine#, #ergō# (1257), resemble prepositions closely in meaning.

1407. A trace of the original adverbial use of prepositions is sometimes retained, chiefly in poetry, when the prefix is separated from its word by what is called _Tmesis_: as, #īre inque gredī#, i.e. #ingredīque#, Lucr. 4, 887, _to walk and to step off_. #per mihī̆ mīrum vīsum est#, _DO._ 1, 214, _passing strange it seemed to me_.

1408. Even such words as are used almost exclusively as prepositions sometimes retain their original adverbial meaning also: as, #adque adque#, E. in Gell. 10, 29, 2, _and up and up_, _and on and on_, or _and nearer still and still more near_. #occīsīs ad hominum mīlibus quattuor#, 2, 33, 5, _about four thousand men being killed_. #susque dēque#, _Att._ 14, 6, 1, _up and down_, _topsy turvy_, _no matter how_.

1409. On the other hand, some verbal prefixes are never used as separate prepositions with a substantive. These are called _Inseparable Prepositions_; they are: #amb-#, _round_, #an-#, _up_, #dis-#, _in two_, #por-#, _towards_, #rē̆d-#, _back_. Usually also #sēd-#, _apart_ (1417).

PREPOSITIONS USED WITH THE ACCUSATIVE.

1410. The accusative is accompanied by the following prepositions:

#ad#, _to_, #adversus# or #adversum#, _towards_, _against_, #ante#, in composition also #antid-#, _before_, #apud#, _near_, _at_, #circā#, #circum#, #circiter#, _round_, _about_, #cis#, #citrā#, _this side of_, #contrā#, _opposite to_, #ergā#, _towards_, #extrā#, _outside_, #īnfrā#, _below_, #inter#, _between_, #intrā#, _within_, #iūxtā#, _near_, #ob#, _against_, #penes#, _in the possession of_, #per#, _through_, #pōne#, #post#, in Plautus #postid#, #poste#, #pos#, _behind_, #praeter#, _past_, #prope# (#propius#, #proximē#), #propter#, _near_, #secundum#, _after_, #subter#, _under_, #suprā#, _above_, #trāns#, _across_, #uls#, #ultrā#, _beyond_. For the various shades of meaning and applications of these prepositions, see the dictionary.

1411. Prepositions which accompany the accusative may be easily remembered in this order:

ante, apud, ad, adversum, circum, cis, ob, trāns, secundum, penes, pōne, prope, per, post, and all in -ā and -ter.

1412. Of the above named words some are not used as prepositions till a relatively late period.

Thus, #īnfrā# is first used as a preposition by Terence and once only; #circā# somewhat before and #citrā# about Cicero’s time; #ultrā# first by Cato; #iūxtā# by Varro. In Cicero #iūxtā# is still used only as an adverb, in Caesar and Nepos as a preposition.

1413. The substantive forms #prīdiē#, _the day before_, and #postrīdiē#, _the day after_, are sometimes used with an accusative like prepositions, mostly in Cicero, to denote dates: as, #prīdiē nōnās Māiās#, _Att._ 2, 11, 2, _the day before the nones of May_, i.e. _6 May_. #postrīdiē lūdōs Apollinārīs#, _Att._ 16, 4, 1, _the day after the games of Apollo_, i.e. _6 July_. For the genitive with these words, see 1232.

1414. The adverb #vorsus# or #versus#, _wards_, occurs as a post positive (1434) preposition rarely: once in Sallust, #Aegyptum vorsus#, J. 19, 3, _Egyptwards_, in Cicero a few times, twice in Pliny the elder. #usque#, _even to_, occurs with names of towns in Terence (once), Cicero, and later; with appellatives in Cato (once) and late writers.

1415. #clam#, _secretly_, is ordinarily an adverb. But in old Latin it is used often as a preposition, _unknown to_, with an accusative of a person. Terence has once the diminutive form #clanculum#, _Ad._ 52. With the ablative only in the MSS. of Caesar, once, #clam vōbīs#, _C._ 2, 32, 8, _without your knowledge_, and in _Bell. Afr._ 11, 4.

1416. #subter#, _under_, is used in poetry, once by Catullus and once by Vergil, with the locative ablative: as, #Rhoetēō subter lītore#, Cat. 65, 7, _beneath Rhoeteum’s strand_.

PREPOSITIONS USED WITH THE ABLATIVE.

1417. The ablative is accompanied by the following prepositions:

#abs#, #ab#, or #ā#, _from_, #cōram#, _face to face_, #dē#, _down from_, _from_, _of_, #ex# or #ē#, _out of_, #prae#, _at the fore_, _in front of_, #prō#, _before_, #quom# or #cum#, _with_, #sine#, _without_. In official or legal language, also #sēd# or #sē#, _without_. For the different classes of ablatives with these prepositions, see 1297-1300; for the various shades of meanings and applications, see the dictionary.

1418. Prepositions which accompany the ablative may be easily remembered in this order:

abs (ab, ā), cum, cōram, dē, prae, prō, sine, ex (or ē).

1419. The ablative #fīnī#, _as far as_, is used in old Latin as a preposition with the ablative: as, #osse fīnī#, Pl. _Men._ 859, _down to the bone_. #operītō terrā rādīcibus fīnī#, Cato, _RR._ 28, 2, _cover with loam the length of the roots_. Also, as a real substantive, with a genitive (1255): as, #ānsārum īnfimārum fīnī#, Cato, _RR._ 113, 2, _up to the bottom of the handles_. Rarely #fīne#, and before the genitive: as, #fīne genūs#, O. 10, 537, _as far as the knee_.

1420. #tenus#, _the length_, was originally a substantive accusative (1151). From Cicero on, it is used as a preposition with the ablative, and standing after its case: as, #Taurō tenus#, _D._ 36, _not further than Taurus_. #pectoribus tenus#, L. 21, 54, 9, _quite up to the breast_. #hāctenus#, _thus far_, _only thus far_. Also, as a real substantive, with a genitive, usually a plural, mostly in verse (1232): as, #labrōrum tenus#, Lucr. 1, 940, _the length of the lips_, _up to the lips_. #Cūmārum tenus#, Cael. in _Fam._ 8, 1, 2, _as far as Cumae_.

1421. The adverbs #palam#, _in presence of_, #procul#, _apart from_, either _near_ or _far_, #simul#, _with_, are rarely used in poetry and late prose as prepositions with the ablative. #coram# occurs but once as a preposition (inscriptional) before Cicero’s time. #absque# with the ablative occurs once each in Cicero and Quintilian; in Plautus and Terence only in a coordinate protasis (1701; 2110).

PREPOSITIONS USED WITH THE ACCUSATIVE OR THE ABLATIVE.

1422. Two cases, the accusative and the ablative, are accompanied by the prepositions in, older #endo#, #indu#, _into_, _in_, #sub#, _under_, and #super#, _over_, _on_.

1423. (1.) #in# and #sub# accompany the accusative of the end of motion, the locative ablative of rest: as,

(_a._) #in cūriam vēnimus#, _V._ 4, 138, _we went to the senate-house_. #in vincla coniectus est#, _V._ 5, 17, _he was put in irons_. #hīc pāgus eius exercitum sub iugum mīserat#, 1, 12, 5, _this canton had sent his army under the yoke_. (_b._) #erimus in castrīs#, _Ph._ 12, 28, _we shall be in camp_. #viridī membra sub arbutō strātus#, H. 1, 1, 21, _stretched out--his limbs--all under an arbute green_.

1424. Verbs of rest sometimes have #in# with the accusative, because of an implied idea of motion. And, conversely, verbs of motion sometimes have #in# with the ablative, because of an implied idea of rest: as,

(_a._) #mihi in mentem fuit#, Pl. _Am._ 180, _it popped into my head_, i.e. came in and is in (compare #venit hoc mī in mentem#, Pl. _Aul._ 226. #in eius potestātem venīre nōlēbant#, _V._ 1, 150. #in eōrum potestātem portum futūrum intellegēbant#, _V._ 5, 98, _they knew full well the haven would get under the control of these people_). (_b._) #Caesar exercitum in hībernīs conlocāvit#, 3, 29, 3, _Caesar put the army away in winter quarters_, i.e. put them into and left them in. #eam in lectō conlocārunt#, T. _Eu._ 593, _they laid the lady on her couch_. So commonly with #locō#, #conlocō#, #statuō#, #cōnstituō#, #pōnō#, and its compounds. For #expōnō# and #impōnō#, see the dictionary.

1425. (2.) #super# accompanies the ablative when it has colloquially the sense of #dē#, _about_, _in reference to_: as, #hāc super rē scrībam ad tē Rēgiō#, _Att._ 16, 6, 1, _I’ll write you about this from Regium_. In other senses, the accusative, but sometimes in poetry the ablative, chiefly in the sense of _on_: as, #ligna super focō largē repōnēns#, H. 1, 9, 5, _piling on hearth the faggots high_. #nocte super mediā#, V. 9, 61, _at dead of night_. #paulum silvae super hīs#, H. _S._ 2, 6, 3, _a bit of wood to crown the whole_.

[Errata: 1424a ... compare #venit hoc mī in mentem# text unchanged: expected form vēnit So commonly with #locō#, #conlocō# #locō#. #conlocō#]

COMBINATION OF SUBSTANTIVES BY A PREPOSITION.

1426. (1.) Two substantives are sometimes connected by a preposition, to indicate certain attributive relations (1043); such are particularly:

(_a._) Place: as, #illam pugnam nāvālem ad Tenedum#, _Mur._ 33, _the sea-fight off Tenedus_. #excessum ē vītā#, _Fin._ 3, 60, _the departure from life_. (_b._) Source, origin, material: as, #ex Aethiopiā ancillulam#, T. _Eu._ 165, _a lady’s maid from Aethiopia_. #pōcula ex aurō#, _V._ 4, 62, _bowls of gold_ (1314). (_c._) Direction of action, connection, separation: as, #amor in patriam#, _Fl._ 103, _love of country_. #vestra ergā mē voluntās#, _C._ 4, 1, _your good will towards me_. #proelium cum Tūscīs ad Iāniculum#, L. 2, 52, 7, _the battle with the Tuscans at Janiculum_. #vir sine metū#, _TD._ 5, 48, _a man devoid of fear_ (1043).

1427. (2.) Very commonly, however, other constructions are used, even to indicate the relations above: as,

#bellum Venetōrum#, 3, 16, 1, _war with the Venetans_ (1231). #bellō Cassiānō#, 1, 13, 2, _in the war with Cassius_ (1233). #in aureīs pōculīs#, _V._ 4, 54, _in golden bowls_ (1233). #scūtīs ex cortice factīs#, 2, 33, 2, _with long shields made out of bark_ (1314). #post vīctōriam eius bellī, quod cum Persīs fuit#, _Off._ 3, 49, _after the victory in the war with the Persians_.

1428. Prepositional expressions are sometimes used predicatively: as, #sunt omnēs sine maculā#, _Pl._ 6, 14, _they are all without spot or blemish_. And sometimes they are equivalent to adjectives: as, #contrā nātūram#, _TD._ 4, 11, _unnatural_, #suprā hominem#, _DN._ 2, 34, _superhuman_. Or to substantives: as, #sine pondere#, O. 1, 20, _things without weight_. Or to adverbs: as, #sine labōre#, Pl. _R._ 461, _easily_.

[Erratum: 1426a ... L. 2, 52, 7 L 2,]

REPETITION OR OMISSION OF A PREPOSITION WITH SEVERAL SUBSTANTIVES.

1429. (1.) A preposition is often repeated with emphasis before two or more substantives: as,

#in labōre atque in dolōre#, Pl. _Ps._ 685, _in toil and in trouble_. Particularly so with #et . . . et#, #aut . . . aut#, #nōn sōlum . . . sed etiam#, #nōn minus ... quam#, &c., &c.: as, #et ex urbe et ex agrīs#, _C._ 2, 21, _from Rome and from the country too_.

1430. (2.) A preposition is often used with the first only of two or more substantives: as, #in labōre ac dolōre#, _TD._ 5, 41, _in toil and trouble_. #incidit in eandem invidiam quam pater suus#, N. 5, 3, 1, _he fell under the selfsame ban as his father_. Particularly when the second is in apposition: as, #cum duōbus ducibus, Pyrrhō et Hannibale#, _L._ 28, _with two commanders, Pyrrhus and Hannibal_.

[Erratum: 1429 ... #nōn minus ... quam#, &c., &c. final . missing]

TWO PREPOSITIONS WITH ONE SUBSTANTIVE.

1431. (1.) When two prepositions belong to one and the same substantive, the substantive is expressed with the first. With the second, the substantive is repeated, or its place is taken by a pronoun: as,

#contrā lēgem prōque lēge#, L. 34, 8, 1, _against the law and for the law_. #partim contrā Avītum, partim prō hōc#, _Clu._ 88, _partly against Avitus, partly for him_. If, however, the two prepositions accompany the same case, the substantive need not be repeated: as, #intrā extrāque mūnītiōnēs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 72, 2, _inside and outside the works_.

1432. (2.) The second preposition is often used adverbially, without any substantive: as, #et in corpore et extrā#, _Fin._ 2, 68, _both in the body and outside_.

POSITION OF PREPOSITIONS.

1433. In general a preposition precedes its case: see 178.

1434. Disyllabic prepositions sometimes follow their substantives. Thus, in Cicero, #contrā#, #ultrā#, and #sine#, sometimes stand after a relative; so likewise #inter# in Cicero, Caesar, and Sallust; occasionally also #penes# and #propter#. For #versus#, see 1414; for #fīnī#, 1419; for #tenus#, 1420.

1435. Of monosyllables, #ad# and #dē# often follow a relative. Also #cum# often in Cicero and Sallust, and regularly in Caesar. With a personal or a reflexive pronoun, #cum# regularly follows, as #mēcum#, #nōbīscum#, #sēcum#.

1436. In poetry and late prose, prepositions are freely put after their cases.

1437. In oaths and adjurations, #per# is often separated from its proper accusative by the accusative of the object: as, #per tē de͡ōs ōrō#, T. _Andr._ 538, _I beg thee by the gods_, _in the gods’ name_.

USE OF ADVERBS.

1438. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

(_a._) With verbs, all sorts of adverbs are used: as, of Place: #quis istīc habet?# Pl. _B._ 114, _who lives in there?_ Time: #tum dentēs mihi cadēbant prīmulum#, Pl. _Men._ 1116, _my teeth were just beginning then to go_. Number: #bis cōnsul fuerat P. Āfricānus#, _Mur._ 58, _Africanus had twice been consul_. Degree, Amount: #Ubiī magnopere ōrābant#, 4, 16, 5, _the Ubians earnestly entreated_. #Dumnorīx plūrimum poterat#, 1, 9, 3, _Dumnorix was all-powerful_. Manner: #bene quiēvit, libenter cibum sūmpsit#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 16, 4, _he has slept beautifully, he has relished his food_. (_b._) With adjectives and adverbs, oftenest adverbs of degree or amount only, or their equivalents, such as #bene#, #ēgregiē#, &c.: as, #valdē dīligēns#, _Ac._ 2, 98, _very particular_. #ēgregiē fortis#, _DO._ 2, 268, _exceptionally brave_. Adverbs of manner, however, are also used, especially in poetry: as, #turpiter hīrtum#, H. _E._ 1, 3, 22, _disreputably rough_, i.e. disreputable and rough.

1439. An adverb is sometimes used with the meaning of an adjective: as,

#reliquīs deincēps diēbus#, 3, 29, 1, _the remaining successive days_. #dē suīs prīvātim rēbus#, 5, 3, 5, _in relation to their personal interests_. #undique silvae#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 6, 2, _the surrounding woods_. Particularly when the substantive expresses character, like an adjective: as, #vērē Metellus#, _Sest._ 130, _a trueblooded Metellus_. #rūsticānus vir, sed plānē vir#, _TD._ 2, 53, _a country man, but every inch a man_.

1440. Perfect participles used as substantives are commonly qualified by an adverb, and not by an adjective. Particularly so #dictum#, #factum#, #inventum#, #respōnsum#, with #bene# and #male#, and their synonymes: as, #rēctē ac turpiter factum#, 7, 80, 5, _heroism and cowardice_. #bene facta male locāta male facta arbitror#, E. in _Off._ 2, 62, _good deeds ill put, bad deeds I count_. In superlative qualifications, however, the adjective is preferred.

1441. Other substantives also may be qualified by an adverb, when a verb construction or a participle is implied: as, #C. Flāminius cōnsul iterum#, _Div._ 1, 77, _Flaminius in his second consulship_. #ō totiēns servos#, H. _S._ 2, 7, 70, _time and again a slave_. #ictū comminus#, _Caecin._ 43, _by a hand-to-hand blow_. #pūblicē testem#, _V._ 2, 156, _a government witness_. #populum lātē rēgem#, V. 1, 21, _a nation regnant wide_. #lātē tyrannus#, H. 3, 17, 9, _lord paramount far and near_.

1442. An adverb sometimes takes the place of a substantive: as, #cum amīcī partim dēseruerint mē, partim etiam prōdiderint#, _QFr._ 1, 3, 5, _since my friends have some of them abandoned me, and others again have actually betrayed me_, i.e. #aliī . . . aliī#. #postquam satis tūta circā vidēbantur#, L. 1, 58, 2, _finding every thing round about looked pretty safe_, i.e. #quae circā erant#. #palam laudārēs, sēcrēta male audiēbant#, Ta. _H._ 1, 10, _his outward walk you would have admired; his private life was in bad odour_, i.e. #quae palam fīēbant#.

NEGATIVE ADVERBS.

1443. (1.) The negative oftenest used in declaration or interrogation is #nōn#, _not_: as,