Part 1

[In general, italics are shown with _lines_, and boldface with #marks#. The # symbol occurs in its own right in the section on prosody and versification, but there should be no ambiguity. Single letters shown as #A#, #B# were printed in sans-serif type. Spaced-out text, primarily used to mark verb roots, is shown with +marks+. The plus sign occurs in a few sections, but again there should be no ambiguity.

To reduce visual clutter, boldface markings have been omitted in all tables and inset lists (printed with Latin text in bold, translation in italics). Similarly, spaced-out text is only marked when the text is not also bold.

In this e-text, the notation {o|e-} or {-o|e-}, with braces, represents the “variable vowel” described in section 825. In print it was shown as a small raised o (with or without leading hyphen) and a small lowered e-, separated by a vertical line.

The Appendix includes some fairly specialized content, notably under Numerals and Prosody. If you are dissatisfied with your device’s display, you may prefer the PDF file covering these sections.

Typographical errors are shown at end end of each numbered section. Non-trivial errors are listed again at the end of the e-text, along with notes on the first edition.]

A LATIN GRAMMAR

FOR

SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

BY

GEORGE M. LANE, Ph.D., LL.D.

PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF LATIN IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

_REVISED EDITION_

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1898, 1903, by GARDINER M. LANE and LOUISA VAN RENSSELAER.

_All rights reserved._

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

George Martin Lane died on the thirtieth of June, 1897. His _Latin Grammar_, in the preparation of which he had been engaged, during the intervals of teaching in Harvard University, for nearly thirty years, was at that time approaching completion. The first two hundred and ninety-one pages had been stereotyped; the pages immediately following, on the _Relative Sentence_ and the _Conjunctive Particle Sentence_ through _quod_ and _quia_ (pages 292-302), together with the chapter on the _Infinitive_ (pages 374-386), were ready for stereotyping; of the remainder of the book, pages 303-373 and 387-436 were in the form of a first draught; finally, he had received a few weeks before his death, but had never examined, the manuscript of the chapter on _Versification_ (pages 442-485), written at his invitation by his former pupil, Dr. Herman W. Hayley, now of Wesleyan University.

It was found that my dear and honoured master had left a written request that his work should be completed by me, in consultation with his colleagues, Professors Frederic De Forest Allen and Clement Lawrence Smith. A month had scarcely passed when scholars everywhere had another heavy loss to mourn in the sudden death of Professor Allen. Almost immediately afterwards, Professor Smith left this country, to take charge for a year of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome, but not before we had agreed that circumstances required the early publication of the book, notwithstanding his absence. I was thus deprived of two eminent counsellors, whose knowledge and experience would have been of inestimable assistance.

About one hundred and twenty pages (303-373 and 387-436), exclusive of _Versification_, were yet to receive their final form. Professor Lane had determined the order in which the topics contained in these pages should be treated, and no change has been made in that order. Most of the main principles of syntax, too, have been left exactly as they were expressed in his draught. This draught was written some years ago, and, although he had corrected and annotated it from time to time, there is no doubt that in writing it out afresh he would have made many alterations and improvements which are not indicated in his notes. Consequently, he is not to be held responsible for errors and omissions in the pages which had not received his final approval. Yet I conceived it my duty to preserve, so far as possible, the very language of his corrected draught; and this, in the statement of almost all the main principles, I have been able to do. Some modifications and some radical alterations were inevitable; in particular, the treatment of _quamvis_, _quando_, _quin_, the _Supine_, and _Numerals_ seemed to call for much amplification and rearrangement. I have also deemed it necessary to add some seventy sections[1] under various heads, and Dr. Hayley has been good enough to write sections 2458-2510, which precede his chapter on _Versification_. But, in general, my principal function has been: first, to provide additional Latin examples of the principles which Professor Lane had formulated; secondly, to enter, under the various principles, historical statements regarding the usage in the Latin writers, drawn from the best authorities at my disposal.

[Footnote 1: The sections which I have added are as follows: 1866, 1873, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1887, 1890, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1907, 1909, 1913, 1922, 1927, 1935, 1964, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1990, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2068, 2086, 2088, 2097, 2111, 2122, 2152, 2155, 2255, 2264, 2267, 2271, 2273, 2275, 2276, 2277, 2281, 2289, 2292, 2345, 2357, 2400, 2406, 2407, 2408, 2409, 2410, 2411, 2412, 2413, 2414, 2740-2745.]

Professor Lane’s own method was far from that of a compiler. He took nothing for granted without thorough investigation, however well established it might seem, and he followed the dictum of no man, however widely accepted as an authority. For example, his many pupils and correspondents will remember how untiring he was in his efforts to arrive at accuracy in even the minutest points of inflection. Thus, for the _List of Verbs_ (§§ 922-1022), he made entirely new collections, and admitted no form among the ‘principal parts’ unless actually found represented in the authors. In the details of syntax, he was equally indefatigable; the sections on the _Locative Proper_ (1331-1341), for instance, contain the result of an immense amount of painful research. He devoted much anxious thought to the definitions and the titles of the various constructions: thus, the distinction between the _Present of Vivid Narration_ (1590) and the _Annalistic Present_ (1591) seems obvious now that it is stated; but to reach it many pages of examples were collected and compared. He held that examples printed in the grammar to illustrate syntactical principles should never be manufactured; they should be accurately quoted from the authors, without other alteration than the omission of words by which the construction under illustration was not affected. He was careful, also, not to use an example in which there was any serious doubt as to the text in that part which covered the principle illustrated by the example. To ‘Hidden Quantity’ he had given much attention, and many of the results of his studies in this subject were published, in 1889, in the _School Dictionary_ by his friend Dr. Lewis. Since that time he had found reason to change his views with regard to some words, and these changes are embodied in the present book, in which he marked every vowel which he believed to be long in quantity.

The order in which the divisions and subdivisions of grammar are here presented will not seem strange to those who are acquainted with the recent grammars published by Germans. It is the scientific order of presentation, whatever order a teacher may think fit to follow in his actual practice. The table of contents has been made so full as to serve as a systematic exposition of the scheme, and to make needless any further words upon it here. In the _Appendix_ Professor Lane would have inserted, out of deference to custom, a chapter on the _Arrangement of Words_; but the draught of it which he left was too fragmentary for publication. Since the proper preparation of the chapter would have greatly delayed the publication of the book, it was thought best to omit it altogether, at least for the present. This topic, in fact, like some others in the _Appendix_, belongs rather to a treatise on Latin Composition than to a Latin Grammar.

For the indexes, and for much valuable help in proof reading, I heartily thank Dr. J. W. Walden, another of Professor Lane’s pupils.

In the course of his work, Professor Lane frequently consulted his colleagues and other distinguished scholars both in this country and in Europe. He gratefully welcomed their advice, and carefully considered and often adopted their suggestions. Had he lived to write a preface, he would doubtless have thanked by name those to whom he considered himself as under particular obligation, whether from direct correspondence or through the use of their published works; but it is obvious that the information in my possession will not allow me to attempt this pleasant duty. Of Professor Lane’s pupils, also, not a few, while in residence as advanced students at the University, were from time to time engaged in the collection of material which he used in the grammar. They, like his other helpers, must now be content with the thought of the courteous acknowledgment which they would have received from him.

MORRIS H. MORGAN.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, _May, 1898_.

PREFATORY NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION.

In this Revised Edition many changes and corrections in details have been introduced throughout the book, but no alterations have been made in the treatment of broad general principles, except in the chapter on Sound (§§ 16-179). This has been very largely rewritten and extended from nineteen to thirty-one pages by my friend, Professor Hanns Oertel, of Yale University, who has also been kind enough to make the changes in the chapters on Formation and Inflection rendered necessary by his rewriting of the sections on Sound. In this rewriting Mr. Oertel has proceeded upon the ideas that in a school grammar, even an advanced one, phonology should play a subordinate part; that nothing should be introduced that cannot be illustrated from such Latin and Greek as are available to the student; and that those points should be emphasized which assist in the analyzing of compounds and in the understanding of word-formation and inflection. With these ideas, which necessarily prevent the introduction of some important topics treated in works on phonetics, I am in entire sympathy.

My thanks are due to not a few scholars and reviewers who have pointed out passages in the first edition which in their opinion called for changes. Some of their suggestions I have adopted; with others I have found myself unable to agree.

M. H. M.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, May, 1903.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

The References Are To Sections.

Parts of Latin Grammar, 1.

PART FIRST: WORDS, 2-1022.

Parts of Speech, 2-15.

(A.) SOUND, 16-179.

Alphabet, 16-30. Sources of our Pronunciation, 31. Vowels, 32-46. Long and Short, 33-36. Pronunciation, 37-42. Classification, 43-46. Diphthongs, 47-50. Nature and Kinds, 47, 48. Pronunciation, 49, 50. Consonants, 51-81. Pronunciation, 51-72. Classification, 73-81. Syllabic and Unsyllabic Function, 82, 83. Accent, 84-98. Nature, 84. Marks of Accent, 85. The Classical Accent, 86-88. Earlier Recessive Accent, 89-91. Proclitics and Enclitics, 92-94. Change of Sound, 95-174. _Vowel Change_: Of Diphthongs, 95-101; 108. Of Simple Vowels, 102-107. Loss, 110-113. Hiatus, 114-116. Synizesis, 117. Contraction, 118. Elision, 119. Combination into Diphthongs, 120. Lengthening, 121-123. Shortening, 124-132. Transfer of Quantity, 133. Variation, 134. Quantitative Vowel Gradation, 135. Qualitative Vowel Changes, 136-143. Assimilation, 144. Qualitative Vowel Gradation, 145. _Consonant Change_: Disappearance or Change of Single Consonants, 146-161. Change in Consonant Groups, 162-179. Assimilation, 163-166. Consonantal Glides, 167. Disappearance, 168-171. Development of Anaptyctical Vowel, 172. Dissimilation, 173. Changes within Compounds, 174. Syllables, 175-179. Defined, 175, 176. Length of Syllables, 177, 178. Loss, 179.

(B.) FORMATION, 180-396.

Definitions, 180-198. Roots, 183-189. Present Stems as Roots, 190-194. Stems, 195-197. Primitives and Denominatives, 198. Formation of the Noun, 199-364. Without a Formative Suffix, 199. Formative Suffixes, 200-203. _Formation of the Substantive_: Primitives, 204-245. Denominatives, 246-279. _Formation of the Adjective_: Primitives, 280-297. Denominatives, 298-341. Comparison, 342-364. Formation of Denominative Verbs, 365-375. Composition, 376-396. Of Nouns, 379-390. Of Verbs, 391-396.

(C.) INFLECTION, 397-1022.

Definition, 397.

(A.) INFLECTION OF THE NOUN, 398-712.

General Principles, 398-431. Case Endings, 398. The Stem, 399-401. Gender, 402-413. Number, 414-418. Case, 419-431. The Substantive, 432-607. Stems in #-ā-# (_The First Declension_), 432-445. Stems in #-o-# (_The Second Declension_), 446-466. Consonant Stems (_The Third Declension_), 467-512. Stems in #-i-# (_The Third Declension_), 513-569. Gender of Consonant Stems and #-i-# Stems, 570-584. Stems in #-u-# (_The Fourth Declension_), 585-595. Stems in #-ē-# (_The Fifth Declension_), 596-607. The Adjective, 608-643. Stems in #-o-# and #-ā-#, 613-620. Consonant Stems, 621-626. Stems in #-i-#, 627-636. Numeral Adjectives, 637-643. The Pronoun, 644-695. Personal and Reflexive, 644-651. Personal and Reflexive Possessive, 652-655. Other Pronouns, 656-659. Demonstrative, 660-670. Determinative, 671-675. Pronoun of Identity, 676-678. Intensive, 679-680. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite, 681-694. Correlative Pronouns, 695. The Adverb, Conjunction, and Preposition, 696-712. Nouns as Adverbs, 696-698. Accusative, 699-702. Ablative, 703-707. Locative, 708-709. Other Endings, 710. Correlative Adverbs, 711. Sentences as Adverbs, 712.

(B.) INFLECTION OF THE VERB, 713-1022.

General Principles, 713-742. The Stem, 714-720. The Person Ending, 721-731. Nouns of the Verb, 732. Principal Parts, 733-735. Designation of the Verb, 736-737. Theme, 738-740. Classes of Verbs, 741-742. Primitive Verbs, 743-791. Root Verbs, 743-744. Inflection of #sum#, 745-750. #possum#, 751-753. #dō#, 754-757. #bibō#, #serō#, #sistō#, 758. #inquam#, 759-761. #eō#, 762-767. #queō# and #nequeō#, 768. #edō#, 769-771. #volō#, #nōlō#, #mālō#, 772-779. #ferō#, 780-781. Verbs in #-ere# (_The Third Conjugation_), #regō#, 782-783. Verbs in #-iō#, #-ere#, 784-791. #capiō#, 784-785. #āiō#, 786-787. #fiō#, 788-790. Others in #-iō#, #-ere#, 791. Denominative Verbs, 792-797. Verbs in #-āre# (_The First Conjugation_), #laudō#, 792-793. Verbs in #-ēre# (_The Second Conjugation_), #moneō#, 794-795. Verbs in #-īre# (_The Fourth Conjugation_), #audiō#, 796-797. Deponent Verbs, 798-801. Periphrastic Forms, 802-804. Defective Verbs, 805-817. Redundant Verbs, 818-823. Formation of Stems, 824-919. Variable Vowel, 824-827. _The Present System_: Present Indicative Stem, 828-840. Present Subjunctive, 841-843. Imperative, 844-846. Imperfect Indicative, 847-848. Imperfect Subjunctive, 849-850. Future, 851-853. _The Perfect System_: Perfect Indicative Stem, 854-875. Perfect Subjunctive, 876-878. Perfect Imperative, 879. Pluperfect Indicative, 880. Pluperfect Subjunctive, 881. Future Perfect, 882-884. Short or Old forms of the Perfect System, 885-893. _Nouns of the Verb_: The Infinitive, 894-898. Gerundive and Gerund, 899. Supine, 900. Present Participle, 901-903. Future Participle, 904-905. Perfect Participle, 906-919. List of Verbs arranged according to the Principal Parts, 920-1022.

PART SECOND: SENTENCES, 1023-2299.

Definitions, 1023-1061. The Simple Sentence, 1023-1025. The Subject, 1026-1034. The Predicate, 1035-1036. Enlargements of the Subject, 1038-1047. Enlargements of the Predicate, 1048-1054. Combination of Sentences, 1055. The Compound Sentence, 1056-1057. The Complex Sentence, 1058-1061. Agreement, 1062-1098. Of the Verb, 1062-1076. Of the Substantive, 1077-1081. Of the Adjective, 1082-1098.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE, 1099-1635.

(A.) USE OF THE NOUN, 1099-1468.

Number and Gender, 1099-1110. Case, 1111-1437. NOMINATIVE, 1113-1123. Nominative of Title, 1114-1116. Of Exclamation, 1117. Vocative Nominative and Vocative Proper, 1118-1123. ACCUSATIVE, 1124-1174. Of the Object, 1132-1139. Emphasizing or Defining, 1140-1146. Of the Part Concerned, 1147. Of the Thing Put On, 1148. Of Exclamation, 1149-1150. Of Space and Time, 1151-1156. Of the Aim of Motion, 1157-1166. Two Accusatives Combined, 1167-1174. DATIVE, 1175-1225. _I. The Complementary Dative_: (1.) The Essential Complement: With Verbs, 1180-1199. With Adjectives, 1200-1204. (2.) The Optional Complement: Of the person or thing interested, 1205-1210. The Emotional Dative, 1211. The Dative of the Possessor, 1212-1216. Of Relation, 1217-1218. _II. The Predicative Dative_: Of Tendency or Result, 1219-1222. Of Purpose or Intention, 1223-1225. GENITIVE, 1226-1295. _I. With Substantives_: In General, 1227-1231. Of the Subject, Cause, Origin, or Owner, 1232-1238. Of Quality, 1239-1240. Partitive, 1241-1254. Of Definition, 1255-1259. Objective, 1260-1262. _II. With Adjectives_, 1263-1270. _III. With Verbs_: Of Valuing, 1271-1275. With rēfert and interest, 1276-1279. With Judicial Verbs, 1280-1282. With Impersonals of Mental Distress, 1283-1286. With Verbs of Memory, 1287-1291. Of Participation and Mastery, 1292. Of Fulness and Want, 1293-1294. _IV. The Genitive of Exclamation_, 1295. ABLATIVE, 1296-1400. _I. The Ablative Proper_: Of Separation and Want, and of Departure, 1302-1311. Of Source, Stuff, or Material, 1312-1315. Of Cause, Influence, or Motive, 1316-1319. Of Comparison, 1320-1330. _II. The Locative Ablative_: The Locative Proper, 1331-1341. The Ablative used as Locative: Of Place in, on, or at which, 1342-1349. Of Time at which or within which, 1350-1355. _III. The Instrumental Ablative_: (1.) The Ablative of Attendance: Of Accompaniment, 1356-1357. Of Manner, 1358-1361. Ablative Absolute, 1362-1374. Ablative of Quality, 1375. Of the Route Taken, 1376. (2.) The Instrumental Proper: Of Instrument or Means, 1377-1384. Of Specification, 1385. Of Fulness, 1386-1387. Of Measure, Exchange, and Price, 1388-1392. Of the Amount of Difference, 1393-1399. Two or more Ablatives Combined, 1400. Use of Cases with Prepositions, 1401-1437. In General, 1401-1409. With the Accusative, 1410-1416. With the Ablative, 1417-1421. With the Accusative or the Ablative, 1422-1425. Combination of Substantives by a Preposition, 1426-1428. Repetition or Omission of a Preposition, 1429-1430. Two Prepositions with one Substantive, 1431-1432. Position of Prepositions, 1433-1437. Use of Adverbs, 1438-1453. Use of Degrees of Comparison, 1454-1468.

(B.) USE OF THE VERB, 1469-1635.

Voice, 1469-1492. Active, 1469-1471. Passive, 1472-1485. Deponents, 1486-1492. Mood, 1493-1586. THE INDICATIVE, 1493-1533. In Declarations, 1493-1498. In Questions, 1499-1533. Yes or No Questions, 1502-1510. Positive and Negative Answers, 1511-1514. Alternative Questions, 1515-1525. Pronoun Questions, 1526-1530. Some Applications of Questions, 1531-1533. THE INFINITIVE OF INTIMATION, 1534-1539. THE SUBJUNCTIVE, 1540-1570. The Subjunctive in Declarations: _I. Of Desire_: Of Wish, 1540-1546. Of Exhortation, Direction, Statement of Propriety, 1547-1552. Of Willingness, Assumption, Concession, 1553. _II. Of Action Conceivable_, 1554-1562. The Subjunctive in Questions, 1563-1570. THE IMPERATIVE, 1571-1586. Of Command, 1571-1580. Of Prohibition, 1581-1586. Tense, 1587-1635. OF THE INDICATIVE, 1587-1633. Present, 1587-1593. Imperfect, 1594-1601. Perfect, 1602-1613. Pluperfect, 1614-1618. Future, 1619-1625. Future Perfect, 1626-1632. The Future Active Participle with sum, 1633. OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE, 1634-1635.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE, OR COORDINATION, 1636-1713.

Without a Connective, 1637-1642. With a Connective, 1643-1692. Conjunctions, 1643. Copulative, 1644-1666. Disjunctive, 1667-1675. Adversative, 1676-1686. Other Words as Connectives, 1687-1692. The Intermediate Coordinate Sentence, 1693-1713. The Subordinate Idea unindicated by the Mood, 1695-1704. The Subordinate Idea indicated by the Subjunctive, 1705-1713.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE, OR SUBORDINATION, 1714-2299.