Part 59

2376. #ipse# is often used with personals and reflexives agreeing with the emphatic word. But the nominative is usually preferred, especially when #ipse# stands before the other pronoun, or when it stands after #per mē#, #per sē#. After #mēmet#, #nōbīsmet#, #nōsmet#, &c., it agrees with these words.

(_a._) #neque enim potest exercitum is continēre imperātor, quī sē ipsum nōn continet#, _IP._ 38, _for no commander can keep his army under control who does not keep his own self under control_. #mīles frātrem suum, dein sē ipsum interfēcit#, Ta. _H._ 3, 51, _a soldier slew his own brother, then himself_. (_b._) #ipse sē quisque dīligit#, _L._ 80, _every man loves himself_. #bellum per sē ipse, iniussū populī ac senātūs, fēcit#, L. 1, 49, 7, _he made war on his own responsibility, without orders from the people and senate_. #Iūnius necem sibī̆ ipse cōnscīvit#, _DN._ 2, 7, _Junius killed himself_. #nōn egeō medicīnā, mē ipse cōnsōlor#, _L._ 10, _I need no medicine, I am my own comforter_. (_c._) #ut nōbīsmet ipsīs imperēmus#, _TD._ 2, 47, _that we should govern ourselves_.

2377. #ipse# alone sometimes stands for an emphatic #sē# or #suus#: as,

#pertimuērunt nē ab ipsīs dēscīsceret et cum suīs in grātiam redīret#, N. 7, 5, 1, _they were much afraid that he would abandon them and come into favour with his compatriots again_. #ea molestissimē ferre hominēs dēbent, quae ipsōrum culpā contrācta sunt#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 2, _people should be most vexed at things which are brought about through fault of their own_.

2378. #ipse# is used in many combinations where _self_ is an inadequate translation. It may sometimes be translated by:

2379. (1.) _Actual_, _positive_, _even_.

#habet certōs suī studiōsōs, quōs valētūdō modo bona sit, tenuitās ipsa dēlectat#, _Br._ 64, _he has a clique of admirers, who are charmed by positive scragginess, provided the health be good_. #hōc ipsum ēlegantius pōnī meliusque potuit#, _Fin._ 2, 100, _even this might have been put more logically and better_.

2380. (2.) _Regular_, _proper_, _real_.

#flagrantem invidiā propter interitum C. Gracchī ipse populus Rōmānus perīculō līberāvit#, _Sest._ 140, _though greatly detested in consequence of the death of Gracchus, he was acquitted by the Roman people proper_. #cīvēs Rōmānī permultī in illō oppidō cōniūnctissimō animō cum ipsīs Agrigentīnīs vīvunt#, _V._ 4, 93, _a great many Romans live in that town in most friendly relations with the natives of Agrigentum_.

2381. (3.) _As well_, _likewise_, _too_, for which, from Livy on, #et ipse# is used.

#hoc Rīpheus, hoc ipse Dymās, omnisque iuventūs laeta facit#, V. 2, 394, _this Ripheus doth, this Dymas too, and all the youth alert_. #cōgitātiō Locrōs urbem recipiendī, quae sub dēfectiōnem Ītaliae dēscīverat et ipsa ad Poenōs#, L. 29, 6, 1, _a project for recovering the city of Locri, which, on the revolt of Italy, had likewise gone over to the Carthaginians_.

2382. (4.) _Alone_, _mere_.

#nōn sōlum adventus malī, sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitātem#, _IP._ 15, _not only the coming of misfortune, but even the mere dread of it brings disaster_.

2383. (5.) _Exactly_, _just_, with numerals and dates, or _right_, of place.

#annīs LXXXVI ipsīs ante mē cōnsulem#, _Br._ 61, _exactly 86 years before my consulship_. #Kalendīs ipsīs Novembribus#, _C._ 1, 8, _on the 1st of November precisely_. #in ipsō vadō dēprehēnsus Indutiomarus interficitur#, 5, 58, 6, _right at the ford Indutiomarus is caught and killed_. #suprā ipsum balneum habitō#, Sen. _Ep._ 56, 1, _I live right over a bath_.

2384. (6.) _Of oneself_, _voluntarily_, _of one’s own motion_.

#valvae subitō sē ipsae aperuērunt#, _Div._ 1, 74, _the temple-door suddenly opened of itself_. #Catilīnam vel ēiēcimus vel ēmīsimus vel ipsum ēgredientem verbīs prōsecūtī sumus#, _C._ 2, 1, _we have driven Catiline out, or let him out, or, when he was going out of his own motion, wished him godspeed_.

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.

#uter# and #quis#.

2385. #uter#, _whether_? _which_? is used in questions about two things; #quis# and #quī#, _who_? _what_? in questions about more than two, though sometimes loosely of two things.

#uter est īnsānior hōrum?# H. _S._ 2, 3, 102, _which of these is the greater crank?_ #praeclārē apud eundem est Platōnem, similiter facere eōs quī inter sē contenderent uter potius rem pūblicam administrāret, ut sī nautae certārent quis eōrum potissimum gubernāret#, _Off._ 1, 87, _in the same Plato is the excellent saying that for people to fall out with one another about which of two men should manage a state, were just as if the crew of a ship should quarrel about which of them should be pilot_. #ut quem velīs, nesciās#, _Att._ 16, 14, 1, _so that you don’t know which to choose, as between Octavian and Antony_.

2386. #quis# and #quid# ask to have a thing named; #quī# and #quod# to have it described. But see 685.

#quis Diōnem Syrācosium doctrīnīs omnibus expolīvit? nōn Platō?# _DO._ 3, 139, _who refined Syracusan Dio with learning of every sort? was it not Plato?_ #quid rīdēs#, H. _S._ 2, 5, 3, _why dost thou laugh?_ (1144). #quis fuit igitur?:: iste Chaerea.:: quī Chaerea?# T. _Eu._ 823, _who was he then?:: your precious Chaerea.:: what Chaerea?_ #quem frūctum petentēs scīre cupimus illa quō modō moveantur?# _Fin._ 3, 37, _with what practical end in view do we seek to know how yon bodies in the sky keep in motion?_

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

2387. The relative pronoun has already been treated; see 1792-1837.

THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN.

#quis# or #quī#; #quispiam#.

2388. #quis# or #quī#, a, _some_, _somebody_, always stands after one or more words of the sentence. #quis# or #quī# is used after #sī# (#nisi#, #sīve#), #nē#, #num#, #utrum#, #an#, #quō#, or #quandō#, in preference to #aliquis#, unless emphasis is intended.

#dīxerit quis#, _Off._ 3, 76, _somebody may say_. #malum quod tibī dī dabunt#, Pl. _Am._ 563, _some curse the gods will bring upon thee_. #hī, sī quid erat dūrius, concurrēbant; sī quī equō dēciderat, circumsistēbant#, 1, 48, 6, _if there was ever any sharpish work, these men would rally; if a man fell from his horse, they would close round him_. #praecipit atque interdīcit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum, neu quis quem vulneret#, 5, 58, 4, _he charges them and forbids them; they were all to assail Indutiomarus alone; and nobody was to wound anybody_ (2402).

2389. #quispiam#, _a_, _some_, _one or another_.

#forsitan quispiam dīxerit#, _Off._ 3, 29, _peradventure somebody may say_. #quispiam dīcet#, _V._ 3, 111, _somebody will say_. #cum quaepiam cohors impetum fēcerat, hostēs vēlōcissimē refugiēbant#, 5, 35, 1, _every time one or another cohort charged, the enemy fled back quick speed_ (2394).

#aliquis.#

2390. #aliquis# or #aliquī# _some one_, _some one or other_, has always some affirmative emphasis, and is opposed to the idea of _all_, _much_, _none_: as,

#nōn enim dēclāmātōrem aliquem dē lūdō, sed perfectissimum quaerimus#, _O._ 47, _for it is not some spouter from school that we aim to find, but the ideal orator_. #omnēs ut aliquam perniciōsam bēstiam fugiēbant#, _Clu._ 41, _everybody avoided him, like some dangerous wild animal or other_. #audē aliquid Gyarīs dīgnum sī vīs esse aliquid#, J. 1, 73, _venture some deed that deserves transportation, if you care to be something grand_. #nōn sine aliquā spē#, _D._ 7, _not without some hope_. #quaerō sitne aliqua āctiō an nūlla#, _Caec._ 33, _I ask whether there is some ground for an action or none_. #num igitur aliquis dolor post mortem est?# _TD._ 1, 82, _is there, then, some sense of pain after death?_ With emphasis after #sī# (2388): #sī aliquid dē summā gravitāte Pompēius, multum de cupiditāte Caesar remīsisset, aliquam rem pūblicam nōbīs habēre licuisset#, _Ph._ 13, 2, _if Pompey had sacrificed really something of his importance, and Caesar a good deal of his ambition, we might have had what would have been to some degree a commonwealth_.

2391. #aliquis# is sometimes equivalent to #aliquis alius#: as,

#cum M. Pīsōne et cum Q. Pompēiō aut cum aliquō#, _Br._ 310, _with Piso or Pompey or some other man_. #ea mihī cottīdiē aut tūre aut vīnō aut aliquī semper supplicat#, Pl. _Aul. prol._ 23, _she always offers me incense or wine or something else every day_.

#quīdam.#

2392. #quīdam#, _a_, _a certain_, denotes a thing which we cannot describe or do not care to.

#nōn inrīdiculē quīdam ex mīlitibus decimae legiōnis dīxit: plūs quam pollicitus esset, Caesarem facere#, 1, 42, 6, _one of the privates of the Tenth said a very dry thing: that ‘Caesar was doing more than he engaged to.’_ #accurrit quīdam nōtus mihi nōmine tantum#, H. _S._ 1, 9, 3, _up trots a man I knew by name alone_. #assimilis quīdam mūgituī sonus#, Suet. _Galb._ 18, _a mysterious sound like the lowing of a cow_. #vidēmus nātūram suō quōdam itinere ad ultimum pervenīre#, _DN._ 2, 35, _nature reaches perfection by a kind of road of her own_. Often in translations from Greek: as, #aliīs librīs ratiōnem quandam per omnem nātūram rērum pertinentem vī dīvīnā esse adfectam putat#, _DN._ 1, 36, _in other works he supposes ‘a kind of Reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power_, of Zeno’s doctrine.

2393. #quīdam# is often used to soften an exaggeration or a metaphor, sometimes to denote contempt.

#ēloquentissimōs hominēs innumerābilīs quōsdam nōminābat#, _DO._ 1, 91, _great speakers he named, absolutely without number_. #ad omnīs enim meōs impetūs quasi mūrus quīdam bonī nōmen imperātōris oppōnitur#, _V._ 5, 2, _for against all assaults of mine the name of a good commander is set up, like a regular wall_. #sed aliud quoddam fīlum ōrātiōnis tuae#, _L._ 25, _but there is quite a different fibre to your speech_. #nōn est eōrum urbānitāte quādam quasi colōrāta ōrātiō#, _Br._ 170, _their language lacks the tinge of an indefinable metropolitan element_. #Theomnāstus quīdam, homo rīdiculē īnsānus#, _V._ 4, 148, _a person of the name of Theomnastus, an absurd, crack-brained creature_.

[Erratum: 2392 ... he supposes ‘a kind of Reason pervading all nature and endowed with divine power mismatched open quote in original; author’s meaning unclear (work cited does not use explicit quotation marks)]

#quisque.#

2394. #quisque#, _each_, _each in particular_, _each by himself_, applies what is stated of all to each several case, out of a number more than two.

#laudātī prō cōntiōne omnēs sunt, dōnātīque prō meritō quisque#, L. 38, 23, 11, _they were collectively commended in assembly convened, and received presents, each in proportion to his deserts_. #quotiēns quaeque cohors prōcurrerat, magnus numerus hostium cadēbat#, 5, 34, 2, _as the cohorts successively charged, a great number of the enemy fell every time_ (2389). #mēns cuiusque, is est quisque, nōn ea figūra quae digitō dēmōnstrārī potest#, _RP._ 6, 26, _the mind of a man is always the man, and not that shape which can be pointed out by the finger_.

2395. #quisque# is sometimes used in a relative and demonstrative sentence both.

#quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat#, _Off._ 1, 21, _let every man keep what he has got_. #id enim est cuiusque proprium, quō quisque fruitur atque ūtitur#, _Fam._ 7, 30, 2, _for that is always a man’s property which he has the enjoyment and use of_.

2396. In a complex sentence, consisting of a main and a relative sentence, #quisque# is usually expressed but once, and then in the unemphatic relative sentence. In English, the equivalent of #quisque# goes with the main sentence.

#nēmō fuit quī nōn surrēxerit, tēlumque quod cuique fors offerēbat, adripuerit#, _V._ 4, 95, _not a man but sprang from his bed, and seized in every instance such a weapon as chance threw in his way_. #theātrum cum commūne sit, rēctē tamen dīcī potest, eius esse eum locum, quem quisque occupārit#, _Fin._ 3, 67, _though the theatre is open to all, still it may be said with perfect propriety, that each spectator is entitled to the seat he has taken_. #Messānam ut quisque nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat#, _V._ 4, 5, _any Roman, who went to Messana, invariably went to see these statues_ (1939). #eōrum ut quisque prīmus vēnerat, sub mūrō cōnsistēbat#, 7, 48, 2, _as they successively arrived, each man of them took his stand under the wall_.

2397. #quisque# is often used with #sē# or #suus#, superlatives, and ordinals, holding an unemphatic place _after_ these words: as,

#ipse sē quisque dīligit#, _L._ 80, _a man always loves his own self_. #suos quoique mōs#, T. _Ph._ 454, _every man his own way_. #huic prō sē quisque nostrūm medērī velle dēbēmus#, _L. Agr._ 1, 26, _this evil we ought to wish to remedy, according to our several abilities_. #optimum quidque rārissimum est#, _Fin._ 2, 81, _ever the fairest is the rarest_. #nam in forō vix decumus quisquest, quī ipsus sēsē nōverit#, Pl. _Ps._ 973, _for in the marketplace there’s scarce one man in every ten that knows himself_. #quīntō quōque annō Sicilia tōta cēnsētur#, _V._ 2, 139, _at the end of every four years all Sicily is assessed_. #quamquam prīmum quidque explicēmus#, _Fam._ 12, 1, 1, _but stay--let me explain things successively_; or, _one thing after another_. #litterās mīsit, ut is ānulus ad sē prīmō quōque tempore adferrētur#, _V._ 4, 58, _he sent a letter directing said ring to be sent to him without delay_.

2398. In old Latin #quisque# is sometimes equivalent to #quīcumque# or #quisquis#, _whoever_: as, #quisque obviam huic occesserit īrātō, vāpulābit#, Pl. _As._ 404, _whoever meets him in his wrath will catch it_. In #cuiusque generis# and #cuiusque modī#, it means _any and every_: as, #tot hominēs cuiusque modī#, _V._ 4, 7, _so many people of every sort_, i.e. #cuicuimodī#. The neuter #quidquid# for #quidque# is not uncommon: as, #cum prōcessit paulum et quātenus quicquid sē attingat perspicere coepit#, _Fin._ 5, 24, _when it has progressed a little and has begun to discover how far each thing affects it_. Masculine #quisquis# for #quisque# is doubtful (see _Fam._ 6, 1, 1).

#uterque.#

2399. #uterque#, _each_, is used of two individuals, and #utrīque# of two sets or parties. But sometimes #utrīque# is used of two individuals.

(_a._) #ut illa nātūra caelestis et terrā vacat et ūmōre, sīc utriusque hārum rērum hūmānus animus est expers#, _TD._ 1, 65, _even as the heavenly nature is free from the earthy and the humid, so the soul of man has no part in either of these qualities_ (1243). #nūtū tremefactus uterque est polus#, O. _F._ 2, 489, _at his nod trembled each pole_ (1243). #Aetōliōrum utraeque manūs Hēraclēam sēsē inclūsērunt#, L. 36, 16, 5, _both bands of the Aetolians shut themselves up in Heraclea_. (_b._) #sex fīliī nōbīs, duae fīliae sunt, utraeque iam nūptae#, L. 42, 34, 4, _we have six sons and two daughters, both already married_.

2400. Reciprocal relations (2344) are sometimes expressed by #uterque# followed by a different case of #alter#; rarely by #uterque# and a different case of the same word.

(_a._) #quōrum uterque contempsit alterum#, _Off._ 1, 4, _each of whom lightly esteemed the other_. (_b._) #abdūcī nōn potest :: quī nōn potest? :: quia uterque utrīquest cordī#, T. _Ph._ 799, _she’s not to be taken from him :: why isn’t she? :: because they’re heart to heart_. This doubling of #uterque# is found only half a dozen times; not in Cicero.

#quīvīs# and #quīlibet#; #utervīs# and #uterlibet#.

2401. #quīvīs# and #quīlibet#, _any you please_, are used either in affirmative or negative sentences. When two are spoken of, #utervīs# or #uterlibet# is used.

(_a._) #ut quīvīs intellegere posset#, _V._ 5, 17, _so that any fool might know_. #faciat quidlubet#, T. _Hau._ 464, _let him do anything he likes_. (_b._) #quī utramvīs rēctē nōvit, ambās nōverit#, T. _Andr. prol._ 10, _who knows either well, knows both_. #utrumlibet ēlige#, _Quinct._ 81, _choose either you like_.

#quisquam# and #ūllus#.

2402. #quisquam# (692), _a single one_, _any one at all_, and #ūllus#, _any_, are used chiefly in negative sentences or in interrogative, conditional, and comparative sentences implying negation, or with #sine#.

#vēnī Athēnās, neque mē quisquam ibī̆ adgnōvit#, _TD._ 5, 104, _I came to Athens and not a person there knew me_ (1659). #interdīcit omnibus, nē quemquam interficiant#, 7, 40, 4, _he warns them collectively against killing any man at all_ (2388). #hunc suā quisquam sententiā ex hāc urbe expellet?# _Mil._ 104, _will anybody at all, by his vote, banish this man from Rome?_ #quis hoc fēcit ūllā in Scythiā tyrannus?# _Pis._ 18, _what tyrant ever did this in any Scythia?_ #sī quisquam est timidus, is ego sum#, _Fam._ 6, 14, 1, _if anybody is timid, I am the man_. #quī saepius cum hoste cōnflīxit quam quisquam cum inimīcō concertāvit#, _IP._ 28, _who has measured swords oftener with the enemy than anybody ever wrangled with an opponent in private life_. #sine ūllō metū in ipsum portum penetrāre coepērunt#, _V._ 5, 96, _without a bit of fear they began to make their way right into the harbour_. #nēmō quisquam# and #nihil quicquam# are old and late: as, #lepidiōrem uxōrem nēmō quisquam habet#, Pl. _Cas._ 1008, _nobody has a jollier wife_. #noster malī nīl quicquam prīmō#, T. _Ph._ 80, _our young master didn’t make any trouble at first_.

2403. #nēmō# is generally used for #nōn quisquam#, #nēmō umquam# for #numquam quisquam#, #nihil# for #nōn quicquam#, and #nūllus# for #nōn ūllus#. If only two are spoken of, #neuter# is used. The plural #neutrī# is used of two parties.

#nēmōst miserior mē#, T. _Hau._ 263, _no man’s unhappier than I_. #nēmō igitur vir magnus sine aliquō adflātū dīvīnō umquam fuit#, _DN._ 2, 167, _nobody who is a great man was ever without some divine inspiration_. #ab nūllō ille līberālius quam ā Cluentiō trāctātus est#, _Clu._ 161, _by no man has he been treated more generously than by Cluentius_. #neutrum eōrum contrā alterum iuvāre#, Caes. _C._ 1, 35, 5, _to help neither of them against the other_. #neutrī alterōs prīmō cernēbant#, L. 21, 46, 4, _neither party saw the others at first_.

(D.) NUMERALS.

2404. Numerals are divided into Adjectives: _Cardinal_, #ūnus#, _one_, #duo#, _two_, &c.; _Ordinal_, #prīmus#, _first_, #secundus#, _second_, &c.; _Distributive_, #singulī#, _one each_, #bīnī#, _two each_, &c.; and Numeral Adverbs: #semel#, _once_, #bis#, _twice_, &c.

For the inflection of numerals, see 637-643.

[Transcriber’s Note: The following section was printed as a single large table, spanning two facing pages. It has been reformatted for this text.]

2405.

ARABIC. CARDINALS. ORDINALS. DISTRIBUTIVES. NUMERAL ADVERBS. ROMAN.