Part 27

(_a._) #flammae lātē fūsae, certiōris clādis indicium, prōgredī longius prohibuit#, L. 10, 43, 11, _wide-spread flames, sign of a surer disaster, prevented a further advance_. When #urbs#, #oppidum#, #cīvitās#, or the like, is added to plural names of places, the predicate usually agrees with the appellative: as, #Coriolī oppidum captum#, L. 2, 33, 9, _Corioli town was taken_. (_b._) #amantium īrae amōris integrātiōst#, T. _Andr._ 555, _lovers’ tiffs are love’s renewal_. #summa omnium fuērunt ad mīlia CCCLXVIII#, 1, 29, 3, _the grand total was about three hundred and sixty-eight thousand_. The verb regularly agrees with the predicate substantive when the subject is an infinitive: as, #contentum suīs rēbus esse maximae sunt dīvitiae#, _Par._ 51, _for a man to be content with his own estate is the greatest possible riches_.

1073. The verb sometimes agrees with a substantive introduced by such words as #quam#, #quantum#, #nisi#, or #praeterquam#: as, #quis illum cōnsulem nisi latrōnēs putant?# _Ph._ 4, 9, _who but brigands think that man a consul?_ So also a predicate adjective or participle: as, #mihī̆ nōn tam cōpia quam modus quaerendus est#, _IP._ 3, _I must aim not so much at comprehensiveness as at moderation_.

1074. A speaker in referring to himself sometimes uses the first person plural, as a more modest form of expression: as, #Molōnī dedimus operam#, _Br._ 307, _we attended Molo’s instruction_, i.e. I. Similarly #nōs# in all its cases for #ego#, &c., and #noster#, &c., for #meus#, &c.

1075. The singular imperative #age# is sometimes used in addressing more than one, particularly in old Latin: as, #age licēminī#, Pl. _St._ 221, _come, people, give a bid_. #age igitur intrō abīte#, Pl. _MG._ 928, _come then go in_. Similarly, #cave dīrumpātis#, Pl. _Poen._ 117, _mind you don’t break it off_. Similarly #ain#.

1076. If the subjects are of different persons, the first person is preferred to the second or the third, and the second to the third: as,

#sī tū et Tullia, lūx nostra, valētis, ego et suāvissimus Cicerō valēmus#, _Fam._ 14, 5, 1, _if you and Tullia, our sunbeam, are well, darling Cicero and I are well_. But sometimes in contrasts the verb agrees with the nearest person: as, #quid indicat aut ipse Cornēlius aut vōs?# _Sull._ 54, _what information does Cornelius himself give, or you people?_

[Errata: 1066a ... _senate and people of Rome ordained_. line-end hyphen in or-/dained invisible 1071 ... But the plural is sometimes used, used. 1072a ... plural names of places, places. 1074 ... form of expression: as, #Molōnī dedimus operam# as.]

(B.) OF THE NOUN.

(1.) THE SUBSTANTIVE.

1077. A substantive which explains another substantive referring to the same thing is put in the same case.

This applies to the substantive used as attribute, appositive, or predicate. The two substantives often differ in gender or number, or both. (_a._) Attribute: #tīrōne exercitū#, _Fam._ 7, 3, 2, _with a raw army_. #ā mīmā uxōre#, _Ph._ 2, 20, _from an actress-wife_. #mendīcōs hominēs#, Pl. _St._ 135, _beggar-men_. #oculī hominis histriōnis#, _DO._ 2, 193, _the eyes of an actor man_. #nēminī hominī#, Pl. _As._ 466, _to no human being_. #servom hominem#, T. _Ph._ 292, _a servant man_. #hominēs sīcāriōs#, _RA._ 8, _professional bravoes_. (_b._) Appositive: #quid dīcam dē thēsaurō rērum omnium, memoriā?# _DO._ 1, 18, _what shall I say of that universal storehouse, the memory?_ #duo fulmina nostrī imperī, Cn. et P. Scīpiōnēs#, _Balb._ 34, _the two thunderbolts of our realm, the Scipios, Gnaeus and Publius_. (_c._) Predicate: #īra furor brevis est#, H. _E._ 1, 2, 62, _wrath is a madness brief_. #Dolābellā hoste dēcrētō#, _Ph._ 11, 16, _Dolabella having been voted a public enemy_. Some apparent exceptions will be noticed from time to time hereafter.

1078. Mobile substantives take also the gender and number of the masculines or feminines they explain: as,

#stilus optimus dīcendī magister#, _DO._ 1, 150, _pen is the best professor of rhetoric_. #vīta rūstica parsimōniae magistra est#, _RA._ 75, _country life is a teacher of thrift_. #fluviōrum rēx Ēridanus#, V. _G._ 1, 482, _Eridanus, of rivers king_. #et genus et fōrmam rēgīna pecūnia dōnat#, H. _E._ 1, 6, 37, _both birth and shape the almighty dollar gives_. #ut omittam illās omnium doctrīnārum inventrīcēs Athēnās#, _DO._ 1, 13, _to say nothing of the great originator of all intellectual pursuits, Athens_.

1079. A substantive explaining two or more substantives, is put in the plural: as,

#foedus inter Rōmam Lāvīniumque urbēs renovātum est#, L. 1, 14, 3, _the treaty between the cities of Rome and Lavinium was renewed_. #Cn. et P. Scīpiōnēs#, _Balb._ 34, _the Scipios, Gnaeus and Publius_.

1080. A plural subject, expressed or implied, is sometimes defined by a singular word, which is generally a collective or distributive: as,

#ut ambō exercitūs suās quisque abīrent domōs#, L. 2, 7, 1, _so that both armies went back to their respective homes_. #uterque eōrum ex castrīs exercitum ēdūcunt#, Caes. _C._ 3, 30, 3, _they bring their army out of camp, each of them_. #heus forās exīte hūc aliquis#, Pl. _E._ 398, _hallo, you boys, come out of doors here, somebody_. #alius alium percontāmur#, Pl. _St._ 370, _we ask of one another_. #cum accidisset ut alter alterum vidērēmus#, _Fin._ 3, 8, _when it came to pass that we each saw the other_. The verb sometimes agrees with the defining singular: as, #quandō duo cōnsulēs, alter morbō, alter ferrō periisset#, L. 41, 18, 16, _since the two consuls had died, one a natural death, the other by the sword_.

1081. A substantive in the accusative or nominative is sometimes in apposition to a thought or clause: as,

#manūs intentantēs, causam discordiae#, Ta. 1, 27, _shaking their fists, a provocation to quarrel_. #pars ingentī subiēre feretrō, trīste ministerium#, V. 6, 222, _a part put shoulder to the mighty bier, a service sad_. #nec Homērum audiō, quī Ganymēdēn ab dīs raptum ait propter fōrmam; nōn iūsta causa cūr Lāomedontī tanta fieret iniūria#, _TD._ 1, 65, _nor will I lend an ear to Homer, who asserts that Ganymede was carried off by the gods for his beauty; no just reason for doing Laomedon such injustice_.

[Errata: 1077 ... (_a._) ... _DO._ 1, 18 _DO_ 1 ... (_b._) _Balb._ 34 _Balb_ 34]

(2.) THE ADJECTIVE.

1082. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle, agrees with its substantive in number, gender, and case: as,

#vir bonus#, H. _Ep._ 1, 16, 40, _a good man_, #bona uxor#, Pl. _MG._ 684, _a good wife_, #oleum bonum#, Cato, _RR._ 3, _good oil_. #Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs#, 1, 1, 1, _Gaul, including everything under the name, is divided into three parts_. #et variae volucrēs nemora āvia pervolitantēs āera per tenerum liquidīs loca vōcibus opplent#, Lucr. 2, 145, _and motley birds, in pathless woods that flit through lither sky, fill space with carols clear_.

1083. An adjective or participle, either attributive or predicate, sometimes takes the number and gender of the persons or things implied in the substantive: as,

(_a._) #concursus populī mīrantium quid rē̆ī esset#, L. 1, 41, 1, _a gathering of the public, wondering what was the matter_. (_b._) #pars subeuntium obrutī, pars cōnfīxī#, Ta. _H._ 2, 22, _a part of those who came up were crushed, a part were run through_. #Samnītium caesī tria mīlia ducentī#, L. 10, 34, 3, _of the Samnites were slain three thousand two hundred_.

1084. (1.) An attributive adjective referring to several substantives is commonly expressed with one only, generally with the first or the last: as,

#rēs erat multae operae et labōris#, 5, 11, 5, _it was a job that required much work and trouble_. #semper amāvī ingenium, studia, mōrēs tuōs#, _O._ 33, _I have always admired your ability, your scholarly tastes, and your character_. In lively style, the adjective is often used with every substantive.

1085. Two or more attributive adjectives in the singular connected by a conjunction may belong to a plural substantive: as,

#circā portās Collīnam Ēsquilīnamque#, L. 26, 10, 2, _about the gates, the Colline and the Esquiline_. But the substantive may also be in the singular: as, #inter Ēsquilīnam Collīnamque portam#, L. 26, 10, 1, _between the Esquiline and the Colline gate_.

1086. The combined idea of a substantive with an attributive adjective may be qualified by one or more adjectives: as,

#nāvīs longās trīgintā veterēs#, L. 27, 22, 12, _thirty old men-of-war_. #prīvāta nāvis onerāria māxima#, _V._ 5, 136, _a very large private freighting vessel_. #āter aliēnus canis#, T. _Ph._ 706, _a strange black dog_.

1087. (2.) A predicate adjective or participle referring to two or more substantives is usually in the plural; its gender is determined as follows:

1088. (_a._) If the substantives denote persons of the same gender, that gender is used; if they denote persons of different gender, the masculine is used: as,

#venēnō absūmptī Hannibal et Philopoemēn#, L. 39, 52, 8, _it was by poison that Hannibal and Philopoemen were taken off_. #quam prīdem pater mihī̆ et māter mortuī essent#, T. _Eu._ 517, _how long my father and my mother had been dead_.

1089. (_b._) If the substantives denote things, and are of different genders, the neuter plural is used; also commonly when they are feminines denoting things: as,

#mūrus et porta dē caelō tācta erant#, L. 32, 29, 1, _the wall and town-gate had been struck by lightning_. #īra et avāritia imperiō potentiōra erant#, L. 37, 32, 13, _hot blood and greed proved stronger than authority_.

1090. (_c._) If the substantives denote both persons and things, either the gender of the substantives denoting persons is used, or the neuter. The gender of the substantives denoting things is very rarely used: as,

#et rēx rēgiaque classis ūnā profectī#, L. 21, 50, 11, _the king too and the king’s fleet set sail in his company_. #inimīca inter sē līberam cīvitātem et rēgem#, L. 44, 24, 2, _that a free state and a monarch were irreconcilable things_. #Dolopas et Athamāniam ēreptās sibī̆ querēns#, L. 38, 10, 3, _complaining that the Dolopians and Athamania were wrested from him_.

1091. When the verb is attached to the nearest only of two or more subjects, a predicate participle or adjective naturally takes the gender of that substantive: as, #ibī̆ Orgetorīgis fīlia atque ūnus ē fīliīs captus est#, 1, 26, 5, _there the daughter of Orgetorix and one of the sons too was made prisoner_. #ut brāchia atque umerī līberī esse possent#, 7, 56, 4, _so that their arms and shoulders might be unhampered_.

1092. The ablative singular #absente# is used once each by Terence and Afranius with a plural substantive: #absente nōbīs#, T. _Eu._ 649, _while we were out_.

1093. A neuter adjective or pronoun is sometimes used as a substantive in the predicate (1101): as,

#trīste lupus stabulīs#, V. _E._ 3, 80, _a baleful thing the wolf for folds_. #quod ego fuī ad Trāsumennum, id tū hodiē#, L. 30, 30, 12, _what I was myself at Trasumene, that you are today_.

1094. A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun used substantively takes the number and gender of the substantive it represents; the case depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands: as,

#erant peditēs, quōs dēlēgerant; cum hīs in proeliīs versābantur; ad eōs sē recipiēbant; hī concurrēbant#, 1, 48, 5, _there were foot-soldiers whom they had picked out; with these men they kept company in action; upon them they would fall back; these people would always rally_. #Hippiās glōriātus est ānulum quem habēret, pallium quō amictus, soccōs quibus indūtus esset, sē suā manū cōnfēcisse#, _DO._ 3, 127, _Hippias bragged he had made with his own hand the ring which he wore, the cloak in which he was wrapped; and the slippers which he had on_.

1095. Sometimes, however, the number and gender of these pronouns are determined by the sense, and not by the form of the substantive represented: as,

#equitātum omnem praemittit, quī videant#, 1, 15, 1, _he sends all the horse ahead, for them to see_. #hīc sunt quīnque minae. hoc tībī̆ erus mē iussit ferre#, Pl. _Ps._ 1149, _here are five minae; this my master bade me bring for thee_. #Domitius Massiliam pervenit atque ab iīs receptus urbī praeficitur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 36, 1, _Domitius arrived at Massilia, and was received by the people and put in charge of the town_. #ad hirundinīnum nīdum vīsast sīmia adscēnsiōnem ut faceret admōlīrier; neque eās ēripere quībat inde#, Pl. _R._ 598, _up to a swallow-nest methought an ape did strive to climb; nor could she snatch the nestlings thence_; the #eās# refers to #hirundinēs#, implied in #hirundinīnum#.

1096. A pronoun representing two or more substantives sometimes takes the number and gender of the nearest. But usually it is plural, and its gender is determined like that of an adjective (1087).

1097. A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun used substantively is generally attracted to the number and gender of a predicate substantive in its own clause: as,

#haec est nōbilis ad Trāsumennum pūgna#, L. 22, 7, 1, _such is the far-famed fight at Trasumene_, 217 B.C. #ista quidem vīs est#, Suet. _Iul._ 82, _now that I call an outrage_, Caesar’s dying words, 44 B.C. But with a negative, sometimes the neuter: as, #nec sopor illud erat#, V. 3, 173, _nor was that sleep_.

1098. A demonstrative, determinative, or relative pronoun in agreement with a substantive is often equivalent to a genitive limiting the substantive: as,

#hōc metū vagārī prohibēbat#, 5, 19, 2, _by fear of this he stopped the prowling round_. #is pavor perculit Rōmānōs#, L. 21, 46, 7, _the panic occasioned by this demoralized the Romans_. #quā spē adductī#, 4, 6, 4, _impelled by the hope of this_.

[Erratum: 1097 ... #haec est nōbilis ad Trāsumennum pūgna# text unchanged: word generally spelled “pugna” (see endnote on first edition)]

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

(A.) USE OF THE NOUN.

NUMBER AND GENDER.

1099. The singular of a word denoting a person is sometimes used in a collective sense.

This singular is generally a military designation: as, #mīles#, #eques#, #pedes#, #hostis#, #Rōmānus#, #Poenus#. But other substantives and adjectives are occasionally thus used.

1100. A substantive or adjective denoting a person is often used in the singular as representative of a class, particularly when two persons are contrasted: as,

#sī tabulam dē naufrāgiō stultus adripuerit, extorquēbitne eam sapiēns?# _Off._ 3, 89, _if a fool has seized a plank from a wreck, will the sage twitch it away?_

1101. The neuter singular of certain adjectives is used as an abstract substantive.

These adjectives have commonly stems in #-o-#, and are often used in the partitive genitive (1250). The nominative is rare, also the accusative and ablative, except in prepositional constructions. Such are: #bonum#, #malum#; #rēctum#, #prāvum#; #decōrum#, #indecōrum#; #honestum#; #vērum#, #falsum#; #iūstum#, #iniūstum#; #aequum#; #ambiguum#; #rīdiculum#. #ūtile#, #ināne#, #commūne#, #īnsīgne#, #simile#, &c.

1102. Certain adjectives, which originally agreed with an appellative denoting a thing, have dropped the appellative and become substantives.

Such are: #Āfricus#, sc. #ventus#; #Āfrica#, sc. #terra#; #calda#, sc. #aqua#; #cānī# sc. #capillī#; #circēnsēs#, sc. #lūdī#; #decuma#, sc. #pars#; #fera#, sc. #bēstia#; #hīberna#, sc. #castra#; #merum#, sc. #vīnum#; #nātālis#, sc. #diēs#; #patria#, sc. #terra#; #praetexta#, sc. #toga#; #summa#, sc. #rēs#; #trirēmis#, sc. #nāvis#, and many others.

1103. Certain adjectives denoting relationship, friendship, hostility, connection, or age, may be used in both numbers as substantives.

Such are: (_a._) #adfīnis#, #cōgnātus#, #cōnsanguineus#, #gentīlis#, #necessārius#, #propīnquus#; (_b._) #adversārius#, #amīcus#, #inimīcus#, #familiāris#, #hostis#, #intimus#, #invidus#, #socius#, #sodālis#; (_c._) #contubernālis#, #manipulāris#, #vīcīnus#; (_d._) #adulēscēns#, #aequālis#, #iuvenis#, #senex#.

1104. The masculine plural of many adjectives is used substantively to denote a class.

Such are: #bonī#, _the good_, _the well-disposed_, _conservatives_, _patriots_, _our party_; #improbī#, _the wicked_, _the dangerous classes_, _revolutionists_, _anarchists_, _the opposite party_; #doctī#, #indoctī#; #piī#, #impiī#, and the like.

1105. Proper names of men are used in the plural to denote different persons of the same name, or as appellatives to express character, oftenest good character: as,

#duo Metellī, Celer et Nepōs#, _Br._ 247, _the two Metelluses, Celer and Nepos_. #quid Crassōs, quid Pompēiōs ēvertit?# J. 10, 108, _what overthrew a Crassus, Pompey what?_ i.e. men like Crassus and Pompey.

1106. The neuter plural of adjectives of all degrees of comparison is very often used as a substantive.

Such adjectives are usually in the nominative or accusative, and may have a pronoun, a numeral, or an adjective, agreeing with them. In English the singular is often preferred. Such are: #bona#, #mala#; #vēra#, #falsa#; #haec#, _this_; #omnia#, _everything_; #haec omnia#, _all this_, &c., &c.

1107. Names of countries are sometimes used in the plural when the country consists of several parts which are called by the same name as the whole country: as, #Galliae#, _the Gauls_; #Germāniae#, _the Germanies_.

1108. Material substantives are often used in the plural to denote different sorts of the substance designated, its constituent parts, or objects made of it: as,

#aera#, _lumps of bronze_, _bronzes_, _coppers_. #aquae#, _water in different places_, _medicinal springs_. #cērae#, _pieces of wax_, _tablets_, _wax masks_, _waxworks_. #marmora#, _kinds of marble_, _blocks of marble_, _works of marble_. #nivēs#, _snowflakes_, _snowdrifts_, _snowstorms_, _repeated snows_. #spūmae#, _masses of foam_. #sulpura#, _lumps of sulphur_. #vīna#, _wines_, _different kinds of wine_.

1109. Abstract substantives are often used in the plural to denote different kinds or instances of the abstract idea, or an abstract idea pertaining to several persons or things: as,

#sunt domesticae fortitūdinēs nōn īnferiōrēs mīlitāribus#, _Off._ 1, 78, _there are cases of heroism in civil life fully equal to those in war_. #tē cōnscientiae stimulant maleficiōrum tuōrum#, _Par._ 18, _you are tormented by pricks of conscience for your sins_. #propter siccitātēs palūdum#, 4, 38, 2, _because the swamps were dry everywhere_.

1110. The plural is sometimes used in generalizations, and in poetry to magnify a single thing, to give mystery to the statement, or often merely for metrical convenience: as, #advēnisse familiārēs dīcitō#, Pl. _Am._ 353, _say that the people of the house are come_, the plural #familiārēs# denoting one person. #Priamī dum rēgna manēbant#, V. 2, 22, _while Priam’s realms still stood_. #externōs optāte ducēs#, V. 8, 503, _choose captains from a foreign strand_, i.e. Aeneas.

CASE.

1111. There are two groups of cases, the principal and the secondary.

1112. The principal cases are the nominative and the accusative. The principal cases, which have more complete inflections than the secondary, express the two chief relations of the noun in the sentence, those of the subject and of the object. The secondary cases are used to express subordinate or supplementary relations.

THE NOMINATIVE.

1113. The nominative is principally used as the subject or predicate noun of a verb or of an infinitive. Besides this use, the nominative occurs in titles, exclamations, and addresses (1114-1123).

THE NOMINATIVE OF TITLE.

1114. The nominative is used in inscriptions, notices, titles, or headings: as,

L · CORNELIVS · CN · F · CN · N · SCIPIO, CIL. I, 34, on a tomb, _Lucius Cornelius Scipio, son_ (#fīlius#) _of Gnaeus, grandson_ (#nepōs#) _of Gnaeus_. LABYRINTHVS HIC HABITAT MINOTAVRVS, CIL. IV, 2331, on a plan of the Labyrinth scratched by a Pompei schoolboy, _The Maze. Here lives Minotaur_. PRIVATVM PRECARIO ADEITVR, CIL. I, 1215, _Private Grounds. No Admittance without leave_. #Themistoclēs, Neoclī fīlius, Athēniēnsis#, N. 2, 1, _Themistocles, son of Neocles, of Athens_.

1115. The title proper of a book is often put in the genitive, dependent on #līber# or #librī#: as, #Cornēlī Tacitī Historiārum Liber Prīmus#, _Tacitus’s Histories, Book First_. Or prepositional expressions are used: as, #M. Tullī Cicerōnis dē Fātō Liber#, _Cicero, Fate, in One Book_. #Cornēlī Tacitī ab Excessū dīvī Augustī Liber Prīmus#, _Tacitus’s Roman History from the Demise of the sainted Augustus, Book First_.

1116. Sometimes the nominative of a title or exclamation is retained in a sentence for some other case: as, #Gabīniō cōgnōmen ‘Cauchius’ ūsurpāre concessit#, Suet. _Cl._ 24, _he allowed Gabinius to take the surname ‘Cauchius;’_ (compare #Catō quasi cōgnōmen habēbat Sapientis#, _L._ 6, _Cato had the virtual surname of the Wise_). #‘Marsya’ nōmen habet#, O. 6, 400, _it has the name of ‘Marsyas;’_ (compare #nōmen Dānuvium habet#, S. _Fr._ 3, 55, _it has the name Danube_), #resonent mihi ‘Cynthia’ silvae#, Prop. 1, 18, 31, _let woods reecho ‘Cynthia’ for me_; (compare #tū, Tītyre, fōrmōsam resonāre docēs Amaryllida silvas#, V. _E._ 1, 4, _thou, Tityrus, dost teach the woods to echo Amaryllis Fair_).

THE NOMINATIVE OF EXCLAMATION.

1117. The nominative is sometimes used in exclamations: as,

#fortūnae fīlius, omnēs#, H. _S._ 2, 6, 49, _‘the child of Fortune,’ all_ exclaim. This nominative is often accompanied by an interjection, such as #ecce#, #ēn#, #heu#, #ō#, #prō#, #vāh#: as, #ēn Priamus#, V. 1, 461, _lo, Priam here_. #ō fēstus diēs#, T. _Eu._ 560, _oh day of cheer_. For #eccilla#, see 667.

THE VOCATIVE NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE PROPER.

1118. The vocative nominative is used when a person or thing is addressed: as,

#quō usque tandem abūtēre, Catilīna, patientiā nostrā?# _C._ 1, 1, _in heaven’s name, how long, Catiline, wilt trifle with our patience?_ #valēte, dēsīderia mea, valēte#, _Fam._ 14, 2, 4, _good bye, my absent loves, good bye_. Instead of a proper name, an emphatic #tū# is often used: as, #advorte animum sīs tū#, Pl. _Cap._ 110, _just pay attention, sirrah, please_.

1119. Masculine stems in #-o-# commonly use the special form for the second person singular called the vocative: as,

#urbem, urbem, mī Rūfe, cole#, _Fam._ 2, 12, 2, _stick to town, dear Rufus, yes, to town_. But the vocative nominative is sometimes used even of #-o-# stems: as, #audī tū, populus Albānus#, L. 1, 24, 7, _hear thou, the people of Alba_.

1120. Poets use the vocative nominative or vocative proper very freely, sometimes for liveliness, but often simply in place of other cases not allowed by the metre: as,

#ōra manūsque tuā lavimus, Fērōnia, lymphā#, H. _S._ 1, 5, 24, _our faces and our hands, Feronia, in thy stream we wash_. #occiderat Tatius, populīsque aequāta duōbus, Rōmule, iūra dabās#, O. 14, 805, _now dead was Tatius, and to peoples twain thou gavest, Romulus, impartial laws_. #longum tibi, Daedale, crīmen#, O. 8, 240, _a lasting stigma, Daedalus, to thee_. In these three examples, #Fērōniae#, #Rōmulus#, and #Daedalō# would be impossible. In poetry, the vocative is particularly common in questions.

1121. Nominative forms and vocative forms are often combined: as, #dulcis amīce#, H. _E._ 1, 7, 12, _sweet friend_. #mī vir#, Pl. _Am._ 716, _my husband_. #Iāne pater#, J. 6, 394, _thou father Janus_.

1122. In verse the vocative is occasionally used even in the predicate: as, #quō moritūre ruis?# V. 10, 811, _whither, on death intent, fliest thou?_ #quibus, Hector, ab ōrīs exspectāte venīs?# V. 2, 282, _out of what limboes, Hector, dost thou gladly welcomed come?_

1123. The vocative nominative or vocative proper is sometimes accompanied by #ō#, but only in impassioned addresses: as, #ō fortūnāte adulēscēns#, _Arch._ 24, _oh thou thrice blest youth_; also by #prō# in addresses to gods, by #eho# and #heus# in calls on men. Rarely by #au#, #ehem#, #hem#, #ē̆heu#, #eia# or #heia#, #iō#.