Part 52

#nōn potuit reperīre, sī ipsī sōlī quaerendās darēs, lepidiōrēs duās#, Pl. _MG._ 803, _if you assigned the search to Sol himself, he couldn’t have found two jollier girls_. #quō modo pultāre potuī sī nōn tangerem?# Pl. _Most._ 462, _how could I have knocked, if I hadn’t touched the door?_ #licitumst, sī vellēs#, Pl. _Tri._ 566, _you might have been, if you’d wished_. #sī meum imperium exsequī voluissēs, interemptam oportuit#, T. _Hau._ 634, _if you had been willing to follow my commands, she should have been dispatched_. #cōnsul esse quī potuī, nisi eum vītae cursum tenuissem ā pueritiā?# _RP._ 1, 10, _how could I have been consul unless from boyhood I had taken that line in life?_ #sī eum captīvitās in urbem pertrāxisset, Caesarem ipsum audīre potuit#, Ta. _D._ 17, _if captivity had carried him to the city, he could have heard Caesar himself_. #Antōnī gladiōs potuit contemnere, sī sīc omnia dīxisset#, J. 10, 123, _Antonius’ swords he might have scorned, if all things he had worded so_. #sī ūnum diem morātī essētis, moriendum omnibus fuit#, L. 2, 38, 5, _if you had staid one day, you must all have died_.

2104. (2.) Other verbs also sometimes have a past indicative apodosis, usually an imperfect or pluperfect, to denote an action very near to actual performance, which is interrupted by the action of the protasis.

Naturally such a protasis generally contains an actual or a virtual negative; but positive protases are found here and there, chiefly in late writers.

2105. (_a._) #Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.#

#paene in foveam dēcidī, nī hīc adessēs#, Pl. _Per._ 594, _I had almost fallen into a snare, unless you were here_. #nec vēnī, nisi fāta locum sēdemque dedissent#, V. 11, 112, _nor had I come, unless the fates a place and seat had given_. #pōns sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, nī ūnus vir fuisset Horātius Cocles#, L. 2, 10, 2, _the pile-bridge all but gave a path to the enemy, had it not been for one heroic soul, Horatius Cocles_.

2106. (_b._) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative.#

#quīn lābēbar longius, nisi mē retinuissem#, _Leg._ 1, 52, _why, I was going to drift on still further, if I had not checked myself_. #sī per L. Metellum licitum esset, mātrēs illōrum veniēbant#, _V._ 5, 129, _if Metellus had not prevented, the mothers of those people were just coming_; here the protasis may be held to contain a virtual negative; so in the last example on this page. #castra excindere parābant, nī Mūciānus sextam legiōnem opposuisset#, Ta. _H._ 3, 46, _they were preparing to destroy the camp, had not Mucianus checked them with the sixth legion_. #sī dēstināta prōvēnissent, rēgnō imminēbat#, Ta. _H._ 4, 18, _had his schemes succeeded, he was close upon the throne_.

2107. (_c._) Apodosis in the Pluperfect Indicative.

#quīngentōs simul, nī hebes machaera foret, ūnō ictū occīderās#, Pl. _MG._ 52, _five hundred, had your glaive not blunted been, at one fell swoop you’d slain_. #praeclārē vīcerāmus, nisi Lepidus recēpisset Antōnium#, _Fam._ 12, 10, 3, _we had gained a splendid victory, if Lepidus had not taken Antony under his protection_. #quod ipsum fortūna ēripuerat, nisi ūnīus amīcī opēs subvēnissent#, _RabP._ 48, _even this boon fortune had wrenched from him, unless he had been assisted by a single friend_. #sī gladium nōn strīnxissem, tamen triumphum merueram#, L. 38, 49, 12, _if I had not drawn my sword, I had still earned my triumph_. #perierat imperium, sī Fabius tantum ausus esset quantum īra suādēbat#, Sen. _de Ira_, 1, 11, 5, _the empire had been lost, if Fabius had ventured as far as passion urged_.

2108. (3.) PERIPHRASTIC PROTASIS.

(_a._) #ac sī tibī̆ nēmō respōnsūrus esset, tamen causam dēmōnstrāre nōn possēs#, _Caecil._ 43, _and even supposing that nobody were going to answer you, still you would not be able to make the case good_ (2092). #plūribus vōs, mīlitēs, hortārer, sī cum armātīs dīmicātiō futūra esset#, L. 24, 38, 9, _I should exhort you at greater length, my men, if there was to be a tug with armed men_ (2092). (_b._) #sī domum tuam expugnātūrus eram, nōn temperāssem vīnō in ūnum diem?# L. 40, 14, 4, _if I intended to capture your house, should I not have abstained from wine for a day_ (2092)?

VARIATION OF THE PROTASIS.

2109. Instead of a conditional protasis with #sī# or #nisi#, equivalents are often used.

2110. Thus, the protasis may be coordinated (1701), or be introduced by a relative pronoun (1812), by #quod# (1843), #cum# (1859, 1860), #ubī̆# (1932), #ut# or #nē# (1963), #dum#, #dum modo#, #modo# (2003), or #quandō# (2011). Or the protasis may be intimated by #sine#, _without_, #cum#, _with_, by a participle or ablative absolute, by a wish, or otherwise: as,

(_a._) #nēmō umquam sine magnā spē immortālitātis sē prō patriā offerret ad mortem#, _TD._ 1, 32, _nobody would ever expose himself to death for his country without a well-grounded conviction of immortality_. #cum hāc dōte poteris vel mendīcō nūbere#, Pl. _Per._ 396, _with such a dowry you can e’en a beggar wed_. #Sūlla, crēdō, hunc petentem repudiāsset#, _Arch._ 25, _Sulla, I suppose, would have turned my client away, if he petitioned him_. #quae legentem fefellissent, trānsferentem fugere nōn possunt#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 9, 2, _what would have escaped a reader can’t escape a translator_. #vīvere ego Britannicō potiente rērum poteram?# Ta. 13, 21, _as for me, could I live, if Britannicus were on the throne_ (2102)? #nisi tē salvō salvī esse nōn possumus#, _Marc._ 32, _without you safe, safe we cannot be_. #aspicerēs utinam, Sāturnia: mītior essēs#, O. 2, 435, _would thou couldst see, Saturnia; thou wouldst gentler be_.

(_b._) #habet ōrātiōnem tālem cōnsul, quālem numquam Catilīna vīctor habuisset#, _Sest._ 28, _he makes a speech--yes, and he a consul--such as a Catiline would never have made, if flushed with success_. #revereāris occursum, nōn reformīdēs#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 10, 7, _you might well be abashed in his presence, but you would not be afraid_. #dī immortālēs mentem illī perditō ac furiōsō dedērunt ut huic faceret insidiās; aliter perīre pestis illa nōn potuit#, _Mil._ 88, _the immortal gods inspired that mad miscreant to waylay my client; otherwise, that monster could not have been destroyed_. For the use of #absque# in a coordinate protasis in Plautus and Terence, see 1701, 1421.

2111. The verb of the protasis is sometimes omitted: as in abridged sentences (1057), or when it may be easily supplied (1036).

#aut enim nēmō, aut sī quisquam, ille sapiēns fuit#, _L._ 9, _for either nobody or, if anybody, that was a wise man_. #sī ēveniet, gaudēbimus: sīn secus, patiēmur#, Pl. _Cas._ 377, _if it shall come to pass, glad shall we be; if else, we shall endure_. #mē voluisse, sī haec cīvitās est, cīvem esse mē; sī nōn, exsulem esse#, _Fam._ 7, 3, 5, _that I wished, if this is a commonwealth, to be a citizen of it; if it is not, to be an exile_. #sūmeret alicunde . . . sī nūllō aliō pactō, faenore#, T. _Ph._ 299, _he could have got it from somebody or other . . . if in no other way, on usury_ (2113).

VARIATION OF THE APODOSIS.

2112. The apodosis is sometimes represented by the accusative of exclamation (1149), or the vocative: as,

#mortālem graphicum, sī servat fidem#, Pl. _Ps._ 519, _O what a pattern creature, if he keeps his word_. #ō miserum tē, sī intellegis, miseriōrem, sī nōn intellegis, hoc litterīs mandārī#, _Ph._ 2, 54, _wretched man if you are aware, more wretched if you are not aware, that all this is put down in black and white_. #inimīce lāmnae, Crīspe Sallustī, nisi temperātō splendeat ūsū#, H. 2, 2, 2, _thou foe to bullion, Crispus Sallustius, so it shine not with tempered use_. Also the future participle in poetry and in prose from Livy on.

2113. The verb of the apodosis, or the entire apodosis, is often omitted. In the latter case an appended verb might easily be mistaken for the apodosis.

#quid sī caelum ruat?# T. _Hau._ 719, _what if the sky should fall?_ #quō mihi fortūnam, sī nōn concēditur ūtī?# H. _E._ 1, 5, 12, _why wealth for me, if wealth I may not use?_ #nisi restituissent statuās, vehementer minātur#, _V._ 2, 162, _he threatens vengeance dire, if they did not put the statues back in their place_. #quae supplicātiō sī cum cēterīs cōnferātur, hoc interest#, _C._ 3, 15, _if this thanksgiving be compared with all others, there would be found the following difference_. #nōn edepol ubi terrārum sim sciō, sī quis roget#, Pl. _Am._ 336, _upon my word I don’t know where on earth I am, if anyone should ask_. #sī Valeriō quī crēdat, quadrāgintā mīlia hostium sunt caesa#, L. 33, 10, 8, _if anybody believe such a man as Valerius, there were forty thousand of the enemy slain_. A clause with #sī# or #nisi# is often used parenthetically: as, #sī placet#, #sī vidētur#, #sīs#, #sultis#, _if you please_, #sī quaeris#, _if you must know_, _in fact_, #sī dīs placet#, _please heaven_, #nisi mē fallit#, _if I am not mistaken_, &c., &c. For wishes introduced by #ō sī#, without an apodosis, see 1546.

2114. The apodosis is sometimes expanded by inserted expressions. So particularly by #vereor nē#, equivalent to #fortasse# (1958), #nōn dubitō quīn#, to #profectō# (1986), or a form of #sum# with a relative pronoun: as,

#quae cōnētur sī velim commemorāre, vereor nē quis exīstimet mē causam nōbilitātis voluisse laedere#, _RA._ 135, _if I should undertake to set forth his high and mighty schemes, possibly it might be thought that I wished to damage the cause of the conservatives_. #sī tum P. Sēstius animam ēdidisset, nōn dubitō quīn aliquandō statua huic statuerētur#, _Sest._ 83, _if Sestius had given up the ghost then, a statue would doubtless at some day have been set up in his honour_. #quod ille sī repudiāsset, dubitātis quīn ē̆ī vīs esset adlāta?# _Sest._ 62, _if he had rejected this, have you any doubt that violent hands would have been laid on him?_ #sescenta sunt quae memorem, sī sit ōtium#, Pl. _Aul._ 320, _there are a thousand things that I could tell, if I had time_.

2115. For expressions of trial, hope, or expectation, followed by a conditional protasis with #sī#, see 1777.

CONCESSIVE PROTASES.

#etsī#, #tametsī# (#tamenetsī#), #etiamsī#.

2116. #etsī#, #tametsī#, _though_, #etiamsī#, _even if_, or sometimes simple #sī#, _if_, is used to introduce a concessive protasis. The verb of the protasis is either indicative or subjunctive; but the indicative is the prevailing construction, especially with #etsī#. The apodosis often has #tamen# as an adversative correlative, even with #tametsī#.

#etsī# is rare in poetry; not in Sallust. Sometimes it is used like #quamquam# to append a fresh main sentence (2153). #tametsī# belongs chiefly to colloquial style, though Sallust often uses it; not in the Augustan poets or Tacitus. #etiamsī# is not found in Plautus or Caesar.

(_a._) #nōn vīdī eam, etsī vīdī#, Pl. _MG._ 407, _I saw her not, although I saw her_. #quō mē habeam pactō, tametsī nōn quaeris, docēbō#, Lucilius in Gell. 18, 8, 2, _I’ll tell you how I am, though you do not inquire_. #etiamsī multī mēcum contendent, tamen omnīs superābō#, _Fam._ 5, 8, 4, _though I shall have many rivals, yet I will outdo them all_. #tametsī causa postulat, tamen praeterībō#, _Quinct._ 13, _though the case calls for it, still I will let it pass_. #Caesar, etsī in hīs locīs mātūrae sunt hiemēs, tamen in Britanniam proficīscī contendit#, 4, 20, 1, _though the winter always sets in early in these parts, nevertheless Caesar made haste to proceed to Britain_. #Caesar, etsī intellegēbat, quā dē causā ea dīcerentur, Indutiomarum ad sē venīre iussit#, 5, 4, 1, _though Caesar was aware of his motives in saying so, he directed Indutiomarus to come to him_.

(_b._) #etsī taceās, palam id quidem est#, Pl. _Aul._ 418, _though you should hold your tongue, still that at least is plain_. #etsī nihil aliud Sūllae nisi cōnsulātum abstulissētis, tamen eō contentōs vōs esse oportēbat#, _Sull._ 90, _even though you had robbed Sulla of nothing but the consulship, still you ought to be satisfied with that_. #equidem, etiamsī oppetenda mors esset, in patriā māllem quam in externīs locīs#, _Fam._ 4, 7, 4, _for my part, even though death were to be faced, I should prefer it in my native land rather than abroad_.

[Erratum: 2116a ... etiamsī multī mēcum contendent, contendent.]

CONDITIONAL COMPARISONS.

#quasi# (#quam sī#), #tamquam sī#, #ut# or #velut sī#.

2117. #sī# following a word meaning _than_ or _as_ is used with the subjunctive in conditional comparisons.

In this use, #quasi# (#quam sī# twice in Tacitus) and #tamquam sī# are found at all periods. #ut sī# is found in Terence once, in Cicero (not in the orations), once in Livy, sometimes in later writers. #velut sī# begins with Caesar; not in Cicero. #ac sī# is found once in the _Bell. Hisp._ and in late Latin.

2118. #sī# is often omitted after #tamquam#, and (from Livy on) sometimes after #velut#. After #quasi# it is sometimes inserted in Plautus, Lucretius, and late Latin. #ceu# is sometimes used, chiefly in poetry, for #tamquam sī#. The main clause often has as correlative #ita#, #sīc#, #perinde#, #proinde#, #similiter#, or #nōn secus#.

2119. The tense of the subjunctive is usually regulated by the sequence of tenses, in Cicero nearly always with #quasi# and #tamquam sī#.

#quid mē sīc salūtās quasi dūdum nōn vīderīs?# Pl. _Am._ 682, _why dost thou greet me thus as if but now thou hadst not looked on me?_ #quid ego hīs testibus ūtor, quasi rēs dubia sit?# _Caecil._ 14, _why do I employ these witnesses, as if it were a case involving doubt?_ #tamquam sī claudus sim, cum fūstīst ambulandum#, Pl. _As._ 427, _I have to take my walks with a stick, as if I were a lame man_. #tamquam extrūderētur, ita cucurrit#, _Ph._ 10, 10, _he rushed away as if he had been kicked out_. #quod absentis Ariovistī crūdēlitātem, velut sī cōram adesset, horrērent#, 1, 32, 4, _because they trembled at Ariovistus’s barbarity, absent as he was, just as if he stood before their eyes_. #mē quoque iuvat, velut ipse in parte labōris ac perīculī fuerim, ad fīnem bellī Pūnicī pervēnisse#, L. 31, 1, 1, _I feel glad myself at having finally reached the end of the Punic war, as if I had had a direct hand in the work and the danger_.

2120. The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, even when the leading verb is in a primary tense, to mark action more distinctly as non-occurrent (2091): as,

#eius negōtium sīc velim suscipiās, ut sī esset rēs mea#, _Fam._ 2, 14, _I wish you would undertake his business, just as if it were my own affair_. #mē audiās, precor, tamquam sī mihī̆ quirītantī intervēnissēs#, L. 40, 9, 7, _listen to me, I pray you, as if you had come at a cry from me for help_. #iūs iūrandum perinde aestimandum quam sī Iovem fefellisset#, Ta. 1, 73, _as for the oath, it must be counted exactly as if he had broken one sworn on the name of Jupiter_. This is the more usual way in Cicero with #ut sī#.

2121. #quasi#, #ut#, or, from Livy on, #tamquam# or #velut#, _as if_, is sometimes used with participle constructions, nouns, and abridged expressions: as,

#quasi temere dē rē pūblicā locūtus in carcerem coniectus est#, _DN._ 2, 6, _on the ground that he had been speaking without good authority about a state matter, he was clapped in jail_. #restitēre Rōmānī tamquam caelestī vōce iussī#, L. 1, 12, 7, _the Romans halted as if bidden by a voice from heaven_. #laetī, ut explōrātā victōriā, ad castra pergunt#, 3, 18, 8, _in high spirits, as if victory were assured, they proceeded to the camp_.

2122. In old Latin, #quasi# is found a few times for the original #quam sī# after a comparative: as, #mē nēmō magis respiciet, quasi abhinc ducentōs annōs fuerim mortuos#, Pl. _Tru._ 340, _nobody will pay any more attention to me than if I had been dead two centuries_. It is also used (once in classical Latin, _CM._ 71) in periods of actual comparison, like #tamquam# (1908), with the indicative: as, #senex ille illī dīxit, quasi ego nunc tibi dīcō#, Pl. _St._ 545, _that old man said to him, as I now say to you_. For its use in figurative comparisons, see 1908, 1944. For #tamquam# introducing a reason &c., see 1909, a late usage found rarely with #quasi# and #ut#.

[Erratum: 2120 ... This is the more usual way in Cicero with #ut sī#. #ut si#.]

CONNECTION OF SEPARATE SENTENCES OR PERIODS.

2123. Separate sentences or periods have a connective more commonly in Latin than in English. Sometimes, however, like the members of single periods, they are for special reasons put _asyndetically_ (1637).

(A.) WITHOUT A CONNECTIVE.

2124. Asyndeton is common with two or more separate sentences or periods:

2125. (_a._) To represent a series of actions as occurring at the same moment: as,

#hīc diffīsus suae salūtī ex tabernāculō prōdit; videt imminēre hostēs; capit arma atque in portā cōnsistit; cōnsequuntur hunc centuriōnēs; relinquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptīs vulneribus#, 6, 38, 2, _despairing of his life, he comes out of the tent; sees the enemy close at hand; seizes arms and takes his stand at the gate; the centurions rally round him; Sextius becomes unconscious, receiving severe wounds_.

2126. (_b._) When an occurrence is represented as consisting of many successive actions: the _Enumerative Asyndeton_: as,

#perōrāvit aliquandō, adsēdit. surrēxī ego. respīrāre vīsus est, quod nōn alius potius dīceret. coepī dīcere. usque eō animadvertī, iūdicēs, eum aliās rēs agere, antequam Chrȳsogonum nōmināvi; quem simul atque attigī, statim homō sē ērēxit, mīrārī vīsus est. intellēxī quid eum pupugisset#, _RA._ 60, _after a while he wound up, took his seat; up rose your humble servant. He seemed to take courage from the fact it was nobody else. I began to speak. I noticed, gentlemen, that he was inattentive all along till I named Chrysogonus; but the moment I touched on him, the creature perked up at once, seemed to be surprised. I knew what the rub was._

2127. (_c._) When the last sentence sums up the result of the preceding with emphasis: the _Asyndeton of Summary_: as,

#hī dē suā salūte dēspērantēs, aut suam mortem miserābantur, aut parentēs suōs commendābant. plēna erant omnia timōris et lūctūs#, Caes. _C._ 2, 41, 8, _despairing of their lives, they either bewailed their own death, or strove to interest people in their parents. In short, it was one scene of terror and lamentation._

(B.) WITH A CONNECTIVE.

2128. Separate sentences or periods may be connected: (1.) by pronominal words: (_a._) demonstrative or determinative; (_b._) relative; (2.) by conjunctions and adverbs.

(1.) PRONOMINAL WORDS.

(_a._) DEMONSTRATIVE AND DETERMINATIVE WORDS AS CONNECTIVES.

2129. #hīc# and #is# serve as connectives at the beginning of a new period. In English the equivalent word is usually placed not at the beginning as a connective, but after some words.

#Gallia est dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam Celtae. hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt#, 1, 1, 1, _Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which is occupied by Belgians, another by Aquitanians, and the third by Kelts. In language, customs, and laws these are all different from each other._ #apud Helvētiōs nōbilissimus fuit Orgetorīx. is M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit#, 1, 2, 1, _among the Helvetians the man of highest rank was Orgetorix. In the consulship of Messala and Piso he got up a conspiracy among the nobles._ #angustōs sē fīnīs habēre arbitrābantur. hīs rēbus adductī cōnstituērunt ea quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent comparāre. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibī̆ satis esse dūxērunt. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur. is sibī̆ lēgātiōnem suscēpit#, 1, 2, 5, _they thought they had a narrow territory; so they resolved in consequence to make such preparations as were necessary for a move. They considered two years ample to do this. Orgetorix is chosen to do this. He took upon himself the office of envoy._

2130. Particularly common are demonstrative words at the beginning of a new period, to show that the first action necessarily took place or was natural.

#Dionȳsius tyrannus Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat; usque eō imperiō carēre nōn poterat#, _TD._ 3, 27, _after his expulsion from Syracuse, the tyrant Dionysius kept school at Corinth; so incapable was he of getting along without governing_.

(_b._) RELATIVES AS CONNECTIVES.

2131. #quī# serves to connect a new period when it may be translated by a demonstrative, or when it is equivalent to #et is#, #is autem#, #is enim#, #is igitur#: as,

#perpetrāret Anicētus prōmissa. quī nihil cunctātus poscit summam sceleris#, Ta. 14, 7, _Anicetus must carry out his agreement. Without any ado he asks to have the entire management of the crime._ For other examples, see 1835.

2132. The neuter accusative #quod#, _as to that_, _as to which_, _whereas_, _now_, _so_, is used to connect a new period, especially before #sī#, #nisi#, #etsī#, #utinam# (1837): as,

#quod sī tū valērēs, iam mihī̆ quaedam explōrāta essent#, _Att._ 7, 2, 6, _whereas if you were well yourself, some points would have been clear to me before this_. #quod sī diūtius alātur contrōversia, fore utī pars cum parte cīvitātis cōnflīgat#, 7, 32, 5, _now if the dispute be kept up any longer, one half of the community would quarrel with the other_. #quod nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent#, 7, 88, 6, _so if the soldiers had not been utterly spent, all the forces of the enemy might have been exterminated_.

(2.) CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.

2133. The conjunctions and adverbs used to coordinate sentences are: (_a._) copulative and disjunctive; (_b._) concessive and adversative; (_c._) causal and illative.

(_a._) COPULATIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE.

#et#, #neque# or #nec#, #-que#, #atque# or #ac#, #aut#.

#et.#

2134. #et#, _and_, simply adds, as in English (1645). But it is often used in such a connection that a modification of the translation is required to bring out the sense.

2135. #et# may continue the discourse with a concessive sentence, which is to be followed by an adversative. In such cases #quidem# often stands in the concessive sentence: as,

#prīmōrēs cīvitātis eadem ōrant. et cēterī quidem movēbant minus; postquam Sp. Lucrētius agere coepit, cōnsul abdicāvit sē cōnsulātū#, L. 2, 2, 8, _the head men of the state make the same request. Now the others did not influence him much. But when Lucretius began to take steps the consul resigned his consulship._

2136. #et#, _and strange to say_, _and if you’d believe it_, introduces something unexpected: as,

#iamque trēs laureātae in urbe statuae, et adhūc raptābat Āfricam Tacfarinās#, Ta. 4, 23, _there were already three triumphal statues in Rome, and, strange to say, Tacfarinas was still harrying Africa_.

2137. #et#, _and really_, _and in fact_, _and to be sure_; in this sense it is usually followed immediately by the verb: as,

#multa quae nōn volt videt. et multa fortasse quae volt!# _CM._ 25, _one sees much that one would not. Aye, and much perhaps that one would!_

2138. #et# introducing a sentence explaining in detail a general idea before given may be translated _namely_: as,

#cōnsulēs religiō tenēbat, quod prōdigiīs aliquot nūntiātīs, nōn facile litābant. et ex Campāniā nūntiāta erant Capuae sepulchra aliquot dē caelō tācta#, L. 27, 23, 1, _the consuls were detained by scruple, because several prodigies were reported, and they could not readily obtain good omens; namely from Campania it was reported that at Capua several tombs were struck by lightning_.

2139. #et#, _and also_, _and besides_: as,

#Pūnicae quoque victōriae sīgnum octō ductī elephantī. et nōn minimum fuēre spectāculum praecēdentēs Sōsis et Moericus#, L. 26, 21, 9, _as an emblem of the Punic victory also, elephants to the number of eight marched in parade. And furthermore not the least attractive part of the pageant were Sosis and Moericus, moving at the head of the line._