Part 45

1886. #quotiēns# has sometimes as a correlative #totiēns#, or a combination with #tot# which is equivalent to #totiēns#: as, #quotiēns dīcimus, totiēns dē nōbīs iūdicātur#, _DO._ 1, 125, _every time we make a speech, the world sits in judgement on us_. #sī tot cōnsulibus meruisset, quotiēns ipse cōnsul fuit#, _Balb._ 47, _if he had been in the army as many years as he was consul_.

1887. The subjunctive imperfect and pluperfect are common in the later writers to indicate repeated action (1730): as, #quotiēns super tālī negōtiō cōnsultāret, ēditā domūs parte ac lībertī ūnīus cōnscientiā ūtēbātur#, _Ta._ 6, 27, _whenever he had recourse to astrologers, it was in the upper part of his house and with the cognizance of only a single freedman_.

#quam.#

1888. #quam#, _as_ or _than_, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as by attraction (1728), or of action conceivable (1731); see also 1896, 1897.

But usually periods of comparison are abridged (1057) by the omission of the verb or of other parts in the protasis (1325).

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1889. (1.) #quam#, _as_, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of equality, generally with #tam# as correlative in the apodosis: as,

#tam facile vincēs quam pirum volpēs comēst#, Pl. _Most._ 559, _you’ll beat as easily as Reynard eats a pear_. #tam excoctam reddam atque ātram quam carbōst#, T. _Ad._ 849, _I’ll have her stewed all out and black as is a coal_. From Cicero on, the apodosis is in general negative or interrogative: as, #quōrum neutrum tam facile quam tū arbitrāris concēditur#, _Div._ 1, 10, _neither of these points is as readily granted as you suppose_. #quid est ōrātōrī tam necessārium quam vōx?# _DO._ 1, 251, _what is so indispensable to the speaker as voice?_ Otherwise #nōn minus . . . quam#, _no less than_, _just as much_, or #nōn magis . . . quam#, _just as little_ or _just as much_, is often preferred to #tam . . . quam#: as, #accēpī nōn minus interdum ōrātōrium esse tacēre quam dīcere#, Plin. _Ep._ 7, 6, 7, _I have observed that silence is sometimes quite as eloquent as speech_. #nōn magis mihī̆ deerit inimīcus quam Verrī dēfuit#, _V._ 3, 162, _I shall lack an enemy as little as Verres did_. #domus erat nōn dominō magis ōrnāmentō quam cīvitātī#, _V._ 4, 5, _the house was as much a pride to the state as to its owner_.

1890. Instead of #tam#, another correlative is sometimes used in the apodosis. Thus, #aequē . . . quam# occurs in Plautus and in Livy and later writers, generally after a negative expression; #perinde . . . quam# in Tacitus and Suetonius; #iūxtā ... quam# once in Livy. Sometimes the apodosis contains no correlative.

1891. #tam . . . quam# become by abridgement coordinating words: as,

#tam vēra quam falsa cernimus#, _Ac._ 2, 111, _we make out things both true and false_.

1892. The highest possible degree is expressed by #tam . . . quam quī# and a superlative without a verb; or by #quam# and a superlative with or without a form of #possum# (1466); sometimes by #quantus# or #ut#: as,

(_a._) #tam sum misericors quam vōs; tam mītis quam quī lēnissimus#, _Sull._ 87, _I am as tender-hearted as you; as mild as the gentlest man living_. #tam sum amīcus rē̆ī pūblicae quam quī maximē#, _Fam._ 5, 2, 6, _I am as devoted a patriot as anybody can be_. (_b._) #quam maximīs potest itineribus in Galliam contendit#, 1, 7, 1, _he pushes into Gaul by as rapid marches as he can_. #cōnstituērunt iūmentōrum quam maximum numerum coëmere#, 1, 3, 1, _they determined to buy up the greatest possible number of beasts of burden_. (_c._) #tanta est inter eōs, quanta maxima potest esse, mōrum distantia#, _L._ 74, _there is the greatest possible difference of character between them_. Or without any superlative: #fuge domum quantum potest#, Pl. _Men._ 850, _run home as quick as e’er you can_. #ut potuī accūrātissimē tē tūtātus sum#, _Fam._ 5, 17, 2, _I defended you as carefully as I could_.

1893. #quam . . . tam#, with two comparatives or superlatives, is equivalent to the more common #quō . . . eō# with two comparatives (1973): as,

(_a._) #magis quam id reputō, tam magis ūror#, Pl. _B._ 1091, _the more I think it over, the sorer do I feel_. This use is found in Plautus, Lucretius, and Vergil. (_b._) #quam quisque pessumē fēcit, tam maxumē tūtus est#, S. _I._ 31, 14, _the worse a man has acted, the safer he always is_. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cato, Varro, and Sallust.

1894. (2.) #quam#, _than_, is used in the protasis of a comparative period of inequality, with a comparative in the apodosis: as,

#meliōrem quam ego sum suppōnō tibī̆#, Pl. _Cu._ 256, _I give you in my place a better man than I am_. #plūra dīxī quam voluī#, _V._ 5, 79, _I have said more than I intended_. #Antōniō quam est, volō peius esse#, _Att._ 15, 3, 2, _I hope Antony may be worse off than he is_. #doctrīna paulō dūrior quam nātūra patitur#, _Mur._ 60, _principles somewhat sterner than nature doth support_. #potius sērō quam numquam#, L. 4, 2, 11, _better late than never_. #corpus patiēns algōris suprā quam cuiquam crēdibile est#, S. _C._ 5, 3, _a constitution capable of enduring cold beyond what anybody could believe_. #suprā quam# is found in Cicero, Sallust, and often in late writers; #īnfrā# and #ultrā quam# in Cicero, Livy, and late writers (#īnfrā quam# also in Varro); #extrā quam# in Ennius, Cato, and in legal and official language in Cicero and Livy.

1895. #quam# is also used with some virtual comparatives: thus, #nihil aliud#, #nōn aliud quam#, _no other than_, often as adverb, _only_; #secus quam# with a negative, _not otherwise than_; #bis tantō quam#, _twice as much as_; and #prae quam# in old Latin, _in comparison with how_; and similar phrases: as,

(_a._) #per bīduum nihil aliud quam stetērunt parātī ad pugnandum#, L. 34, 46, 7, _for two days they merely stood in battle array_. This use occurs first in Sallust, then in Nepos, Livy, and later writers. (_b._) #mihī̆ erit cūrae nē quid fīat secus quam volumus#, _Att._ 6, 2, 2, _I will see to it that nothing be done save as we wish_. This use occurs in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, Cicero, Livy, and later writers. With both #aliud# and #secus# the clause is rarely positive, with #aliud# not before Livy. For #atque# (#ac#) instead of #quam# when the first clause is negative, see 1654. (_c._) #bis tantō valeō quam valuī prius#, Pl. _Merc._ 297, _I am twice as capable as I was before_. (_d._) #nīl hōc quidem est trīgintā minae, prae quam aliōs sūmptūs facit#, Pl. _Most._ 981, _oh, this is nothing, thirty minae, when you think what other sums he spends_. #prae quam# is found only in Plautus rarely. Similar phrases are: #contrā quam#, in Cicero, Livy, and later writers; #praeter quam#, in Plautus, Naevius, and frequently in other writers when followed by #quod# (1848); #super quam quod# (1848) and #īnsuper quam# in Livy; #prō quam# in Lucretius; #advorsum quam#, once in Plautus. #prae quam# is sometimes followed by a relative clause: as, #prae quam quod molestumst#, Pl. _Am._ 634, _compared with what is painful_. For #ante# (or #prius#) and #post quam#, see 1911, 1923.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1896. The subjunctive is used with #quam# or #quam ut# after comparatives denoting disproportion (1461): as,

#quicquid erat oneris Segestānīs impōnēbat, aliquantō amplius quam ferre possent#, _V._ 4, 76, _he would impose every possible burden on the Segestans, far too much for them to bear_. #quis nōn intellegit Canachī sīgna rigidiōra esse, quam ut imitentur vēritātem?# _Br._ 70, _who does not feel that the statues of Canachus are too stiff to be true to nature?_ #clārior rēs erat quam ut dissimulārī posset#, L. 26, 51, 11, _the thing was too notorious to be hushed up_. Instead of #ut#, #quī# is also used by Livy and later writers: as, #maior sum quam cui possit Fortūna nocēre#, O. 6, 195, _too strong am I for Fortune to break down_, says infatuated Niobe. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of action conceivable (1554, 1818).

1897. The subjunctive is used in clauses introduced by #potius quam#, _rather than_, to denote action merely assumed. #citius#, #ante#, or #prius#, _sooner_, is sometimes used in the sense of #potius#: as,

#potius quam tē inimīcum habeam, faciam ut iusseris#, T. _Eu._ 174, _rather than make you my enemy, I will do as you tell me_. #dēpugnā potius quam serviās#, _Att._ 7, 7, 7, _fight it out rather than be a slave_. #potius vituperātiōnem incōnstantiae suscipiam, quam in tē sim crūdēlis#, _V._ 5, 105, _I will submit to the charge of inconsistency rather than be cruel towards you_. #animam omittunt prius quam locō dēmigrent#, Pl. _Am._ 240, _they lose their lives sooner than yield their ground_. Livy has also #potius quam ut#. All these sentences are extensions of the subjunctive of desire (1540, 1817).

WITH THE INFINITIVE.

1898. When the main clause is an infinitive, #quam# is often followed by an infinitive: as,

#mālim morīrī me͡os quam mendīcārier#, Pl. _Vid._ 96, _better my bairns be dead than begging bread_. #vōcēs audiēbantur prius sē cortice ex arboribus vīctūrōs, quam Pompēium ē manibus dīmissūrōs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 49, 1, _shouts were heard that they would live on the bark of trees sooner than let Pompey slip through their fingers_.

#quamquam.#

1899. (1.) #quamquam# is used in old Latin as an indefinite adverb, _ever so much_, _however much_: as,

#quamquam negōtiumst, sī quid veis, Dēmiphō, nōn sum occupātus umquam amīcō operam dare#, Pl. _Mer._ 287, _however busy I may be_ (1814), _if anything you wish, dear Demipho, I’m not too busy ever to a friend mine aid to lend_. #id quoque possum ferre, quamquam iniūriumst#, T. _Ad._ 205, _that also I can bear, however so unfair_. From an adverb, #quamquam# became a conjunction, _although_.

1900. (2.) #quamquam#, _although_, introduces the indicative in the concession of a definite fact. In the later writers it is also sometimes used with the subjunctive, sometimes with a participle or an adjective.

(_a._) #quamquam premuntur aere aliēnō, dominātiōnem tamen exspectant#, _C._ 2, 19, _though they are staggering under debt, they yet look forward to being lords and masters_. #quamquam nōn vēnit ad fīnem tam audāx inceptum, tamen haud omnīnō vānum fuit#, L. 10, 32, 5, _though the bold attempt did not attain its purpose, yet it was not altogether fruitless_. This is the classical use; but see 1901. (_b._) #nam et tribūnīs plēbis senātūs habendī iūs erat, quamquam senātōrēs nōn essent#, Varro in Gell. 14, 8, 2, _for even the tribunes of the people, though they were not senators, had the right to hold a meeting of the senate_. #haud cunctātus est Germānicus, quamquam fingī ea intellegeret#, Ta. 2, 26, _Germanicus did not delay, though he was aware this was all made up_. This use is found first in Varro, often in the Augustan poets, sometimes in Livy, always in Juvenal. It does not become common before Tacitus and the younger Pliny. (_c._) #sequente, quamquam nōn probante, Amynandrō#, L. 31, 41, 7, _Amynander accompanying though not approving_ (1374). #nē Aquītānia quidem, quamquam in verba Othōnis obstricta, diū mānsit#, Ta. _H._ 1, 76, _Aquitania, though bound by the oath of allegiance to Otho, did not hold out long either_. This use is found once each in Cicero and Sallust, half a dozen times in Livy, oftener in Tacitus.

1901. The subjunctive is also used often with #quamquam# for special reasons, as by attraction (1728), in indirect discourse (1725), and of action conceivable (1731).

1902. For #quamquam# appending a fresh main sentence, see 2153; for its use with the infinitive, 2317.

[Erratum: 1899. (1.) (1)]

#quam vīs# or #quamvīs#.

1903. #quam vīs# or #quamvīs# is used as an indefinite adverb (712), _as much as you please_, and is often joined with an adjective or other adverb to take the place of a superlative: as,

#quam vīs rīdiculus est, ubī̆ uxor nōn adest#, Pl. _Men._ 318, _he’s as droll as you please when his wife isn’t by_. #quamveis īnsipiēns poterat persentīscere#, Pl. _Merc._ 687, _the veriest dullard could detect_. #quamvīs paucī adīre audent#, 4, 2, 5, _the merest handful dares attack_. #quamvīs callidē#, _V._ 2, 134, _ever so craftily_. #quamvīs# is also sometimes used to strengthen a superlative (1466), though not in classical prose.

1904. (1.) The indefinite adverb #quam vīs#, _as much as you please_, is often used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission; such subjunctives are sometimes coordinated with #licet#: as,

#quod turpe est, id quam vīs occultētur, tamen honestum fierī nūllō modō potest#, _Off._ 3, 78, _if a thing is base, let it be hidden as much as you will, yet it cannot be made respectable_ (1553). #locus hīc apud nōs, quam vīs subitō veniās, semper līber est#, Pl. _B._ 82, _our house is always open, come as sudden as you may_ (1553). #praeter eōs quam vīs ēnumerēs multōs licet, nōnnūllōs reperiēs perniciōsōs tribūnōs#, _Leg._ 3, 24, _besides these you may tell off as many as you please, you will still find some dangerous tribunes_ (1710). The combination with #licet# occurs first in Lucretius, then in Cicero.

Instead of #vīs#, other forms are sometimes used: as, #volumus#, #volent#, #velit#, &c.: thus, #quam volent facētī sint#, _Cael._ 67, _they may be as witty as they please_ (1735). #quam volet Epicūrus iocētur et dīcat sē nōn posse intellegere, numquam mē movēbit#, _DN._ 2, 46, _Epicurus may joke and say he can’t understand it as much as he likes, he will never shake me_. From an adverb, #quam vīs# became a conjunction, _however much_, _even if_.

1905. (2.) The subjunctive with the conjunction #quamvīs#, _however much_, _even if_, _though_, denotes action merely assumed; when the action is to be denoted as real, #ut# or #sīcut# or the like, with the indicative, usually follows in the best prose (1943): as,

(_a._) #quamvīs sint hominēs quī Cn. Carbōnem ōderint, tamen hī dēbent quid metuendum sit cōgitāre#, _V._ 1, 39, _though there may be men who hate Carbo, still these men ought to consider what they have to fear_. #nōn enim possīs, quamvīs excellās#, _L._ 73, _you may not have the power, however eminent you may be_. This use begins with Cicero and Varro, and gets common in late writers. Not in Livy. (_b._) #illa quamvīs rīdicula essent, sīcut erant, mihī̆ tamen rīsum nōn mōvērunt#, _Fam._ 7, 32, 3, _droll as this really was, it nevertheless did not make me laugh_. #quamvīs enim multīs locīs dīcat Epicūrus, sīcutī dīcit, satis fortiter dē dolōre, tamen nōn id spectandum est quid dīcat#, _Off._ 3, 117, _even though Epicurus really does speak in many places pretty heroically about pain, still we must not have an eye to what he says_. In the Augustan poets rarely, and often in Tacitus, the younger Pliny, and late writers, the subjunctive, without a parenthetical phrase introduced by #ut# or the like, is used of an action denoted as real: as, #expalluit notābiliter, quamvīs palleat semper#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 5, 13, _he grew pale perceptibly, though he is always a pale man_. #maestus erat, quamvīs laetitiam simulāret#, Ta. 15, 54, _sad he was, though he pretended to be gay_.

1906. #quamvīs#, _even if_, _though_, is also sometimes used with the indicative (1900): as,

#erat dignitāte rēgiā, quamvīs carēbat nōmine#, N. 1, 2, 3, _he had the authority of a king, though not the title_. #quamvīs tacet Hermogenēs, cantor est#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 129, _though he open not his mouth, Hermogenes remains a singer still_. This use occurs twice in Lucretius, once in Cicero, Nepos, and Livy each, in Varro, in the Augustan poets, and sometimes in late writers. Not in Tacitus, Pliny the younger, Juvenal, Martial, or Suetonius.

1907. It may be mentioned here that the indefinite adverb #quamlibet#, _however you please_, is used in subjunctive clauses of concession or permission (1904) once or twice by Lucretius, Ovid, and Quintilian. Velleius has it with the participle, a construction sometimes found with #quamvīs# in late writers.

#tamquam.#

1908. #tamquam#, _just as_, introduces an indicative protasis in periods of comparison.

The #tam# properly belongs to the apodosis and is attracted to the protasis. #tamquam# has sometimes as correlative #sīc# or #ita#.

#tē hortor ut tamquam poētae bonī solent, sīc tū in extrēmā parte mūneris tuī dīligentissimus sīs#, _QFr._ 1, 1, 46, _I urge you to be very particular at the end of your task, just as good poets always are_. #tamquam philosophōrum habent disciplinae ex ipsīs vocābula, parasītī ita ut Gnathōnicī vocentur#, T. _Eu._ 263, _that so parasites may be called Gnathonites even as schools of philosophy are named from the masters_. Usually, however, #ut# (1944) or #quemadmodum# is used in this sense; and #tamquam# occurs oftenest in abridged sentences (1057), particularly to show that an illustration is untrue or figurative: as, #Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus aliquod Daedalī#, _Br._ 71, _the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus_. #oculī tamquam speculātōrēs altissimum locum obtinent#, _DN._ 2, 140, _the eyes occupy the highest part, as a sort of watchmen_.

1909. In late writers, especially in Tacitus, #tamquam# is often used to introduce a reason or motive, or a thought indirectly expressed: as,

#invīsus tamquam plūs quam cīvīlia agitāret#, Ta. 1, 12, _hated on the ground that his designs were too lofty for a private citizen_ (1725). #lēgātōs increpuit, tamquam nōn omnēs reōs perēgissent#, Plin. _Ep._ 3, 9, 36, _he reproved the embassy ‘for not having completed the prosecution of all the defendants’_ (1852, 1725). #suspectus tamquam ipse suās incenderit aedīs#, J. 3, 222, _suspected of having set his own house afire_.

1910. For #tamquam# instead of #tamquam sī#, see 2118; with a participle, 2121.

#antequam#, #priusquam#.

1911. #antequam# and #priusquam# accompany both the indicative and the subjunctive.

#ante# and #prius# properly belong to the apodosis, and regularly stand with it if it is negative; but otherwise they are usually attracted to the protasis.

#antequam# is very seldom found in old Latin, and it is in general much rarer than #priusquam#, except in Tacitus.

IN GENERAL STATEMENTS.

1912. In general present statements, #antequam# and #priusquam# regularly introduce the perfect indicative or the present subjunctive: as,

#membrīs ūtimur priusquam didicimus cuius ea causā ūtilitātis habeāmus#, _Fin._ 3, 66, _we always use our limbs before we learn for what purposes of utility we have them_ (1613). #priusquam lūcet, adsunt#, Pl. _MG._ 709, _before ’tis light they’re always here_; here #lūcet# is equivalent to #inlūxit#. #ante vidēmus fulgōrem quam sonum audiāmus#, Sen. _QN._ 2, 12, 6, _we always see the flash before we hear the sound_. #priusquam sēmen mātūrum siet, secātō#, Cato, _RR._ 53, _always cut before the seed is ripe_ (1575). With the perfect subjunctive in the indefinite second person (1030): as, #hoc malum opprimit antequam prōspicere potuerīs#, _V._ 1, 39, _this calamity always overwhelms you before you can anticipate it_ (1731, 1558). For #prius quam#, _sooner than_, see 1897.

1913. The future indicative is used a few times in general statements by old and late writers, and the perfect subjunctive after a negative clause rarely by Tacitus: as, #bovēs priusquam in viam agēs, pice cornua īnfima unguitō#, Cato, _RR._ 72, _always smear the hoofs of your oxen with pitch before you drive them on the road_ (1625, 1577). #deū̆m honor prīncipī nōn ante habētur quam agere inter hominēs dēsierit#, Ta. 15, 74, _divine honours are not paid to an emperor before he has ceased to live among men_. Cicero has the perfect subjunctive in a definition: thus, #prōvidentia, per quam futūrum aliquid vidētur antequam factum sit#, _Inv._ 2, 160, _foresight is the faculty through which a future event is seen before it has taken place_. He also has the present indicative once: _Div._ 1, 120.

1914. In general past statements #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect; but this use is very rare: as, #dormīre priusquam somni cupīdō esset#, S. _C._ 13, 3, _a-sleeping always before they felt sleepy_. #ita saepe magna indolēs virtūtis, priusquam rē̆ī pūblicae prōdesse potuisset, extīncta est#, _Ph._ 5, 47, _thus character of unusual promise was oftentimes cut off, before it could do the government any good_.

IN PARTICULAR STATEMENTS.

1915. In particular present or future statements, #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce a present, either indicative or subjunctive; in future statements the future perfect is also used, and regularly when the main verb is future perfect: as,

#antequam ad sententiam redeō, dē mē pauca dīcam#, _C._ 4, 20, _before I come back to the motion, I will say a little about myself_ (1593). #est etiam prius quam abīs quod volo loquī#, Pl. _As._ 232, _there’s something else I want to say before you go_. #antequam veniat in Pontum, litterās ad Cn. Pompēium mittet#, _Agr._ 2, 53, _before he reaches Pontus, he will send a letter to Pompey_. #prius quam ad portam veniās, est pistrīlla#, T. _Ad._ 583, _there’s a little bakery just before you get to the gate_. #nihil contrā disputābō priusquam dīxerit#, _Fl._ 51, _I will not argue to the contrary before he has spoken_ (1626). #neque prius, quam dēbellāverō, absistam#, L. 49, 39, 9, _and I will not leave off before I have brought the war to an end_. #sī quid mihī̆ acciderit priusquam hōc tantum malī vīderō#, _Mil._ 99, _if anything shall befall me before I see this great calamity_. #neque prōmittō quicquam neque respondeō prius quam gnātum vīderō#, T. _Ph._ 1044, _I’m not promising anything nor making any answer before I see my son_ (1593). Tacitus uses neither the present indicative nor the future perfect.

1916. In old Latin the future and the perfect subjunctive also occur: as,

#prius quam quoiquam convīvae dabis, gustātō tūte prius#, Pl. _Ps._ 885, _before you help a single guest, taste first yourself_; but Terence does not use the future, and it is found only once or twice later. #nūllō pactō potest prius haec in aedīs recipī, quam illam āmīserim#, Pl. _MG._ 1095. _on no terms can I take my new love to the house, before I’ve let the old love drop_; but usually the perfect subjunctive is due to indirect discourse.

1917. In particular past statements #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce the perfect indicative, especially when the apodosis is negative. The imperfect subjunctive rarely occurs, chiefly in late writers.

(_a._) #omnia ista ante facta sunt quam iste Ītaliam attigit#, _V._ 2, 161, _all these incidents occurred before the defendant set foot in Italy_. #neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad Rhēnum pervēnērunt#, 1, 53, 1, _and they did not stay their flight before they fairly arrived at the Rhine_. #prius quam hinc abiīt quīndecim mīles minās dederat#, Pl. _Ps._ 53, _the captain had paid down fifteen minae before he left here_. (_b._) #nec prius sunt vīsī quam castrīs adpropinquārent#, 6, 37, 2, _they were not seen before they drew near to the camp_. This use of the imperfect subjunctive, not to be confounded with that mentioned in 1919, is not found in old Latin or in Cicero. It is found in Nepos and Livy.

1918. The present indicative also occurs in particular past statements in old Latin: as, #is priusquam moritur mihi dedit#, Pl. _Cu._ 637, _before he died he gave it me_. The indicative imperfect occurs four times in Livy and once in late Latin, the pluperfect once in old Latin and once in Cicero.

1919. When the action of the protasis was forestalled, or when action conceivable or purpose is expressed, #antequam# and #priusquam# regularly introduce the imperfect subjunctive in particular past statements: as,