Part 37

(_a._) #eās#, Pl. _R._ 519, _be off_. #hīc apud nōs hodiē cēnēs#, Pl. _Most._ 1129, _dine here with us today_. #cautus sīs, mī Tirō#, _Fam._ 16, 9, 4, _you must be careful, dear Tiro_. (_b._) #istō bonō ūtāre, dum adsit#, _CM._ 33, _enjoy this blessing while you have it with you_.

1551. When a prohibition is expressed in the subjunctive, the second person of the present is often used in old Latin, sometimes the perfect. Later, however, the perfect is generally prevalent. In the classical period, the present is almost confined to poetry. For the imperative in prohibitions, see 1581-1586.

(_a._) #nē illum verberēs#, Pl. _B._ 747, _you mustn’t thrash the man_. Once in Horace: #nē sīs patruos mihī#, _S._ 2, 3, 88, _don’t play stern governor to me_. (_b._) #nē trānsierīs Ibērum#, L. 21, 44, 6, _do not cross the Iberus_. #quod dubitās nē fēcerīs#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 18, 5, _what you have doubt about, never do_.

1552. (3.) The imperfect or (but not in old Latin) pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used to express past obligation or necessity: as,

(_a._) Imperfect: #quae hīc erant cūrārēs#, T. _Hec._ 230, _thou shouldst have looked to matters here_. #paterētur#, T. _Hau._ 202, _he should have stood it_. #quod sī meīs incommodīs laetābantur, urbis tamen perīculō commovērentur#, _Sest._ 54, _well, if they did gloat over my mishaps, still they ought to have been touched by the danger to Rome_. #crās īrēs potius#, Pl. _Per._ 710, _you’d better have gone tomorrow_, i.e. have resolved to go tomorrow. #poenās penderēs#, Pl. _B._ 427, _thou hadst to pay a penalty_. (_b._) Pluperfect: #restitissēs, rēpugnāssēs, mortem pugnāns oppetīssēs#, Poet. in _Sest._ 45, _thou shouldst have made a stand, fought back, and fighting met thy fate_. #quid facere dēbuistī? frūmentum nē ēmissēs#, _V._ 3, 195, _what ought you to have done? you should not have bought any wheat_. Usually, however, past obligation or necessity is expressed by the gerundive construction, or by some separate verb meaning _ought_ (1496).

[Errata: 1548a ... Quintil. 1, 4, 22, 22. #utī adserventur magnā dīligentiā#, . for , Quintil. 1, 4, 6 . invisible]

(C.) WILLINGNESS, ASSUMPTION, CONCESSION.

1553. The subjunctive of desire may be used to denote willingness, assumption, or concession: as,

#ōderint dum metuant#, Poet. in Suet. _Cal._ 30, _they are welcome to hate, as long as they fear_. #nē sit sānē summum malum dolor, malum certē est#, _TD._ 2, 14, _grant for aught I care that pain is not the worst evil, an evil it certainly is_. #nīl fēcerit, estō#, J. 6, 222, _he may be guiltless, be it so_.

[Erratum: 1553 ... #nē sit sānē summum malum dolor, malum certē est#, #certē est#.]

II. THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF ACTION CONCEIVABLE.

1554. The subjunctive is often used to represent action as conceivable, without asserting that it actually takes place.

In some of its applications, this subjunctive is often more exactly defined by an expression of doubt or of assurance: as, #fors fuat an# in Plautus, #forsitan# from Terence on (rarely #forsan#, #fors#), #fortasse#, _may be_, _perhaps_; #opīnor#, #haud sciō an#, _I fancy_; #facile#, _easily_, #sine ūllā dubitātiōne#, _unhesitatingly_, &c., &c. The negative used with this subjunctive is #nōn#.

1555. This subjunctive is particularly common in guarded or diffident statements: thus, #velim#, _I could wish_, #nōlim#, _I should not be willing_, #mālim#, _I would rather_, #dīxerim#, _I should say_, are often preferred to a blunter #volō#, _I insist_, #nōlō#, _I won’t_, #mālō#, _I prefer_, or #dīcō#, _I say_.

1556. The present denotes action in an indefinite future: as,

(_a._) #ego forsitan in grege adnumerer#, _RA._ 89, _as for me, I might perhaps be counted in the common herd_. #mūtuom argentum rogem#, Pl. _Tri._ 758, _money I might borrow_. #haud sciō an rēctē dīcāmus#, _Sest._ 58, _I rather think we may say with propriety_. (_b._) The second person singular generally has an imaginary subject (1030): as, #dīcās hīc forsitan#, J. 1, 150, _here peradventure thou mayst say_, i.e. anybody may say. #rogēs mē quid sit deus, auctōre ūtar Simōnidē#, _DN._ 1, 60, _you may ask me what god is; I should follow the lead of Simonides_. #migrantīs cernās#, V. 4, 401, _thou canst descry them on the move_ (1635). Often with some generalizing word, such as #saepe#, #numquam#, #plūrēs#: as, #saepe videās#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 86, _thou oft canst see_. #Fortūnam citius reperiās quam retineās#, Publil. Syr. 168, _dame Fortune thou mayst sooner find than bind_. (_c._) #nunc aliquis dīcat mihi#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 19, _now somebody may say to me_ (more commonly #dīcet aliquis#, #dīcēs#, 1620). #forsitan aliquis dīcat#, L. 5, 52, 5, _perhaps somebody may say_. #hoc vōbīs incrēdibile videātur#, _V._ 3, 109, _this may seem incredible to you_.

1557. (1.) The perfect seldom occurs in old Latin. Later, it is rarely used of past time. In this use it resembles the perfect of concession (1553): as,

(_a._) #forsitan temere fēcerim#, _RA._ 31, _peradventure I may have acted rashly_. #errāverim fortasse#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 23, 2, _I may have been mistaken perhaps_. (_b._) #concēdō; forsitan aliquis aliquandō eius modī quippiam fēcerit#, _V._ 2, 78, _I grant it; perhaps somebody, at some time or other, may have done something of the sort_. #haec ipsa forsitan fuerint nōn necessāria#, _Br._ 52, _even this may perhaps have been superfluous_.

1558. (2.) The perfect is oftenest used with a future meaning, and particularly the first person singular active of verbs meaning _think_ or _say_: as,

(_a._) #nōn facile dīxerim#, _TD._ 5, 121, _I could not readily say_. #hoc sine ūllā dubitātiōne cōnfirmāverim#, _Br._ 25, _this I can assert without any hesitation_. #pāce tuā dīxerim#, _TD._ 5, 12, _by your leave I would say_. The first person plural occurs first in Cornificius, and is rare: as, #hunc deum rīte beātum dīxerīmus#, _DN._ 1, 52, _such a god we should be right in pronouncing happy_. (_b._) #plānē perfectum Dēmosthenem facile dīxerīs#, _Br._ 35, _you would readily pronounce Demosthenes absolutely perfect_ (1030). #tū vērō eum nec nimis valdē umquam nec nimis saepe laudāverīs#, _Leg._ 3, 1, _oh no, rest assured you never can praise him too emphatically nor too often_. #conluviem istam nōn nisi metū coērcuerīs#, Ta. 14, 44, _such a motley rabble you can only keep under by terrorism_. (_c._) #forsitan quispiam dīxerit#, _Off._ 3, 29, _perhaps somebody may say_.

1559. (1.) The imperfect properly denotes action which might have taken place in the past: as,

(_a._) #nōn ego hoc ferrem calidus iuventā cōnsule Plancō#, H. 3, 14, 27, _this I should not have brooked in my hot youth, in Plancus’ consulate_. (_b._) The second person singular, particularly of verbs meaning _see_, _make out_, _think_, _say_, generally has an imaginary subject (1030): as, #vidērēs#, H. _S._ 2, 8, 77, _thou mightst have seen_. #cernerēs#, L. 22, 7, 12, _you might have descried_. #nescīrēs#, L. 3, 35, 3, _you could not have told_. #tē columen rē̆ī pūblicae dīcerēs intuērī#, _Sest._ 19, _you would have sworn you were gazing on a pillar of the state_. (_c._) #quī vidēret, urbem captam dīceret#, _V._ 4, 52, _anybody who saw it, would have said it was a captured city_. #dīcī hoc in tē nōn potest, posset in Tarquiniō, cum rēgnō esset expulsus#, _TD._ 1, 88, _this cannot be said in your case; it might have been said in Tarquin’s, when he was driven from the throne_. #numquam faceret#, T. _Ph._ 121, _he never would have done it_.

1560. (2.) The imperfect often denotes action not performed at the present time; so especially #vellem# (#nōllem#, #māllem#): as,

(_a._) #nimis vellem habēre perticam#, Pl. _As._ 589, _I wish so much I had a stick_. #vellem adesse posset Panaetius; quaererem ex eō#, _TD._ 1, 81, _I only wish Panaetius could be with us: I should ask him_ (Panaetius was dead). #cuperem voltum vidēre tuum#, _Att._ 4, 16, 7, _I should like to see the expression of your face_. #māllem Cerberum metuerēs#, _TD._ 1, 12, _I would rather you stood in dread of Cerberus_. #possem idem facere#, _TD._ 1, 84, _I could do the same_. (_b._) #melius sequerēre cupīdine captam#, O. 14, 28, _better for thee it were a loving bride to woo_. (_c._) #in hāc fortūnā perūtilis eius opera esset#, _Att._ 9, 17, 2, _in the present pinch his services would be extremely valuable_.

1561. The pluperfect represents action which did not take place in the past: as,

(_a._) #vellem quidem licēret: hoc dīxissem#, _RA._ 138, _I only wish it were allowed; I should have said so and so_. (_b._) #dedissēs huic animō pār corpus, fēcisset quod optābat#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 12, 8, _you might have given this spirit a body to match; he would have done what he craved to do_. (_c._) #urbēs et rēgna celeriter tanta nēquitia dēvorāre potuisset#, _Ph._ 2, 67, _such colossal prodigality might have been capable of swallowing down cities and kingdoms speedily_. #vīcissent inprobōs bonī; quid deinde?# _Sest._ 43, _the good might have overpowered the bad; what next?_

1562. It may be mentioned here, that the subjunctive of action conceivable often extends to subordinate sentences: see 1731.

QUESTIONS.

1563. I. The subjunctive is often used to ask what action or whether any action is desired, commanded, proper, or necessary.

In many instances a negative answer or no answer at all is expected The negative is #nē#, sometimes #nōn#.

(_a._) #quō mē vertam?# _Scaur._ 19, _which way shall I turn?_ #quid faciam, praescrībe :: quiēscās :: nē faciam, inquis, omnīnō versūs?# H. _S._ 2, 1, 5, _lay down the law, what I’m to do :: keep still :: wilt have me write, sayst thou, no verse at all?_ #quid igitur faciam? nōn eam?# T. _Eu._ 46, _what then am I to do? not go?_ #quid nī meminerim?# _DO._ 2, 273, _why should not I remember?_ or _of course I remember_. #huic cēdāmus? huius condiciōnēs audiāmus?# _Ph._ 13, 16, _shall we bow the knee to him? shall we listen to his terms?_ (_b._) #quid tandem mē facere decuit? quiēscerem et paterer?# L. 42, 41, 12, _what in the world ought I to have done? keep inactive and stand it?_

1564. Such questions sometimes have the alternative form: as, #Corinthiīs bellum indīcāmus, an nōn?# _Inv._ 1, 17, _are we to declare war against Corinth, or not?_ #utrum indicāre mē e͡i thēnsaurum aequom fuit, an ego alium dominum paterer fierī hīsce aedibus?# Pl. _Tri._ 175, _should I have pointed out the hoard to him, or should I have allowed another to become the owner of this house?_ here #paterer# is equivalent to #aequom fuit patī# (1495).

1565. II. The subjunctive is often used to ask whether action is conceivable: as,

(_a._) #quis putet celeritātem ingenī L. Brūtō dēfuisse?# _Br._ 53, _who can suppose that Brutus lacked ready wit?_ i.e. #nēmō putet# (1556), #putābit# (1620), or #putāre potest#. #sī enim Zēnōnī licuit, cūr nōn liceat Catōnī?# _Fin._ 3, 15, _for if it was allowed Zeno, why should not it be allowed Cato?_ (_b._) #hoc tantum bellum quis umquam arbitrārētur ab ūnō imperātōre cōnficī posse?# _IP._ 31, _who would ever have dreamed that this stupendous war could be brought to a close by a single commander?_ The imperfect sometimes denotes action not performed at the present time (1560): #quis enim cīvis rēgī nōn favēret?# _D._ 6, _for what Roman would not feel for the king?_ (_c._) #ego tē vidēre nōluerim?# _QFr._ 1, 3, 1, _I have objected to seeing you?_

1566. The subjunctive is often used in interrogative outbursts of surprise, disapprobation, indignation, or captious rejoinder. In such questions a pronoun, #ego#, #tū# (#ille#), is usually expressed. The negative is #nōn#.

This subjunctive occurs in Plautus and Terence, in Cicero, oftenest the letters, in Horace, Vergil, and Livy. Not in Caesar nor Sallust.

1567. (1.) The question may have no interrogative word, or may have #-ne#, especially in comedy: as,

(_a._) #nōn tacēs? :: taceam?# T. _Ph._ 987, _you hold your tongue :: I hold my tongue?_ #nē flē :: egone illum nōn fleam?# Pl. _Cap._ 139, _weep not :: what, I not weep for him?_ #tū pulsēs omne quod obstat?# H. _S._ 2, 6, 30, _what, you, sir, punch whatever’s in your way?_ #faveās tū hostī? ille litterās ad tē mittat?# _Ph._ 7, 5, _you, sir, sympathize with the enemy? he correspond with you?_ #sapiēnsne nōn timeat?# _Ac._ 2, 135, _a sage not be afraid?_ (_b._) #ego mihī̆ umquam bonōrum praesidium dēfutūrum putārem?# _Mil._ 94, _could I have dreamed that I should ever lack the protection of the patriotic?_ (_c._) #‘apud exercitum mihī̆ fuerīs’ inquit ‘tot annōs?’# _Mur._ 21, _‘to think of your having been with the army, bless my soul?’ says he, ‘so many years.’_ (_d._) #mihī̆ cuiusquam salūs tantī fuisset, ut meam neglegerem?# _Sull._ 45, _could anybody’s safety have been so important in my eyes as to make me disregard my own?_

1568. (2.) The question may have #utī# or #ut#: as,

#tē ut ūlla rēs frangat? tū ut umquam tē corrigās?# _C._ 1, 22, _any thing break you down? you ever reform?_ #pater ut obesse fīlīo dēbeat?# _Planc._ 31, _a father morally bound to work against his son?_

1569. (3.) The question with #utī# or #ut# is sometimes attended by a remnant of another question with #-ne# or #-n#. In this combination, #-ne# either precedes, joined to an emphatic word, or it is attached directly to #utī# or #ut#: as,

(_a._) #egone ut tē interpellem?# _TD._ 2, 42, _what I? interrupt you?_ #illīne ut impūne concitent fīnitima bella?# L. 4, 2, 12, _what, they be allowed to stir up border warfare with impunity?_ #virgō haec līberast :: meane ancilla lībera ut sit, quam ego numquam ēmīsī manū?# Pl. _Cur._ 615, _this girl is free :: my servant-girl? she to be free, when I have never set her free?_ (_b._) #utne tegam spurcō Dāmae latus?# H. _S._ 2, 5, 18, _what, I’m to shield a nasty Dama’s side?_ #somnium. utine haec īgnōrāret su͡om patrem?# T. _Ph._ 874, _oh bosh, not to have known the father that begat her?_ See 1505 and 1532.

1570. It may be mentioned here, that the interrogative subjunctive is often used in subordinate sentences: see 1731.

[Erratum: 1565a ... _Fin._ 3, 15 _Fin_ 3,]

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.

COMMAND.

1571. The second person of the imperative mood is used in commands, either particular or general.

Commands are very often attended by a vocative or vocative nominative, or by #tū#, _sir_, _sirrah_, or #vōs#, _gentlemen_, _you people_ (1118). They are of various kinds, as follows: (_a._) Order, often to an inferior: thus, to an official: #līctor, conligā manūs#, _Rab._ 13, L. 1, 26, 7, Gell. 12, 3, 2, _lictor, tie up his wrists_. To soldiers: as, #dēsilīte mīlitēs#, 4, 25, 3, _overboard, my men_. #sīgnifer, statue sīgnum#, L. 5, 55, 1, _standardbearer, plant your standard_. #īnfer mīles sīgnum#, L. 6, 8, 1, _advance your standard, man_, or _charge_. To sailors: as, #hūc dīrigite nāvēs#, L. 29, 27, 13, _head your galleys this way_. To slaves: as, #convorrite aedēs scōpīs, agite strēnuē#, Pl. _B._ 10, _sweep up the house with brooms, be brisk_. Also to an equal: as, #aperīte aliquis#, Pl. _Mer._ 130, _open the door there somebody_ (1080). Or to a superior: as, #heus, exī, Phaedrome#, Pl. _Cur._ 276, _ho Phaedromus, come out_. (_b._) Exhortation, entreaty, summons, request, prayer, imprecation, wish, concession, &c.: as, #vōs vōbīs cōnsulite#, 7, 50, 5, _every man of you for himself_. #ēs, bibe, animō obsequere#, Pl. _MG._ 677, _eat, drink, and be merry_. #sperne voluptātēs#, H. _E._ 1, 2, 55, _scorn thou delights_. #quīn tū ī intrō#, Pl. _Most._ 815, _go in, go in, won’t you go in?_ (1527). #patent portae, proficīscere, ēdūc tēcum etiam omnīs tuōs#, _C._ 1, 10, _the gates are open, march forth; take out all your myrmidons with you too_. #audī, Iuppiter#, L. 1, 32, 6, _bow down thine ear, Jupiter_. #ī in crucem#, Pl. _As._ 940, _get you gone to the cross_. #vīve valēque#, H. _S._ 2, 5, 109, _long live and thrive_, or _farewell_. #tibī̆ habē#, Pl. _Men._ 690, _you keep it yourself_.

1572. The imperative is often softened by the addition of #amābō#, #obsecrō#, #quaesō#, _prithee_, _I beg_, or #sīs#, #sultis#, #sōdēs#, _please_ (97). It is sharpened by #age#, #agedum# or #agidum#, #age sīs#, _mark me_, or #ī#, _go_, _come on_, or by #modo#, _only_. The concessive imperative sometimes has #sānē#, _for all me_.

1573. In Plautus and Terence, the enclitic #dum#, _a while_, _a minute_, _just_, is often attached to the imperative: as, #manedum#, Pl. _As._ 585, _wait a minute_. In classical Latin, #dum# is retained with #age# and #agite#: as, #agedum cōnferte cum illīus vītā P. Sūllae#, _Sull._ 72, _come now, compare Sulla’s life with that man’s_ (1075).

1574. It may be mentioned here, that the imperative is often used in the protasis of a conditional sentence: as,

#tolle hanc opīniōnem, lūctum sustuleris#, _TD._ 1, 30, _do away with this notion, and you will do away with mourning for the dead_. Once only in old Latin, but often in late Latin, with a copulative: as, #perge, ac facile ecfēceris#, Pl. _B._ 695, _start on, and you will do it easily_.

1575. (1.) The third person, and the longer forms of the second person, are used particularly in laws, legal documents, and treaties, and also in impressive general rules and maxims: as,

(_a._) #rēgiō imperiō duō suntō#, _Leg._ 3, 8, _there shall be two men vested with the power of kings_. #amīcitia rēgī Antiochō cum populō Rōmānō hīs lēgibus estō#, L. 38, 38, 1, _there shall be amity between king Antiochus and Rome on the following terms_. (_b._) #vīcīnīs bonus estō#, Cato, _RR._ 4, _always be good to your neighbours_. #mōribus vīvitō antīquīs#, Pl. _Tri._ 295, _live thou in old-time ways_. The longer forms are often called the _Future Imperative_.

1576. (2.) The longer forms of the second person are also sometimes used in the ordinary speech of everyday life: as, #cavētō#, _QFr._ 1, 3, 8, _beware_. In old Latin, often #ēs#, _be thou_, but in classical Latin, oftener #estō# (or #sīs#). Usually #habētō#, meaning _keep_, or _consider_, regularly #scītō#, #scītōte#, _you must know_ (846). In verse, the long forms may sometimes be due to the metre: as, #hīc hodiē cēnātō#, Pl. _R._ 1417, _take dinner here today_. #pār prō parī refertō#, T. _Eu._ 445, _pay tit for tat_. But also without such necessity: as, #aufertō intrō#, Pl. _Tru._ 914, _take it within_. #quiētus estō, inquam#, T. _Ph._ 713, _be not concerned, I say_.

1577. (3.) It may be mentioned here, that the longer forms are very often used in the apodosis of a complex sentence, particularly with a future or a future perfect protasis: as,

#sī iste ībit, ītō#, Pl. _Ps._ 863, _if he shall go, go thou_. #medicō mercēdis quantum poscet, prōmittī iubētō#, _Fam._ 16, 14, 1, _you must order your medical man to be promised all he shall charge in the way of a fee_. #ubī̆ nihil erit quod scrībās, id ipsum scrībitō#, _Att._ 4, 8b, 4, _when you don’t have anything to write, then write just that_. #cum ego P. Grānium testem prōdūxerō, refellitō, sī poteris#, _V._ 5, 154, _when I put Granius on the witness stand, refute him if you can_.

1578. In such combinations, however, the shorter forms are sometimes found: as, #ubi volēs, accerse#, T. _Andr._ 848, _fetch me when you will_. And conversely the longer forms are also found with a present protasis: as, #ūnum illud vidētō, sī mē amās#, _Fam._ 16, 1, 2, _attend to this one thing, an thou lovest me_.

1579. A command is sometimes expressed by the subjunctive, accompanying #fac#, #facitō#, #fac ut#, #facitō ut#, #cūrā ut#, #cūrātō ut#, #vidē#, #vidē ut#, #volō#, or particularly #velim#: as,

#magnum fac animum habeās et spem bonam#, _QFr._ 1, 2, 16, _see that you keep up an heroic soul and unabated hope_ (1712). #fac cōgitēs#, _Fam._ 11, 3, 4, _see that you bear in mind_. #cūrā ut valeās#, _Fam._ 12, 29, 3, _take good care of yourself_. #velim exīstimēs#, _Fam._ 12, 29, 2, _I should like to have you consider_. For commands in the subjunctive alone, see 1547; in the future indicative, 1624; in the form of a question, 1531.

1580. A periphrastic perfect passive form is rare: as, #iūre caesus estō#, Twelve Tables in Macrob. _Sat._ 1, 4, 19, _he shall be regarded as killed with justifying circumstances_. #probē factum estō#, L. 22, 10, 6, _let it be considered justified_. #at vōs admonitī nostrīs quoque cāsibus este#, O. _Tr._ 4, 8, 51, _but be ye warned by our misfortunes too_.

[Errata: 1571 ... Pl. _MG._ 677, 677. 1577 ... _Att._ 4, 8b, 4, 4.]

PROHIBITION.

1581. (1.) In prohibitions with the second person, the imperative with #nē# is used in old Latin, and with #nēve# as a connective, rarely #neque#: as,

#nē flē#, Pl. _Cap._ 139, _weep not_. #nē saevī tantō opere#, T. _Andr._ 868, _be not thus wroth_. Sometimes in classical poetry also, in imitation of old style: as, #nē saevī, magna sacerdōs#, V. 6, 544, _rave not, thou priestess grand_. Once in Livy: #nē timēte#, 3, 2, 9, _be not afraid_.

1582. From Ovid on, #nōn# is used a few times for #nē#: as, #nōn cārīs aurēs onerāte lapillīs#, O. _AA._ 3, 129, _load not with precious stones your ears_.

1583. (2.) Prohibitions in the second person are usually expressed by #nōlī# or #nōlīte# with the infinitive, particularly in classical prose: as,

#obiūrgāre nōlī#, _Att._ 3, 11, 2, _don’t scold_. #nōlīte id velle quod fierī nōn potest#, _Ph._ 7, 25, _don’t yearn after the unattainable_.

1584. In poetry, equivalents for #nōlī# are sometimes used with the infinitive, such as #fuge#, #parce# or #comperce#, #conpesce#, #mitte# or #omitte#, #absiste#: as, #quid sit futūrum crās, fuge quaerere#, H. 1, 9, 13, _what fate the morrow brings, forbear to ask_. Livy has once #parce#, 34, 32, 20.

1585. (3.) A prohibition in the second person is often expressed by the subjunctive accompanying #cavē̆#, #fac nē#, #vidē nē#, #vidētō nē#, #cūrā nē#, #cūrātō nē#, or #nōlim#, and in old Latin #cavē̆ nē#: as,

#cavē festīnēs#, _Fam._ 16, 12, 6, _don’t be in a hurry_. #cavētō nē suscēnseās#, Pl. _As._ 372, _see that thou beest not wroth_. #hoc nōlim mē iocārī putēs#, _Fam._ 9, 15, 4, _I should hate to have you think I am saying this in fun_. For prohibitions in the second person with #nē# and the present or perfect subjunctive, see 1551. For the subjunctive coordinated with #cavē̆#, see 1711.

1586. In law language, prohibitions are expressed by the third person of the imperative with #nē#, and with #nēve# as a connective: as,

#hominem mortuom in urbe nē sepelītō nēve ūritō#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 58, _he shall not bury nor yet shall he burn a dead man in town_. #mulierēs genās nē rāduntō nēve lessum fūneris ergō habentō#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 59, _women shall not tear their cheeks nor shall they keen in lamentation for the dead_ (1257). Likewise with #nēmō#: as, #nēminī pārentō#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 3, 8, _they shall not be subject to anybody_. See also 1548.

TENSE.

THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.

THE PRESENT TENSE.

1587. The present indicative represents action as going on at the time of speaking or writing: as,

#scrībō#, _I write_, or _I am writing_. #nunc prīmum audiō#, T. _Andr._ 936, _for the first time I hear_. #notat ad caedem ūnum quemque nostrūm#, _C._ 1, 2, _he is marking us out for death, each and all_. #domus aedificātur#, _Att._ 4, 2, 7, _the house is building_.

1588. The present is used to denote action customary or repeated at any time, or a general truth: as,