Part 48

#quō dēlictum maius est, eō poena est tardior#, _Caec._ 7, _the greater the sin is, the slower is the punishment_. The #eō# or #hōc# is sometimes omitted: as, #quō plūrēs sumus, plūribus rēbus egēbimus#, L. 34, 34, 6, _the more numerous we are, the more things we shall need_. In late writers, the comparative is sometimes omitted in the main clause, very rarely in the subordinate clause. #quantō . . . tantō# are also used like #quō . . . eō#: as, #quantō diūtius cōnsīderō, tantō mihī̆ rēs vidētur obscūrior#, _DN._ 1, 60, _the longer I puzzle over it, the more incomprehensible the question seems to me_. #quantō magis extergeō, tenuius fit#, Pl. _R._ 1301, _the more I polish, the slimmer it gets_. This form is sometimes used with #quisque# or #quis# of indefinite persons, instead of the commoner #ut . . . ita# or #sīc# (1939): as, #quō quisque est sollertior, hōc docet labōriōsius#, _RC._ 31, _the brighter a man is, the more wearisome he finds teaching_. #quō quisque est maior, magis est plācābilis īrae#, O. _Tr._ 3, 5, 31, _the greater be the man, the easier ’tis his anger to appease_.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1974. The subjunctive is used with #quō# to express purpose.

#quō# differs but little in meaning from #ut# of purpose. It is used (_a._) particularly in clauses containing a comparative expression, or (_b._) in solemn law language.

(_a._) #equitēs omnibus in locīs pugnant, quō sē legiōnāriīs mīlitibus praeferrent#, 2, 27, 2, _the troopers fought on every kind of ground, hoping to outshine the regular infantry thereby_. #medicō putō aliquid dandum esse, quō sit studiōsior#, _Fam._ 16, 4, 2, _I think it would be well to fee your medical man, to make him more attentive_. #id amābō adiūtā mē quō id fīat facilius#, T. _Eu._ 150, _help me in that, I pray, that it may be the easier done_. #sublāta erat celebritās virōrum ac mulierum, quō lāmentātiō minuerētur#, _Leg._ 2, 65, _the large attendance of both sexes was done away with, to make the weeping and wailing less harrowing_. (_b._) #hominī mortuō nē ossa legitō, quō pos fūnus faciat#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 60, _he shall not gather up the bones of a dead man, with intent to celebrate the funeral a second time_ (1586). #quī eōrum coiīt, coierit, quō quis iūdiciō pūblicō condemnārētur#, law in _Clu._ 148, _whosoever of that number conspired or shall have conspired to have anybody condemned in a criminal court_. Otherwise rarely used without a comparative expression, yet occasionally found thus in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, and Ovid: as, #hanc simulant parere quō Chremētem absterreant#, T. _Andr._ 472, _they’re pretending that she’s lying in, to frighten Chremes off_. So often in Tacitus.

1975. #quō nē#, in a negative clause of purpose, is found in a disputed passage in Horace, but not again until late Latin. For #nōn quō#, #nōn eō quō#, introducing an untenable reason, see 1855.

1976. In old Latin #quī#, _whereby_, _wherewith_, _withal_, is partly felt as a live relative pronoun in the ablative, and partly as a mere conjunction of purpose; as a pronoun it may even take a preposition; as a conjunction, it may refer to a plural antecedent (689): as, #quasi patriciīs puerīs aut monērulae aut anitēs aut cōturnīcēs dantur, quīcum lūsitent: itidem mī haec upupa, quī mē dēlectem datast#, Pl. _Cap._ 1002, _as to the sons of gentlemen or daws or ducks or quails are given, wherewith to play; just so to me this crow is given, to entertain myself withal_. #enim mihi quidem aequomst dari vehicla quī vehar#, Pl. _Aul._ 500, _in sooth ‘t were fair that carriages be given me, to ride withal_. The indicative occurs where the subjunctive would be used in classical Latin: as, #multa concurrunt simul, quī coniectūram hanc faciō#, T. _Andr._ 511, _a thousand things combine whereby I come to this conjecture_.

[Erratum: 1974 ... (_b._) . invisible]

#quōminus.#

1977. The subjunctive with #quōminus# (1972) is used to complete the sense of verbs of hindering or resisting.

Such verbs are: #impediō#, #teneō#, _hinder_, #interclūdō#, #dēterreō#, #obstō#, #obsistō#, #resistō#, #repugnō#, #nōn recūsō#; these verbs often have a subjunctive with #nē# (1960). Cicero rarely and Caesar never uses #quōminus# with #impediō# or #prohibeō#. For the accusative and infinitive with these verbs, see 2203. #quōminus# is also used with #moveor#, _am influenced_, #fit#, _it is owing to_, #stat per aliquem#, _somebody is responsible_, or indeed any expression implying hindrance. When the verb of hindering has a negative with it, #quīn# is often used; see 1986.

#nōn dēterret sapientem mors, quōminus rē̆ī pūblicae suīsque cōnsulat#, _TD._ 1, 91, _death does not hinder the wise man from working for country and friends_. #quid obstat, quōminus sit beātus?# _DN._ 1, 95, _what is to hinder his being happy?_ #neque recūsāvit quōminus lēgis poenam subīret#, N. 15, 8, 2, _and he did not decline to submit to the penalty of the law_. #Caesar, ubī̆ cōgnōvit per Āfrānium stāre quōminus proeliō dīmicārētur, castra facere cōnstituit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 3, _when Caesar learned that owing to Afranius there was no battle, he resolved to build a camp_. #sī tē dolor corporis tenuit, quōminus ad lūdōs venīrēs, fortūnae magis tribuō quam sapientiae tuae#, _Fam._ 7, 1, 1, _if it was bodily suffering that kept you from coming to the performances, I think more highly of your luck than of your sense_. Terence first uses #quōminus# thus, but only rarely. He also sometimes uses the parts separately so that the true relative and negative forces appear: as, #sī sēnserō quicquam in hīs tē nūptiīs fallāciae cōnārī, quō fīant minus#, T. _Andr._ 196, _if I catch you trying on any trick in the matter of this marriage through which it may not come off_ (1451).

1978. In Tacitus, #quōminus# is sometimes found where #quīn# would be used in classical Latin (1986): as, #nec dubitātum quōminus pācem concēderent#, Ta. _H._ 2, 45, _there was no hesitation in granting peace_.

1979. It may be mentioned here that #quō sētius# with the subjunctive, instead of #quōminus#, is found twice in Cicero’s earliest extant prose, and twice in older Latin.

#quīn.#

1980. #quīn# is composed of #quī#, the ablative or locative of the interrogative and relative stem #qui-# (689), and #-ne#, _not_. It is used in simple sentences and as a conjunctive particle.

1981. For the use of #quīn#, _why not_, in questions with the indicative, see 1526. Such questions have the sense of an affirmative command or exhortation (1531): as, #quīn abīs#, Pl. _MG._ 1087, _why won’t you begone?_ or _get you gone_. #quīn cōnscendimus equōs#, L. 1, 57, 7, _why not mount_, or _to horse, to horse_. For the use of #quīn# without interrogative force, see 1527.

1982. #quīn# is found occasionally with the subjunctive in a direct question in Plautus, Terence, Lucilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Tacitus: thus, #quīn ego hōc rogem?# Pl. _MG._ 426, _why shouldn’t I ask this?_ (1563).

1983. The subjunctive with the conjunctive particle #quīn# is used, particularly in old Latin, in connection with the common formula #nūlla causa est# or its equivalents.

Such a subjunctive may be regarded as original (1786) or as due to the indirect form of question (1773).

#nūlla causast quīn mē condōnēs crucī#, Pl. _R._ 1070, _there’s no reason why you shouldn’t deliver me up to execution_. #quīn dēcēdam, nūlla causa est#, _Fam._ 2, 17, 1, _there is no reason why I should not retire_. #quid causaest quīn in pistrīnum rēctā proficīscar viā?# T. _Andr._ 600, _what’s the reason I don’t march straight into the mill?_ #haud causificor quīn eam habeam#, Pl. _Aul._ 755, _I don’t quibble against keeping her_.

1984. #mīrum quīn# with the subjunctive is used by Plautus in sarcastic expressions where #mīrum# is ironical: as, #mīrum quīn tū illō tēcum dīvitiās ferās#, Pl. _Tri._ 495, _strange enough, how you can’t take your money there with you_, that is to Hades.

1985. The subjunctive with #quīn# (or #ut nōn#) is used after #nōn possum#, or #nōn possum# with an infinitive, usually #facere#, and with #fierī nōn potest#: as,

#nōn enim possum quīn exclāmem, eugē, eugē, Lȳsitelēs, πάλιν#, Pl. _Tri._ 705, _upon my word I must cry bravo, bravo, Lysiteles; encore!_ #facere nōn potuī quīn tibī̆ sententiam dēclārārem#, _Fam._ 6, 13, 1, _I could not help giving you my views_. #fierī nūllō modō poterat, quīn Cleomenī parcerētur#, _V._ 5, 104, _it was impossible not to spare Cleomenes_. #ēheu, nequeō quīn fleam, quom abs tē abeam#, Pl. _MG._ 1342, _O well-a-day, I needs must weep, for that from thee I part_. #nōn potuistī ūllō modō facere, ut mihī̆ illam epistulam nōn mitterēs#, _Att._ 11, 21, 1, _you could not get along at all without writing me that letter_ (1965).

1986. The subjunctive with _quīn_ is used in clauses which complete the sense of verbs of restraining, abstaining, delaying, or doubting, when such verbs have a negative, expressed or implied.

Such verbs are (_a._) restraining: #temperō mihī̆#, #teneō#, _restrain_, #retineō#, #contineō#, #dēterreō#, #reprimō#. abstaining: #praetermittō#, #intermittō#. delaying: #cunctor#, #differō#, #exspectō#, #recūsō#; #nōn multum#, #nihil#, #paulum abest#. (_b._) doubting: #dubitō#, #dubium est#; a doubt may also be implied in other words, or forms of words: as, #nōn metuō#, #nōn abest suspīciō#, &c.

(_a._) #neque sibī̆ hominēs barbarōs temperātūrōs exīstimābat, quīn in prōvinciam exīrent#, 1, 33, 4, _and he thought, as they were savages, they would not restrain themselves, but would sally out into the province_. #vix mē contineō quīn involem mōnstrō in capillum#, T. _Eu._ 859, _I scarce can keep from flying at the caitiff’s hair_. #nihil praetermīsī, quīn Pompēium ā Caesaris coniūnctiōne āvocārem#, _Ph._ 2, 23, _I left no stone unturned to prevent Pompey from joining Caesar_. #abstinēre quīn attingās nōn queās#, Pl. _B._ 915, _you can’t keep from touching it_. (_b._) #nōn dubitat, quīn tē ductūrum negēs#, T. _Andr._ 405, _he doesn’t doubt that you’ll refuse to marry_. #quis dubitet, quīn in virtūte dīvitiae sint?# _Par._ 48, _who can doubt that there is money in virtue?_ #neque abest suspīciō quīn ipse sibī̆ mortem cōnscīverit#, 1, 4, 4, _and ground is not wanting for the belief that he made away with himself_.

1987. #nōn dubitō# has other constructions: (_a._) Indirect question. (#b.#) Accusative with the infinitive (in some authors: chiefly Nepos and Livy and later writers). (_c._) Meaning _not hesitate_, the infinitive alone (2169). #quīn# seldom follows this meaning.

(_a._) #nōn dubitō, quid nōbīs agendum putēs#, _Att._ 10, 1, 2, _I have no doubt about what you think is our duty to do_. (_b._) #neque enim dubitābant hostem ventūrum#, L. 22. 55, 2, _for they firmly believed the enemy would come_. (_c._) #quid dubitāmus pultāre?# Pl. _B._ 1117, _why do we hesitate to knock?_ #nōlīte dubitāre quīn huic crēdātis omnia#, _IP._ 68, _do not hesitate to trust all to him_.

1988. The subjunctive with #quīn# is often used after general negative assertions, or questions implying a negative: as,

#nēmō fuit omnīnō mīlitum quīn vulnerārētur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 53, 3, _there was absolutely not a single soldier but was wounded_. #nūllust Ephesī quīn sciat#, Pl. _B._ 336, _there’s not a soul at Ephesus but knows_. #quis in circum vēnit, quīn is ūnōquōque gradū dē avāritiā tuā commonērētur?# _V._ 1, 154, _who came to the circus without being reminded of your avarice at each and every step?_ #nūlla fuit cīvitās quīn partem senātūs Cordubam mitteret, nōn cīvis Rōmānus quīn convenīret#, Caes. _C._ 2, 19, 2, _there was not a community but sent a part of its local senate to Corduba, not a Roman citizen, but went to the meeting_. For #quī nōn# after such expressions, see 1821. The main sentence often has #tam#, #ita#, #sīc#, or #tantus#: as, #nēmō est tam fortis, quīn rē̆ī novitāte perturbētur#, 6, 39, 3, _there was nobody so brave but was demoralized by the strangeness of the situation_. #nīl tam difficilest quīn quaerendō investīgārī possiet#, T. _Hau._ 675, _there’s naught so hard but may by searching be tracked out_. Instead of #quīn#, #ut nōn# or #quī nōn# is often used in such combinations (1821).

1989. The subjunctive in an untenable reason, negatively put, is sometimes introduced by #nōn quīn# instead of #nōn quod nōn# or #nōn quō nōn# (1855): as, #nōn quīn parī virtūte aliī fuerint#, _Ph._ 7, 6, _not that others may not have been his peers in virtue_.

1990. #quīn# is used very rarely instead of #quōminus# to introduce clauses completing the sense of verbs which have no negative expressed or implied: as, once each in the _Bellum Alexandrīnum_, in Tacitus, and in Seneca’s prose.

#dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#.

1991. With the temporal particles #dum#, _while_, _until_, and #dōnec#, _until_ (in old Latin #dōnicum# and in Lucretius #dōnique#), may be conveniently treated the relative #quaad# or #quoad# (that is #quā# or #quō# combined with #ad#), _while_, _until_, and the comparative #quamdiū#, _as long as_.

1992. #dum#, _while_, means originally _a while_ (1151): as, #circumspice dum#, Pl. _Tri._ 146, _look round you a while_, _a minute_, _just look round_ (1573). #dum servī meī perplacet mihi cōnsilium, dum haud placet#, Pl. _Merc._ 348, _one while my slave’s plan suits me completely, another while it doesn’t suit_. #dum . . . dum#, Accius in _DN._ 2, 89, _one while . . . another_.

1993. As a pure conjunctive particle, #dum#, _while_, means either (A.) _in the time while_, or (B.) _all the time while_; in the latter sense #quoad# and #quamdiū# are also used. From _all the time while_, #dum# comes to mean (C.) _as long as_, _provided_; and (D.) _until_; in this sense #quoad# and #dōnec# are also used.

1994. The indicative is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _while_; and the subjunctive in a protasis introduced by #dum#, _provided_, or _until_.

The subjunctive is also used for special reasons, as in indirect discourse (1725), by attraction (1728), of action conceivable (1731), or by late writers to express repeated past action (1730). See also 1997 and 2009, end.

(A.) #dum#, _in the time while_.

1995. The present indicative is regularly used with #dum#, _in the time while_ (1739).

#dum# sometimes has as correlative #subitō#, #repente#; #iam#, #intereā#, &c.

The main verb may be present, future, or past; as, #dum haec dīcit, abiīt hōra#, T. _Eu._ 341, _while he thus prated, sped an hour away_. #īnficī dēbet iīs artibus quās sī, dum est tener, combiberit, ad maiōra veniet parātior#, _Fin._ 3, 9, _he should be imbued with such arts as will, if absorbed while he is young, render him the better equipped to deal with weightier business_. #nunc rem ipsam, ut gesta sit, dum breviter vōbīs dēmōnstrō, attendite#, _Tul._ 13, _now give your attention to the case itself, while I set forth to you briefly how it occurred_. #dum in hīs locīs Caesar morātur, ad eum lēgātī vēnērunt#, 4, 22, 1, _while Caesar tarried in these regions, some envoys came to him_. #dum haec aguntur, vōce clārā exclāmat#, Pl. _Am._ 1120, _while this was going on, with clarion voice he cries aloud_. #haec dum aguntur, intereā Cleomenēs iam ad Helōrī lītus pervēnerat#, _V._ 5, 91, _while this was going on, Cleomenes meantime had already arrived at the shore of Helorum_. The phrase #dum haec geruntur#, _meanwhile_, is often used by the historians to shift the scene: as, #dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, Q. Titūrius Sabīnus in fīnēs Venellōrum pervēnit#, 3, 17, 1, _while this was going on among the Veneti, Sabinus arrived in the territory of the Venelli_. The present indicative is sometimes retained in indirect discourse, chiefly in poetry or late prose: as, #dīc, hospes, Spartae nōs tē hīc vīdisse iacentīs, dum sānctīs patriae lēgibus obsequimur#, _TD._ 1, 101, _tell it at Sparta, friend, that thou hast seen us lying here, obedient to our country’s holy laws_. #dīcit sēsē illī ānulum, dum lūctat, dētrāxisse#, T. _Hec._ 829, _he says that, in the struggle, he pulled off her ring_.

1996. The future is rare and chiefly confined to old Latin: as,

#animum advortite, dum huius argūmentum ēloquar cōmoediae#, Pl. _prol. Am._ 95, _attention lend, while I set forth the subject of this comedy_. #dum pauca dīcam, breviter attendite#, _V._ 3, 163, _while I speak briefly, give me your attention a few moments_.

1997. The imperfect indicative is rare; the imperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, chiefly by the poets and historians: as,

(_a._) #dum haec Vēīs agēbantur, interim capitōlium in ingentī perīculō fuit#, L. 5, 47, 1, _while this was going on at Vei, the capital meanwhile was in terrible peril_. The pluperfect of resulting state is rarer: as, #dum in ūnam partem oculōs hostium certāmen āverterat, plūribus locīs capitur mūrus#, L. 32, 24, 5, _while the eyes of the enemy were turned away in one direction toward the fight, the wall is carried in several places_ (1615). (_b._) #dum sē rēx āverteret, alter ēlātam secūrim in caput dēiēcit#, L. 1, 40, 7, _while the king was looking another way, the second man raised his axe and brought it down on his head_.

1998. The clause with #dum# often denotes the cause of the main action, particularly when the subjects of both verbs are the same and the action of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis (1733).

#dum docent, discunt#, Sen. _E._ 7, 8, _while they are teaching, they are learning_, or, _by teaching they learn_. #nīmīrum didicī etiam, dum in istum inquīrō, artificum nōmina#, _V._ 4, 4, _preposterous as it may seem, in hunting up evidence against the defendant, I have actually learned artists’ names_. The main action is often one not anticipated or desired: as, #ita dum pauca mancipia retinēre volt, fortūnās omnīs lībertātemque suam perdidit#, _Caecil._ 56, _so in her attempt to keep a few human chattels, she sacrificed all her possessions and her own liberty_. #dum vītant stultī vitia, in contrāria currunt#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 24, _while fools essay a vice to shun, into its opposite they run_. Sometimes with the perfect: as, #dum Alexandrī similis esse voluit, L. Crassī inventus est dissimillimus#, _Br._ 282, _from his desire to be like Alexander, he came out just the opposite of Crassus_.

(B.) #dum#, #quoad#, #quamdiū# (#dōnec#), _all the time while_.

1999. #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, often has as correlative #tamdiū#, #tantum#, #tantummodo#, #tantisper#, #usque#, or #ita#. When #tamdiū# is used, #quam# often stands for #quamdiū#.

2000. (1.) When the main verb is present or future, the protasis with #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, is usually in the same tense as the main verb: as,

#mane dum scrībit#, Pl. _B._ 737, _wait while he writes_. #aegrōtō dum anima est, spēs esse dīcitur#, _Att._ 9, 10, 3, _as long as a sick man has breath he is said to have hope_. #vidua vīvitō vel usque dum rēgnum optinēbit Iuppiter#, Pl. _Men._ 727, _may’st widowed live e’en long as Jupiter shall reign_. #ego tē meum esse dīcī tantisper volō, dum quod tē dignumst faciēs#, T. _Hau._ 106, _I’ll have thee called my son but just so long as thou shalt act as doth become thee_. #dum Latīnae loquentur litterae, quercus huic locō nōn deerit#, _Leg._ 1, 2, _as long as Latin literature has the gift of speech, this spot will not lack its oak_ (1733). #quamdiū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendere audeat, vīvēs#, _C._ 1, 6, _as long as there shall be a soul who will venture to defend you, you shall live on_. #discēs quamdiū volēs, tamdiū autem velle dēbēbis quoad tē quantum prōficiās nōn paenitēbit#, _Off._ 1, 2, _you shall study as long as you want to, and it will be proper for you to want to, as long as you are satisfied with your progress_. #dandum hordeum et furfurēs usque quaad erunt lactantēs#, Varro _R. R._ 2, 7, 12, _give them barley and bran as long as they are sucklings_. #quoad#, _as long as_, is not found in Terence.

2001. (2.) With #quamdiū# the perfect is used when the main verb is perfect; with #dum# or #quoad# the perfect or imperfect is used when the main verb is perfect or pluperfect, and the imperfect usually when the main verb is imperfect: as,

(_a._) #quōrum quamdiū mānsit imitātiō, tamdiū genus illud dīcendī vīxit#, _DO._ 2, 94, _as long as the imitation of these men lasted, so long was that style in vogue_. #tenuit locum tamdiū quam ferre potuit labōrem#, _Br._ 236, _he held the position as long as he could stand the work_. In this use #quamdiū# is found first in Cicero.

(_b._) #vīxit, dum vīxit, bene#, T. _Hec._ 461, _he lived well all the time he lived_ (1733). #avus noster quoad vīxit, restitit M. Grātidiō#, _Leg._ 3, 36, _our grandfather as long as he lived, opposed Gratidius_.

(_c._) #Massiliēnsēs quoad licēbat, circumvenīre nostrōs contendēbant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 1, _as long as the Massilia people had a chance, they kept trying to surround our men_. #dum necesse erat, rēsque ipsa cōgēbat, ūnus omnia poterat#, _RA._ 139, _as long as it had to be, and circumstances demanded, one man controlled the world_ (1733). From Sallust on, the present of vivid narration (1590) is occasionally found with #dum# in this sense.

2002. In poetry and in late prose writers, beginning with Lucretius and Livy, #dōnec# is used in the sense of _all the time while_, usually with the indicative, but sometimes with the subjunctive of repeated past action: as, #dōnec grātus eram tibī, Persārum viguī rēge beātior#, H. 3, 9, 1, _as long as I was loved of thee, I flourished happier than the Persians’ king_. #dōnec armātī cōnfertīque abībant, peditum labor in persequendō fuit#, L. 6, 13, 4, _as long as they were moving off under arms and in close array, the task of pursuit fell to the infantry_. #vulgus trucīdātum est dōnec īra et diēs permānsit#, Ta. 1, 68, _the rank and file were butchered as long as wrath and daylight held out_. #nihil trepidābant, dōnec continentī velut ponte agerentur#, L. 21, 28, 10, _the elephants were not a bit skittish as long as they were driven along what seemed a continuous bridge_ (1730). The future is rare: as, #nātus enim dēbet quīcumque est velle manēre in vītā, dōnec retinēbit blanda voluptās#, Lucr. 5, 177, _whoe’er is born must wish in life to abide, so long as him fond pleasure shall detain_. #dōnec eris fēlīx, multōs numerābis amīcōs#, O. _Tr._ 1, 9, 5, _as long as fortune smiles, thou troops shalt count of friends_.

[Erratum: 2000. . missing]

(C.) #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.

2003. The present and imperfect subjunctive are used in provisos introduced by #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.

#dum# is sometimes accompanied by #modo#, _only_, or #quidem#, _that is_; or (from Terence on) #modo# is used without #dum#. The negative is #nē# (from Ovid on, sometimes #nōn#); #nē# sometimes has as correlative #ita#.