A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Part 15

Chapter 152,905 wordsPublic domain

633. Present participles have #-ī# in the ablative, when they are used as adjectives, otherwise #-e# (560). For #-ī# or #-e# in other words, see 559, 561. For #-ium# or #-um# in the genitive plural, 563.

634. Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ in #-i-# are declined as above (632); some of them have peculiarities in some of their cases, as follows:

635. (1.) #trux# (531), _savage_, has Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, G. Pl. #-ium#, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. #redux# (531), _returning_, has Ab. #-ī# or #-e#, no G. Pl. or Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. #hebes#, _dull_, #teres#, _cylindrical_ (533), and compounds of #caput#, _head_, as #anceps#, (533), _two-headed_, have Ab. #-ī#, no G. Pl.; a Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. #-ia# is rare. For #locuplēs#, _rich_, see 533.

636. (2.) The following have #-ī# in the ablative, but #-um# of consonant stems in the genitive plural, and no nominative or accusative neuter plural: #inops# (535), _without means_, #vigil# (536), _wide-awake_, #memor# (537), _remembering_, #dēgener#, _degenerate_, ūber (537), _prolific_, has Ab. #-ī#, twice #-e#, Ne. Pl. once #-a# (Acc.). Compounds of #pēs#, as, #bipēs# (532), _two-legged_, have a late and rare Ne. Pl. N. and Ac. #-ia#.

THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE.

637. Of the cardinals, #ūnus#, #duo#, #trēs#, and the hundreds except #centum# are declined. The other cardinals are not declined.

638. #ūnus#, _one_, is declined as follows:

+--------+---------------------+------------------------+ | | Singular. | Plural. | +--------+---------------------+------------------------+ | | MASC. FEM. NEUT. | MASC. FEM. NEUT. | | _Nom._ | ūnus ūna ūnum | ūnī ūnae ūna | | _Gen._ | ūnīus ūnīus ūnīus | ūnōrum ūnārum ūnōrum | | _Dat._ | ūnī ūnī ūnī | ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs | | _Acc._ | ūnum ūnam ūnum | ūnōs ūnās ūna | | _Abl._ | ūnō ūnā ūnō | ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs | | _Voc._ | ūne | | +--------+---------------------+------------------------+

In verse, the genitive singular is often #ūnius#.

639. #duo#, _two_, and #trēs#, _three_, are declined as follows:

640. In dramatic verse, #du͡o#, &c., is common. In the genitive plural, #duo# sometimes has #duū̆m# (462). #ambō#, _both_, is declined like #duo#, but has #-ō# in the nominative and accusative, and only #ambōrum# and #ambārum# in the genitive plural. For the forms #duo#, #ambō#, see 415; #duōbus#, #duābus#, 464, 442.

641. Hundreds are declined like the plural of #bonus# (613): as, #ducentī#, #ducentae#, #ducenta#, _two hundred_, G. #ducentōrum# or #ducentū̆m# (462), &c.

642. The adjective #mīlle#, _thousand_, is not declined. The substantive has in the singular only N. Ac. Ab. #mīlle#, or Ab. #mīllī#; plural: N. and Ac. #mīllia# (#mīlia#), G. #mīllium# (#mīlium#), D. and Ab. #mīllibus# (#mīlibus#).

643. Ordinals, as #prīmus#, _first_, and distributives, as #bīnī#, _two each_, are declined like #bonus# (613). But distributives seldom have a singular, and often have the genitive plural #-ū̆m# (462): as, #bīnū̆m#.

THE PRONOUN.

(A.) THE PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

644. The pronoun of the first person, #ego#, _I_, of the second person, #tū#, _thou_, and the reflexive pronoun, #suī#, #sē#, _himself_, _herself_, _itself_, _themselves_, are declined as follows:

+--------+--------------------------+-----------------------+-------+ | | ego, _I_ | tu, _thou_ | sui, | | | | |_self_ | +--------+----------+---------------+-------+---------------+-------+ | | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. |Plur. | Sing. | | | | | | |& Plur.| +--------+----------+---------------+-------+---------------+-------+ | _Nom._ | ego | nōs | tū | vōs | | | _Gen._ | meī | nostrŭ̄m, -trī | tuī | vestrū̆m, -trī | suī | | _Dat._ | mihĭ̄, mi | nōbīs | tibĭ̄ | vōbīs | sibī̆ | | _Acc._ | mē | nōs | tē | vōs | sē | | _Abl._ | mē | nōbīs | tē | vōbīs | sē | +--------+----------+---------------+-------+---------------+-------+

645. The nominatives #ego# and #tū#, and the accusatives #mē#, #tē# and #sē#, have no case ending. The last vowel of #ego# is rarely long in Plautus, long or short in Lucilius. The nominative ego has a different stem from that of its other cases, and the plurals of #ego# and #tū# have a different stem from that of the singular.

646. #meī#, #tuī#, and #suī#, which are often monosyllables in old verse, were originally the genitive of the neuter possessives, used substantively. An old genitive #mīs# is quoted, and #tīs# occurs rarely in Plautus.

647. The relation of the ending #-bīs# in #vōbīs# to #-bī̆# in #tibī̆# may be due to analogy with #illīs, illī#. #nōbīs# is formed after #vōbīs#.

648. In old Latin, the ablative is #mēd, tēd, sēd# (426), which forms are also used irrationally for the accusative. But by Terence’s time the #-d# was no longer used (143).

649. Older forms for #vestrū̆m# and #vestrī# are #vostrūm# and #vostrī#. The genitive plural was originally a genitive of the possessive: that in #-ī# being the neuter singular, that in #-ū̆m# the masculine or feminine plural. In old Latin, #nostrōrum#, #nostrārum#, #vostrōrum#, #vostrārum# also occur.

650. Emphasis is given (1.) by reduplication (189): Ac. and Ab. #mēmē#, #tētē#, rare; #sēsē#, very common. (2.) by #-te# added to the N. of #tū#: #tūte#. (3.) by #-met# added to any case but the genitive plural: as, #egomet#; but #tū# has only #tūtemet# or #tūtimet#.

651. In inscriptions, the datives MIHEI, TIBEI, and SIBEI occur, so written in verse sometimes even when the last syllable is short; and MIHE, TIBE. Plural: D. and Ab. VOBEIS. Ac. ENOS in an old hymn; SEESE (29, 1).

THE PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE.

652. The possessives of #ego#, #tū#, and #suī#, are #meus#, _mine_, #tuus#, _thine_, and #suus#, _his, her, its, their_ (_own_), declined like #bonus# (613), except that #meus# has #mī# in the vocative singular masculine (459); those of #nōs# and #vōs# are #noster#, _our_, and #voster#, later #vester#, _your_, declined like #aeger# (617).

653. Old forms are #tuos#, #tuom#, and #suos#, #suom# (452). In old verse #me͡us#, #me͡i#, &c., #tu͡os#, #tu͡i#, &c., #su͡os#, #su͡i#, &c., often occur. #sōs# for #suōs#, #sās# for #suās#, and #sīs# for #suīs#, are old and rare.

654. Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:

MEEIS, MIEIS, monosyllable; TOVAM; SVEI, SOVOM, SOVO, SVVO, SOVEIS, SVEIS, SVIEIS.

655. Emphasis is given (1.) by #-met# added to #suō#, #suā#, #suōs#, and to #mea# and #sua#, neuter plural: as, #suōmet#; (2.) by #-pte#, which is oftenest found with the ablative: as, #suōpte#.

(B.) OTHER PRONOUNS.

656. Some pronouns have a peculiar genitive singular in #-ī̆us# and dative singular in #-ī#, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike.

These are: #iste#, #ille#, #ipse#, #uter#, and their derivatives. Some other words of a pronoun character also have this form of the genitive and dative: see 618.

657. In verse, the #-ī-# of the genitive is often shortened, and always in #utriusque#; but #neutrīus# is not found with short i. In dramatic verse, the genitive singular of #iste#, #ille#, or #ipse#, is often two syllables.

658. #hīc#, is, #quī# or #quis#, and their derivatives have the genitive singular in #-ius#, thus: #huius#, #eius#, and #quoius# or #cuius#; in dramatic verse, these genitives are often one syllable. Their datives are #huic# for #hoice#, #ē̆ī# or #e͡i#, and #quoi# or #cui#.

659. Six words have a peculiar neuter nominative and accusative singular in #-d#: #id#, #illud#, #istud#, #quid#, #quod#, #aliud#, and derivatives. In manuscripts, #-t# is sometimes found for #-d#: as, #it#, #illut#, #istut#, &c.; sometimes also in inscriptions of the empire. In #hoc# for #*hod-ce# and in #istuc# and #illuc# for #*istud-ce#, #*illud-ce#, the #d# has vanished (166, 1; 171, 1).

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

660. The demonstrative pronouns are #hīc#, _this_, _this near me_; #iste#, #istic#, _that_, _that near you_; and #ille#, #illic#, _yonder_, _that_.

661. The demonstrative pronoun #hīc#, _this_, _this near me_, is declined as follows:

662. The stem of #hīc# is #ho-#, #hā-#; to most of its cases a demonstrative #-c# for #-ce# is attached. The masculine and feminine nominative singular and nominative and accusative neuter plural take an #-i-#: #hīc# for #*ho-i-ce# (108, _a_); #haec# for #ha-i-ce# (96). #hunc#, #hanc#, are for #*hom-ce#, #*ham-ce#. For the quantity of the first syllable of #huius#, see 153, 2; of #hoc#, 171, 1.

663. Old forms with the full ending #-ce# are rare except after #-s#: Plural Ne. Acc. #haece# (Enn.); G. F. #hārumce# (Cato); also G. #hōrunc#, #hārunc# (Pl., T.); #hōsce#, D. and Ab. #hīsce# (Pl., T.). After 100 B.C., the full form #-ce# is not found, except occasionally after #-s#: #huiusce#, #hōsce#, #hāsce#, #hīsce#. Before #-ne# interrogative it is retained in the weakened form #-ci-#: as, #hīcine#. But #hīcne#, #hocne#, #huicne#, &c., are found, though rarely.

664. The nominative #hic# or #hicine# found in the dramatists and rarely later is probably for #*ho-c#, #*he-c# (103, _a_). A nominative plural feminine #haec# is found in writers of all ages. Other and rare forms are: Pl. N. M. #hīsce# (461), D. or Ab. #hībus#.

665. Other case forms of #hīc# are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. M. HEC, HIC. G. HOIVS, HVIIVS (23), HVIVS, HOIVSCE, HOIVSQVE, HVIVSQVE. D. HOICE, HOIC, HOI, HVIC, HVI. Ac. M. HONC, HOC; F. HANCE; Ne. HOCE, HVC. Ab. M. and Ne. HOCE; F. HACE, oftener than HAC in republican inscriptions; HAACE (29, 1). Loc. HEICE, HEIC. Plural: N. M. HEISCE, HEIS, or HEI, HISCE or HIS; HI, not before Augustus; Ne. N. and Ac. HAICE, HAECE. G. HORVNC. D. and Ab. HEISCE, HIBVS. Ac. F. HASCE.

666. The demonstrative pronouns #iste#, _that_, _that near you_, and #ille#, _yonder_, are declined alike, as follows:

667. The first syllable of #iste# and #ille# is often short in the dramatists. Old forms of #iste# are: N. #istus#, G. #istī#, in #istīmodī#, D. F. #istae#. The initial #i# of #iste# and of #istic# (669), is sometimes not written: as, #sta rēs# (Cic.), #stūc perīculum# (Ter.). Old forms of #ille# are: N. #olus# (81); #ollus# or #olle#, &c.: as, D. S. or N. Pl. #ollī#, D. Pl. #ollīs#. G. #illī#, in #illīmodī#, D. F. #illae#. The dramatists have #eccistam#, #eccilla#, #eccillud#, #eccillum#, #eccillam#, for #ecce istam#, &c., and #ellum#, #ellam#, for #em illum#, &c.

668. Other case forms of ille are found in inscriptions, as follows:

D. F. ILLAE. Plural: N. M. ILLEI. G. OLORVM (81). D. and Ab. OLLEIS, ILLEIS.

669. #istic# and #illic#, compounded of #iste#, #ille#, and #-ce# or #-c#, are declined alike, as follows:

670. Rare forms are: N. and Ac. Ne. #istoc#, #illoc#, G. #illīusce#, D. #illīc#, Ab. F. #istāce#, #illāce#. Plural: N. M. #illīsce# (461), #illīc#, Ac. #illōsce#, #illāsce#. Before #-ne# interrogative, #-ce# becomes #-ci-#: N. #illicine#, #istucine#, Ac. #illancine#, Ab. #istōcine#, #istācinē#. Pl. Ac. #istōscine#.

THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN.

671. The determinative pronoun #is#, _that_, _the aforesaid_, _the one_, is declined as follows:

672. #is# and #id# (659) are formed from a stem #-i-#, and the other parts from a stem #eo-#, #eā-#. The genitive is sometimes written in Cicero and Plautus #eiius#; for the quantity of the first syllable of #eius#, see 153, 2; for #ĕ̄i#, see 127, 3, and 127, 4.

673. In old verse, the genitive singular rarely has the first syllable short. Old and rare forms are: D. F. #eae#, Ac. M. #im# or #em#. Pl. D, and Ab. #ī̆bus#, F. #eābus# (442). In dramatic verse, #e͡um#, #e͡am#, #e͡i#, #e͡o#, #e͡a#, and #e͡i#, #e͡orum#, #e͡arum#, #e͡os#, #e͡as#, #e͡is#, are often found; also #eccum#, #eccam#, #eccōs#, #eccās#, #ecca#, for #ecce eum#, &c.

674. Other case forms of #is# are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. EIS, 124 B.C. G. EIVS, EIIVS, EIIVS or EIIVS (23). D. EIEI, 123 B.C.; EEI, IEI; EI, 123 B.C., and common in all periods. Plural: N. EEIS, EIS, IEIS, till about 50 B.C.; EEI, EI, IEI. D. and Ab. EEIS, EIEIS, IEIS, IS; after the republic, IIS, IIS.

675. A rare and old pronoun equivalent to #is# is #sum#, #sam#, accusative singular, #sōs#, accusative plural, and #sīs#, dative plural.

THE PRONOUN OF IDENTITY.

676. The pronoun of identity, #īdem#, _the same_, is declined as follows:

+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+ | | Singular. | Plural. | +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+ | | MASC. FEM. NEUT. | MASC. FEM. NEUT. | | | | | | _Nom._ | īdem eadem idem | eīdem } eaedem eadem | | | | or īdem } | | | | | | _Gen._ | eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem | eōrundem eārundem eōrundem | | | | | | _Dat._ | eīdem eīdem eīdem | eīsdem } eīsdem } eīsdem } | | | | or īsdem} or īsdem} or īsdem} | | | | | | _Acc._ | eundem eandem idem | eōsdem eāsdem eadem | | | | | | _Abl._ | eōdem eādem eōdem | eīsdem } eīsdem } eīsdem } | | | | or īsdem} or īsdem} or īsdem} | +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+

677. In manuscripts and editions, the plural nominative masculine is often written #iīdem#, and the dative and ablative #iīsdem#. The singular nominative masculine is rarely #eisdem# or #isdem# (Plaut., Enn.), #eidem# (Cic., Varr.), neuter #īdem# (Plaut.). In verse, #eundem#, #e͡andem#, #e͡idem#, #e͡odem#, #e͡adem#, and #e͡idem#, #e͡aedem#, #e͡orundem#, #e͡osdem#, #e͡asdem#, are often found.

678. Other case forms of #īdem# are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. M. EISDEM, 123 B.C., ISDEM, 59 B.C., both common till Caesar’s time; EIDEM; Ne. EIDEM, 71 B.C. D. IDEM. Plural: N. M. EISDEM, ISDEM, EIDEM, till Caesar’s time; IIDEM, once only. D. and Ab. ISDEM, very rarely IISDEM.

THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.

679. The intensive pronoun #ipse#, _himself_, stems #ipso-#, #ipsā-#, is declined like #ille# (666), but has the nominative and accusative neuter singular #ipsum#.

680. In dramatic verse, #ipse# has rarely the first syllable short, and often has the older form #ipsus#. Plautus has these forms: N. F. #eapse#, Ac. #eumpse#, #eampse#, Ab. #eōpse#, #eāpse#, equivalent to #ipsa#, &c. So #reāpse# for #rē ipsā#.

THE RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND INDEFINITE PRONOUN.

(1.) #quī# AND #quis#.

681. The stem #qui-#, or #quo-#, #quā-#, is used in three ways: as a relative, _who_, _which_; as an interrogative, _who? which? what?_ as an indefinite, _any_.

682. (_a._) The relative #quī#, _who_, _which_, is declined as follows:

683. (_b._) The interrogative adjective #quī#, #quae#, #quod#, _which? what?_ is declined like the relative #quī# (682).

684. The interrogative substantive has in the nominative singular #quis#, #quid#, _who? what?_ the rest is like #quī# (682).

In old Latin, #quis# is both masculine and feminine, but a separate feminine form #quae# is used three or four times.

685. #quis# interrogative is sometimes used adjectively with appellatives: as, #quis senātor?# _what senator?_ And #quī# is sometimes used substantively: as, #quī prīmus Ameriam nūntiat?# _who is the first to bring the tidings to Ameria?_

686. (_c._) The indefinite #quis# or #quī#, _one_, _any_, has the following forms:

#quis# and #quid# masculine and neuter substantives, #quī# and #quod# adjectives; feminine singular nominative and neuter plural nominative and accusative commonly #qua#, also #quae#. The rest is like #quī# (682).

687. #quis#, #quem#, #quid#, and #quibus# come from the stem #qui-#; the other parts come from #quo-#, #quā-#. #quae# stands for an older #quai# (690). For #quid# and #quod#, see 659.

688. Old forms of the genitive singular are #quoius#, and of the dative #quoiei#, #quoiī#, or #quoi#, also in derivatives of #quī# or #quis#. A genitive plural #quōiūm# is old and rare. The dative and ablative plural is sometimes #quīs# from #quo-#, #quā-#. A nominative plural interrogative and indefinite #quēs# is rare (Pacuv.).

689. The ablative or locative is sometimes #quī#, from the stem #qui-#: as an interrogative, _how?_ as a relative, _wherewith_, _whereby_, masculine, feminine, or neuter, in old Latin sometimes with a plural antecedent; especially referring to an indefinite person, and with #cum# attached, #quīcum#; and as an indefinite, _somehow_.

690. Other case forms of #quī# or #quis# and their derivatives are found in inscriptions, as follows:

N. QVEI, prevalent in republican inscriptions; also QVI; once QVE. G. QVOIVS, regularly in republican inscriptions; CVIIVS, CVIIVS, CVIIVS (23), once QVIVS (20). D. QVOIEI, QVOI; once F. QVAI. Ab. QVEI. Plural: N. M. QVEI, but after 120 B.C., occasionally QVI; QVES, indefinite; F. and Ne. QVAI. G. QVOIVM.

DERIVATIVES OF #quī# AND #quis#.

691. The derivatives of #quī# and #quis# have commonly #quis# and #quid# as substantives, and #quī# and #quod# as adjectives. Forms requiring special mention are named below:

692. #quisquis#, _whoever_, _whatever_, _everybody who_, _everything which_, an indefinite relative, has only these forms in common use: N. M. #quisquis#, sometimes F. in old Latin, Ne. N. and Ac. #quicquid# or #quidquid#, Ab. M. and Ne. as adjective #quōquō#.

Rare forms are: N. M. #quīquī#, Ac. #quemquem#, once Ab. F. #quāquā#, as adverb #quīquī#, once D. #quibusquibus#. A short form of the genitive occurs in #quoiquoimodī# or #cuicuimodī#, _of whatsoever sort_.

#aliquis# or #aliquī#, #aliqua#, once #aliquae# (Lucr.), #aliquid# or #aliquod#, _some one_, _some_; Ab. M. sometimes, Ne. often #aliquī# (689). Pl. Ne. N. and Ac. only #aliqua#; D. and Ab. sometimes #aliquīs# (668).

#ecquis# or #ecquī#, #ecqua# or #ecquae#, #ecquid# or #ecquod#, _any?_ Besides the nominative only these forms are found: D. eccui, Ac. #ecquem#, #ecquam#, #ecquid#, Ab. M. and Ne. #ecquō#. Pl. N. #ecquī#, Ac. M. #ecquōs#, F. #ecquās#.

#quīcumque#, #quaecumque#, #quodcumque#, _whoever_, _whichever_, _everybody who_, _everything which_. The #cumque# is sometimes separated from #quī# by an intervening word. An older form is #quīquomque#, &c.