The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee

CYPERUS.--(1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) a piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a separate flower more magnified.--(5) C....

1. L. Tulipifera, L.--Rich soil, S. New Eng. to Mich., Wisc., and southward. May, June.--A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140 deg. high and 8--9 deg. in diameter in the Western...

82. C. pedunculata, Muhl. Low and diffuse, 3--10' high, forming mats; leaves abundant, very green, flat and firm, longer than the weak culms; staminate spike very small, with th...

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at base, and usuall...

3. D. linearis, Goldie. (SLENDER SUNDEW.) _Leaves linear_, obtuse, the blade (2--3' long, scarcely 2'' wide) _on naked erect petioles_ about the same length; seeds oblong, with...

_Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and hypogynous persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with 2-celled anthers, a s...

1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. Glabrous; leaves ovate or heart-shaped pointed, entire; petioles dilated at base and partly clasping, but with no distinct sheath or stipules; flowers gre...

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish or pubescent and more or less scabrous; stem (1--3 deg. high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all alternate), ovate to ovat...

19. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Tall and stout, 2--3 deg. high; culm thick and very sharply triangular, rough throughout; leaves very long, rough-margined; spikes 3--5, all slenderly...

117. C. exilis, Dewey. Very stiff, slender, 1--2 deg. high; leaves involute-filiform and very stiff, shorter than the culm; spike varying from almost globular to cylindrical (fr...

4. A. maritima, Muhl. (SEA-SIDE A.) Glabrous; leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty benea...

1. E. nigrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and spreading; leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.--Newf., Mount. Desert and adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in...

FLORA.--PHAENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS 33 Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants 33 Angiospermous, Polypetalous 33 Gamopetalous 216 Apetalous 425 Gymnospermous Plants 489 Monocoty...

3. S. cernua, Richard. Stem _leafy below and leafy-bracted_ above (6--20' high); _leaves linear-lanceolate_, the lowest elongated (4--12' long, 2--9'' wide); spike cylindrical,...

S. INDICUS, R. Br. Culms stout, erect, 2--3 deg. high; leaves elongated, attenuate; panicle very narrow, 6--18' long, the densely crowded spikelets 1/2'' long.--On ballast, and...

Spore-cases (_sporangia, thecae_) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side and discharging the n...

_Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didynamous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentae; pod very many-seeded; seeds minute, with album...

1. P. arundinacea, L. (REED C.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1, 2.) Perennial, 2--4 deg. high; leaves flat (3--5'' wide); glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, thrice the length of the fertile f...

_Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (sometimes apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate sepals and alternate with...

16. H. psycodes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; _raceme cylindrical, densely many-flowered; lower sepals round-oval, obt...

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as many large orange-colore...

11. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near the base (9--15' high); _sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute_ (4--6' long by 1/2' wide), _not dilated...

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved; the val...

Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent, or in n. 1 accumb...

C. ARCTATA x CASTANEA, Bailey. Leaves mostly narrower, less hairy or smooth; spikes very slender and loosely flowered (scarcely over 1'' wide), erect or drooping, chestnut color...

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base o...

A. FATUA, L. Resembling the common oat (_A. sativa_), the few spikelets in a loose panicle, mostly pendulous; flowering glumes covered with long brownish hairs and bearing a ben...

Flowers monoecious, or often dioecious in n. 1 and 4, and polygamous in n. 7. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many, crowded in a spherical...

[+][+] _Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squarrose or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at the sessile or pa...

F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more...

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed, the lower somewhat sp...

[*][*] _Spikelets linear (1/2--1' long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long narrow racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis; palets minutely roughish, the upper...

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3--5-celled ovary; limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4--6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or part...

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular spore-cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores; and of mostly 2-valved tumid larger...

39. Halorageae (p. 180). Aquatic or marsh herbs; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, small, axillary or spicate; petals often none. Stamens 1--8. Ovary inferior, the calyx-li...

Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the lower fertile. _Ster. Fl._ Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Stamens 5, opposite the pet...

5. L. spicata, Desvaux. _Leaves channelled_, narrowly linear; _flowers in sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle_, brown; sepals bristle-pointed, scarcel...

10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Low (3--8' high), _hairy; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate_, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3--5-lobed, th...

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous; carpel with dorsal ribs filiform to broad and obtuse, the lateral very thick and corky, those of the two carpels closely co...

Sepals 2. Petals 8--12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with a large crest.-...

Tribe II. LIMNANTHEAE. Flowers regular, 3-merous (in Floerkea), the persistent sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals. Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly distinct, with...

3. E. alpinum, L. (Pl. 3, fig. 1--6.) Culms slender, many in a row from a running rootstock (6--10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped.--Cold bogs, Lab. to N...

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite them. Pod 1-celled, usual...

1. O. glomerata, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, branched and spreading annual (2--12' high); leaves ovate to oblong; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; coro...

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), oval, distinct, without glands or claws, 5--7-nerved, at length withering, about the length of the awl-sha...

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3--5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Stamens 3--10, distinct, inserte...

2. M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1--2 deg. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute; calyx-tube leafy-bracteate; petals 2--3' lo...

Var. glabra, Gray. More slender, _smooth and glabrous throughout_, or with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at the base,...

10. R. nitida, Willd. Low, nearly or quite _glabrous throughout, the straight slender spines often scarcely stouter than the prickles which usually thickly cover the stem and br...

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved. Stamens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into...

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2--4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla,...

Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4--5-lobed involucre (_flower_ of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large thick glands (with or with...

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2--5-crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent thin utricle. Fil...

1. D. Americana, L. Stem 1--3 deg. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled; corolla 4--5'' long.--In water, N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to...

2. L. violacea, Pers. _Stems upright_ or spreading, slender, branched, rather _sparsely leafy_ and sparingly pubescent; _leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong_, finely appressed...

3. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing; flowers (1'' long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla o...

Tribe III. HELLEBOREAE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in...

1. R. typhina, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) _Branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy_; leaflets 11--31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, rarely laciniate.--Hillside...

_Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and regular flowers, with the...

2. O. Struthiopteris, Hoffmann. (Pl. 16, fig. 1--5.) Fronds growing in a crown; sterile ones short-stalked (2--10 deg. high), broadly lanceolate, narrowed toward the base, pinna...

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger (as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose, imbricated, the scales...

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flatte...

_Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2--3- or 5--6-merous) perfect and symmetrical flowers; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2--4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud,...

2. P. caeruleum, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Stem erect (1--3 deg. high); leaflets 9--21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; flowers numerous, in a thyrsus...

Sec. 1. _Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets; scales yellowish, falling before the capsules mature; filaments hairy below, all free; style very short or obsolete; sti...

Spikelets many--few-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound terminal umbel. Scales 2-ranked,...

Tribe VII. AVENEAE. Spikelets 2--several-flowered, panicled, the rhachis or base of the flowers often bearded; upper flower imperfect or rudimentary (except in n. 37). Flowering...

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions quinate; _leaflets thin_, ovate-lanceolate (_1--3' broad), sharply and irregularly toothed; fruit glabro...

1. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all pinnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of the lower leaves numerous; p...

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a conical or cylindrical dry re...

3. M. lanceolata, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1 deg. high or less, simple or branched, _leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1--2' long), nearly veinless, o...

16. V. rostrata, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED V.) Stems ascending (3--6' high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules lanceolate, large; _spur slender_ (1/2'...

12. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem 3--5 deg. high; _leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-petioled_, smooth or slig...

2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL. WICKY.) Shrub 1--3 deg. high; _leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly obl...

4. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1--2 deg. high), tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes), lanceolate, th...

12. P. Illinoensis, Morong. _Stem stout, branching_ towards the summit; floating leaves opposite, oval or ovate (2--5' long by 11/2--2' broad), 19--25-nerved, rounded or subcord...

E. PILOSA, Beauv. (Pl. 10, fig. 1--4.) Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather erect branches (except at flowering-time); _spikelets_ 5--12-flowered (2--4'' long, purplish-lead-co...

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4--5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by...

1. E. annuum, Nutt. Annual, erect, leafy, naked above, 2 deg. high, white-floccose-tomentose throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, short-petiolate, flat; bra...

[*] (FRINGED GENTIANS.) _Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned;...

5. L. pulchella, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1--2 deg. high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads few and large,...

1. W. Virginica, Smith. (Pl. 17, fig. 4, 5.) Fronds (2--3 deg. high) pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae; segments oblong; veins forming a row of narrow areoles...

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seede...

13. E. Torreyana, Boeckl. Like the preceding, but more capillary and heads smaller (11/2--2'' long), _sometimes proliferous_, the one or more short new culms from the axil of it...

Calyx 4- (rarely 3--5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted); the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the other...

1. E. alba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or ascending and 1--3 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly s...

[+] 2. _Extensae._ Spikes mostly approximate or aggregated at the top of the culm (becoming remote in C. extensa), the lowest 1 or 2 subtended by a long and leafy mostly abruptl...

2. L. sessilifolius, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled; _leaves closely sessile_, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (1--2' long), sparsely sharply serrate; _calyx-teeth subulate, rigi...

1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2--5 deg. high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads nu...

6. V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, the scales acute or acuminate.-...

Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved. Otherwise nearly as Baptisia.--Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate leaves and foliaceous...

C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others part...

Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter. Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pappus. Otherwise as Bellis.--South...

15. J. minuta, Crantz. Rootless; leaves cleft 1/4--1/2 their length, the lobes ovate, subequal, acute or obtuse, entire, or gemmiparous ones subdentate; involucral leaves trifid...

Leaves large, incubous, flat or convex, entire or retuse; underleaves small, roundish, the apex entire, retuse or bifid. Dioecious or monoecious. Involucre pendulous, subterrane...

7. F. squarrosa, Nees. Decumbent, pinnately branching, the short fertile branch lateral; leaves subvertical, suborbicular, obtuse, entire; lower lobe obovate-cucullate or galeat...

Tribe IV. INULOIDEAE. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-...

Grass, Barnyard 633 Beak, 584 Bear, 524 Beard 636, 637, 648 Bengal, 634 Bent, 647, 648, 649 Bermuda, 654 Blue, English, 664 Blue, Kentucky, 665 Blue-eyed, 515 Blue-joint, 650, 6...

_Imbricate._ Overlapping, either vertically or spirally, where the lower piece covers the base of the next higher, or laterally, as in the aestivation of a calyx or corolla, whe...

Aster _aestivus_, 262 amethystinus, 260 angustus, 264 anomalus, 258 azureus, 258 _carneus_, 261 concinnus, 260 concolor, 258 cordifolius, 259 corymbosus, 255 diffusus, 261 Drumm...

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), growing from the apex only, and furnished for the most part with distinct leaves (sometimes taking the form of an e...

1. F. tenella, Nees. Thallus of one or more long-wedge-shaped emarginate divisions about 6--9'' long, grayish-green and porose above, purple on the margins; peduncle 1' high or...

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dio...

ONOCLEA.--(1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2) portion of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in which it is rolled up; and...

ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. | Genera. | Species. | |Native.|Introd.|Native.|Introd.| DIV. 1. POLYPETALOUS. |-------+-------+-------+-------| | | | | | 1. Ranunculacae | 19 | 5 | 62 |...