Part 66

1. E. nigrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and spreading; leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black.--Newf., Mount. Desert and adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. COREMA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3- (or rarely 4--5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4--5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last.--Diffusely much-branched little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name [Greek: ko/rema], _a broom_, from the bushy aspect.)

1. C. Conradii, Torr. Shrub 6'--2 deg. high, diffusely branched, nearly smooth; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe.--Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.

ORDER 106. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. (HORNWORT FAMILY.)

_Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8--12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule, seed filled by a highly developed embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and leaves._--Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPHYLLUM. L. HORNWORT.

Sterile flowers of 10--20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene, beaked with the slender persistent style.--Herbs growing under water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams; the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from [Greek: ke/ras], _a horn_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_).

1. C. demersum, L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side.--Var. ECHINATUM, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger (3'' long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed.--Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.)

SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two.

ORDER 107. CONIFERAE. (PINE FAMILY.)

_Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers in catkins or solitary, destitute of calyx or corolla._ Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Embryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.)

SUBORDER I. Pinaceae. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly monoecious and evergreen.

Tribe I. ABIETINEAE. (PINE FAMILY proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3--16. Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped.

[*] Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky.

1. Pinus. Leaves 2--5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales.

[*][*] Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin.

[+] Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the scales; leaves jointed upon a prominent persistent base, solitary.

2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal).

3 Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat.

[+][+] Cones erect; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not prominent.

4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath.

5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous.

Tribe II. TAXODIEAE. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged imbricated scales, without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate; leaf-buds not scaly.

6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.

Tribe III. CUPRESSINEAE. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite or ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly.

[*] Monoecious; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked.

7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.

8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8--12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.

[*][*] Dioecious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.

9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3--6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.

SUBORDER II. Taxaceae. (YEW FAMILY.) Flowers dioecious, axillary and solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which becomes a bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by the enlarged fleshy disk (or scale).

10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like cup.

1. PINUS, Tourn. PINE.

Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe and dry; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a part of its lining as a thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3--12, linear.--Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled; when more than 2 triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.)

Sec. 1. _Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle; sheath loose, deciduous; cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the end and without prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks._

1. P. Strobus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Tree 75--160 deg. high; leaves very slender, glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4--5'' long), with 6--8 involucral scales at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often curved (4--6' long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8--10.--Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Iowa. Invaluable for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in large trees nearly free from resin.

Sec. 2. _Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles; sheath close; woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually spiny-tipped._

[*] _Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves rigid._

[+] _Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2)._

2. P. Taeda, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) _Leaves long (6--10'), with elongated sheaths_, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3--5' long) and tapering; _scales tipped with a stout incurved spine_.--Wet clay or dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark.--A tree 50--150 deg. high; staminate flowers slender, 2' long, with usually 10--13 involucral scales; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side.

3. P. rigida, Mill. (PITCH PINE.) _Leaves_ (3--5' long) dark green, _from short sheaths_; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1--31/2' long), often in clusters; _scales with a short stout recurved prickle_.--Sandy or barren soil, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky.--A tree 30--80 deg. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood; sterile flowers shorter; scales 6--8.

[+][+] _Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7)._

4. P. pungens, Michx. f. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) _Leaves stout, short_ (11/4--21/2' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); cones ovate (31/2' long), _the scales armed with a strong hooked spine_ (1/4' long).--Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.--A rather small tree (20--60 deg. high); cones long-persistent.

5. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_ (11/2--3' long); cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2--3' long), the _scales tipped with a straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle_.--Barrens and sterile hills, Long Island to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to S. Ind.--A straggling tree at the east, 15--40 deg. high, with spreading or drooping branchlets; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

6. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) _Leaves short_ (1' long), _oblique, divergent_; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (11/2--2' long), smooth, the _scales pointless_.--Barren sandy soil, S. Maine and N. Vt. to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling shrub or low tree.

7. P. mitis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) _Leaves_ sometimes in threes, _from long sheaths, slender_ (3--5' long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical (barely 2' long), the _scales with a minute weak prickle_.--Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex.--A straight tree, 50--100 deg. high, with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones.

[*][*] _Cones terminal; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes._

8. P. resinosa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves _in twos_ from long sheaths, elongated (_5--6' long_), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth _(about 2' long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless_; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6--9'' long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base.--Dry woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and Minn., and northward.--A tall tree, with reddish, rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.

9. P. palustris, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA PINE.) Leaves _in threes_ from long sheaths, _very long_ (10--15'), crowded at the summit of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 21/2--3' long, rose-purple; _cones large_, cylindrical or conical-oblong _(6--10' long), the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine_. (P. australis, _Michx._)--Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.

(Addendum) 10. P. ponderosa, Dougl., var. scopulorum, Engelm. Leaves in twos or usually threes from long sheaths, 3--6' long, rather rigid; staminate flowers 1' long; cones subterminal, 2--3' long, oval, often 3--5 together, the prominent summit of the thick scales bearing a stout straight or incurved prickle.--Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains.--A large tree with very thick bark.

2. PICEA, Link. SPRUCE.

Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preceding year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)

1. P. nigra, Link. (BLACK SPRUCE.) _Branchlets pubescent_; leaves short (usually 4--8'' long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish; _cones ovate or ovate-oblong_ (10--20'' long), _mostly recurved, persistent_, the _rigid scales_ with a thin denticulate edge. (Abies nigra, _Poir._)--Swamps and cold mountain woods, New Eng. to Penn., central Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to Ga. A tree 40--70 deg. high.--Var. RUBRA, Engelm. Leaves larger and darker; cones larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous.

2. P. alba, Link. (WHITE SPRUCE.) _Branchlets glabrous_; leaves more slender, pale or glaucous; _cones nodding, cylindrical_ (about 2' long), pale, _deciduous_, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, _Michx._)--Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward.--A handsomer tree than n. 1, 50--150 deg. high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir.

3. TSUGA, Carriere. HEMLOCK.

Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely; pollen-grains simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets; cones maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.)

1. T. Canadensis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (1/2' long); cones oval (6--8'' long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies Canadensis, _Michx._)--Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along the mountains to Ala., west to Mich. and Minn.--A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath.

4. ABIES, Link. FIR.

Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Pinus. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches; cones maturing the first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.)

1. A. balsamea, Miller. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD FIR.) Leaves narrowly linear (6--10'' long); _cones cylindrical_ (2--4' long, 1' thick), violet-colored; _the bracts obovate_, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, _shorter than the scales_.--Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.

5. LARIX, Tourn. LARCH.

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless buds; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent.--Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.)

1. L. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN OR BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6--9'' long), of few rounded scales, arranged in {2/5} order.--Chiefly in cold swamps, N. Penn. to N. Ind. and central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30--100 deg. high, with hard and very resinous wood.

6. TAXODIUM, Richard. BALD CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers spiked-panicled, of few stamens; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2--5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons 6--9.--Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of [Greek: ta/xos], _the yew_, and [Greek: ei~)dos], _resemblance_, the leaves being Yew-like.)

1. T. distichum, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.--Swamps, S. Del. to S. Ill. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April.

7. CHAMAECYPARIS, Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2--4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales decussate in pairs, bearing few (1--4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3.--Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From [Greek: chamai/], _on the ground_, and [Greek: kypa/rissos], _cypress_.)

1. C. sphaeroidea, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3--5'' in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thyoides, _L._)--Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30--90 deg. high, the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vitae.

8. THUYA, Tourn. ARBOR VITAE.

Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2.--Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated, small, appressed, persistent leaves; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets; one awl-shaped; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. ([Greek: Thyi~/a] or [Greek: Thy/a], the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

1. T. occidentalis, L. (ARBOR VITAE. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves appressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the cones pointless; seeds broadly winged all round.--Swamps and cool rocky banks, N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. A tree 20--50 deg. high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.

9. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3--6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3--6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1--3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.--Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in Sec. 2. (The classical name.)

Sec. 1. OXYCEDRUS. _Aments axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and white glaucous above._

1. J. communis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Shrub or small tree, with spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5--9'' long); berry dark blue (3'' or more in diameter).--Dry sterile hills, common.

Var. alpina, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2--4'' long) less spreading leaves.--Maine to Minn., and northward.

Sec. 2. SABINA. _Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, i.e., awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back._

2. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. _A procumbent, prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub_; scale-like leaves acute; _berry on short recurved peduncles_, 3--5'' in diameter.--Rocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eng. to N. Minn., and northward.

3. J. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR or SAVIN.) _From a shrub to a tree 60--90 deg. high_, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; _berries on straight peduncles_, about 3'' in diameter.--Dry hills or deep swamps, common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic.

10. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW.

Flowers mostly dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly buds; the sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens; anther-cells 3--8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2.--Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from [Greek: to/xon], _a bow_; the wood anciently used for bows.)

1. T. Canadensis, Willd. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, _Willd._)--Moist banks and hills, especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and northward.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue; perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate.

ORDER 108. HYDROCHARIDACEAE. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.)

_Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1--3-celled ovary._ Stamens 3--12, distinct or monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, without albumen; embryo straight.

Tribe I. HYDRILLEAE. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.

1. Elodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube long-filiform.

Tribe II. VALLISNERIEAE. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate.

2. Vallisneria. Submerged; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very long scape.

Tribe III. STRATIOTEAE. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pedunculate. Ovary 6--9-celled.

3. Limnobium. Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled.

1. ELODEA, Michx. WATER-WEED.