Part 70

_Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct._--Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen.

1. DIOSCOREA, Plumier. YAM.

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, loculicidally 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, _Dioscorides_.)

1. D. villosa, L. (WILD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous. Stems slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy beneath, heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9--11-ribbed; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes; capsules 8--10'' long.--Thickets, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and Tex.

ORDER 116. LILIACEAE. (LILY FAMILY.)

_Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always 6-androus flowers; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3-celled ovary; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes_ (i.e. 6, in one instance 4), _with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few--many-seeded pod or berry; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen._ Seeds anatropous or amphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax). Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium.

SUBORDER I. Smilaceae. Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the petiole of the 3--9-nerved netted-veined leaves often tendril-bearing. Flowers (in ours) dioecious, in axillary umbels, small, with regular 6-parted deciduous perianth. Anthers apparently 1-celled. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit a 3-celled berry, with 1--2 pendulous orthotropous seeds in each cell. Embryo minute in horny albumen.

1. Smilax. Characters as above.

SUBORDER II. Liliaceae proper. Never climbing by tendrils. Very rarely dioecious. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous.

SERIES A. Floral bracts scarious. Stamens perigynous on the usually withering-persistent nerved perianth; anthers introrse. Style undivided, mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Leaves transversely veined.

[*] Scape from a coated bulb; fruit capsular; leaves linear.

[+] Flowers umbellate; segments 1-nerved; pedicels not jointed.

2. Allium. Perianth 6-parted. Capsule deeply lobed, often crested; cells 1--2-seeded. Very alliaceous.

3. Nothoscordum. Perianth 6-parted. Seeds several in each cell. Not alliaceous.

4. Androstephium. Perianth tubular-funnel form. Filaments in the throat, united into a crown.

[+][+] Flowers racemose, 6-parted, the segments 3--several-nerved.

5. Camassia. Flowers light blue, long racemose. Filaments filiform.

6. Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish white, sub-corymbose. Filaments dilated.

[+][+][+] Flowers densely racemose; perianth urn-shaped, 6-toothed.

7. Muscari. Flowers deep blue, small. Stamens included.

[*][*] Stem or scape not from a bulb, several-flowered; capsule many-seeded.

8. Hemerocallis. Scape from a fleshy-fibrous root. Flowers few, large, yellow, tubular-funnel-form; limb 6-parted. Stamens and long style declined. Seeds globose.

9. Yucca. Stem woody, leafy. Flowers white, campanulate, 6-parted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds flat.

[*][*][*] Leafy stems (scape in n. 10) from running rootstocks; fruit a berry; leaves cordate to lanceolate (except n. 12); flowers white; pedicels jointed.

[+] Perianth gamophyllous, 6-lobed.

10. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose; perianth bell-shaped.

11. Polygonatum. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary; perianth cylindrical.

[+][+] Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, persistent.

12. Asparagus. Stems branching, the apparent leaves thread-like. Flowers axillary.

13. Smilacina. Stem simple, leafy. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or paniculate.

14. Maianthemum. Stem low, 2-leaved. Flowers 4-merous, racemose.

SERIES B. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Stamens hypogynous or at the base of the distinct segments of the deciduous perianth (persistent in n. 23); anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally. Style undivided, deciduous (stigmas sessile and persistent in n. 23). Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Veinlets anastomosing (transverse in n. 15, 17--19).

[*] Fruit a berry; stem or scape from a creeping rootstock; leaves broad, alternate or radical; flowers narrowly campanulate.

15. Streptopus. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary, on bent pedicels. Anthers sagittate, acute; filaments deltoid or subulate.

16. Disporum. Stem leafy. Flowers few, in terminal umbels. Anthers oblong, obtuse; filaments slender. Veinlets anastomosing.

17. Clintonia. Flowers umbellate on a scape, few or many.

[*][*] Fruit a capsule.

[+] Stems leafy, from a short or creeping rootstock; flowers few, solitary, pendulous; capsule few-seeded.

18. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate, 3-lobed.

19. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves. Capsule acutely 3-winged.

[+][+] Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded.

20. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary. Seeds angled, obovoid.

21. Lilium. Stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened.

[*][*][*] Fruit a berry; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or 2 whorls of leaves; flowers terminal; stigmas sessile.

22. Medeola. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments similar, colored, deciduous.

23. Trillium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitary; outer sepals leaf-like, persistent.

SERIES C. Floral bracts green or greenish (rarely scarious), or none. Stamens at the base of the distinct 1--several-nerved persistent perianth-segments; anthers small, versatile. Styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Capsule mostly septicidal. Seeds with a loose testa or appendaged. Leaves with transverse veinlets (except in n. 24 and 25).

[*] Stems leafy or bracteate, from a thick tuberous rootstock; flowers racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas linear.

24. Helonias. Leaves radical, oblanceolate. Flowers perfect. Capsule broadly obovate, many-seeded.

25. Chamaelirium. Stem very leafy. Flowers dioecious. Capsule oblong, many-seeded.

26. Xerophyllum. Stem very leafy; leaves very narrow. Flowers perfect. Capsule few-seeded.

[*][*] Stems distichously equitant-leafy, from a creeping rootstock; flowers on bracteolate pedicels, racemose; anthers 2-celled; stigmas small, terminal; seeds often appendaged.

27. Tofieldia. Bractlets 3, verticillate. Styles short. Seeds horizontal.

28. Narthecium. Bractlet linear. Stigma slightly lobed. Seeds ascending.

[*][*][*] Anthers heart- or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled and peltate after opening; stigmas terminal; capsule 3-beaked by the persistent styles; seeds angled or flattened and margined.

[+] Stems tall, leafy, from a thick rootstock, pubescent above; flowers polygamous, racemose-paniculate; seeds flat, winged.

29. Melanthium. Sepals free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the filaments.

30. Veratrum. Sepals without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Leaves strongly nerved and plicate.

[+][+] Root mostly bulbous; glabrous; flowers racemose or panicled; seeds narrow, angled; leaves linear.

31. Stenanthium. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, without glands.

32. Zygadenus. Sepals oblong to ovate, glandular toward the base.

33. Amianthium. Flowers in a dense raceme. Sepals ovate-oblong, glandless, free from the ovary. Cells of the capsule widely divergent, 1--2-seeded.

1. SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CAT-BRIER.

Flowers dioecious in umbels or axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yellowish, regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, inserted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowers 3-celled (1-celled, with single stigma, in n. 11); stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous, orthtropous; fruit a small berry.--Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, usually climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

Sec. 1. _Stems herbaceous, not prickly; flowers carrion-scented; ovules 2 in each cell; leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped; berries bluish-black with a bloom._

1. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem climbing, 3--15 deg. high; _leaves ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped_ or truncate at base, abruptly acute to short-acuminate, _7--9-nerved_, smooth; petioles 1/2--1' long; peduncles elongated (3--4' long, or sometimes even 6--8' and much longer than the leaves), 20--40-flowered; seeds 6.--Moist meadows and river-banks; common, from the Atlantic to Minn., Mo., and Tex. June. Very variable.--Var. PUBERULENTA, Gray, has the leaves more or less soft-downy beneath.

2. S. tamnifolia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves _mostly 5-nerved_, smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, abruptly acute to acuminate, some of them _hastate with broad rounded lobes_; peduncles longer than the petioles; berry smaller, 2--3-seeded.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to S. C.

3. S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, 1/2--3 deg. high, _without tendrils_ (or only the uppermost petioles tendril-bearing), glabrous; lower leaves reduced to narrow scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5--7-nerved, _broadly ovate-elliptical_ to roundish, acute, mostly cordate at base, 2--5' long, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pubescent beneath; peduncles about equalling the petioles (1--21/2' long), on the lower part of the stem; umbels 10--20-flowered; berry 3-seeded.--Md. to S. C., west to Mich. and Mo. May, June.

Sec. 2. _Stems woody, often prickly; ovules solitary; glabrous throughout._

[*] _Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at base, and 5--9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous._

[+] _Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles (2--6''), flattened; leaves thickish, green both sides._

4. S. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base or unarmed; _leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped_ or rounded at base (3--4' long); _berries coral-red_.--Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

5. S. rotundifolia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER. HORSE-BRIER.) Stem armed with scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches; branchlets more or less 4-angular; _leaves ovate or round-ovate_, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2--3' long); _berries blue-black_, with a bloom.--Moist thickets, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Tex. Very variable, passing into var. QUADRANGULARIS, Gray, which has branches, and especially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common west.

[+][+] _Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short petiole, flattened; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent; berries black, with a bloom._

6. S. glauca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked; _leaves ovate_, rarely subcordate, _glaucous beneath_ and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked.--Dry thickets, E. Mass. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.

7. S. bona-nox, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branchlets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; _leaves_ varying from round-heart-shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped or 3-lobed, _green and shining both sides_, cuspidate-pointed, the margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. tamnoides, _Man._; probably not _L._)--Thickets; Nantucket, Mass. (_L. L. Dame_); N. J. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and Tex.

[+][+][+] _Peduncle 2--4 times the length of the petiole; leaves ample (3--5' long), thin or thinnish, green both sides; berries black; stem terete and branchlets nearly so._

8. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated; stem (climbing high) below densely _beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles_, the flowering branchlets mostly naked; _leaves_ ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed, slightly rough-margined, _membranaceous and deciduous_; peduncles 11/2--2' long; sepals lanceolate, almost 3'' long.--Moist thickets, Conn. to Va., west to Minn. and Tex. June.

9. S. Pseudo-China, L. _Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed_, or with very few weak prickles; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture; peduncles flat (2--3' long).--Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Mo. July.

[*][*] _Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a short petiole, 3--5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete; the umbels sometimes panicled; branches terete, unarmed._

10. S. lanceolata, L. _Leaves thinnish_, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong; _stigmas 3; berries dull red_.--Rich woods and margins of swamps, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. June.

11. S. laurifolia, L. _Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen_, varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear (21/2--5' long); _stigmas solitary_ and _ovary 1-celled; berries black_ when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year.--Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. July, Aug.

2. ALLIUM, L. ONION. GARLIC.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent; the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style persistent, but jointed upon the very short axis of the ovary, thread-like; stigma simple. Capsule lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1--2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylotropous black seeds in each cell.--Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets; spathe scarious, 1--2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)

Sec. 1. _Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a rhizome; coats membranous._

[*] _Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell._

1. A. tricoccum, Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (4--12' high from clustered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel; leaves 5--9' long, 1--2' wide; sepals oblong (greenish white), equalling the nearly distinct filaments; capsule strongly 3-lobed.--Rich woods, W. N. Eng. to Minn. and Iowa, south in the mountains to N. C. Leaves appearing in early spring and dying before the flowers are developed.

[*][*] _Leaves linear; ovules a pair in each cell._

2. A. Schoenoprasum, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked or leafy at base (6--12' high), bearing a globular _capitate umbel_ of many rose-purple flowers; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments; _leaves awl-shaped, hollow; capsule not crested_.--From N. Brunswick and the Great Lakes to the Pacific. (Eu., Asia.)

3. A. cernuum, Roth. (WILD ONION.) _Scape naked, angular_ (1/2--2 deg. high), nodding at the apex, bearing a _loose or drooping few--many-flowered umbel; leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled_ (1 deg. long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), shorter than the slender filaments and style; _capsule 6-crested_.--In the Alleghanies to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., Tex., and westward.

Sec. 2. _Bulbs mostly solitary, not rhizomatous; coats often fibrous; leaves narrowly linear, flat or channelled (terete in A. vineale)._

4. A. stellatum, Nutt. _Scape terete_ (6--18' high), slender, bearing an _erect umbel_; bulb-coats membranous; _sepals broad_, acute; _stamens and style exserted; capsule prominently 6-crested_.--Rocky slopes, Minn. to W. Ill. and Mo., and westward.

5. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3--8' high; _bulbs densely and coarsely fibrous-coated_; spathe 2-valved; umbel rarely bulbiferous; sepals ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, _thin and lax_ in fruit, _a third longer than the stamens; capsule crested_.--Sask. to Iowa and N. Mex.

6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Scape 4--6 deg. high, from a _very fibrous-coated bulb_; spathe usually 3-valved; sepals usually broader, _rather rigid_ in fruit; _capsule not crested_.--Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

7. A. Canadense, Kalm. (WILD GARLIC.) Scape 1 deg. high or more; bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; _umbel densely bulbiferous_ or few-flowered; sepals narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or exceeding the stamens; _capsule not crested_.--Moist meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf. May, June.

A. VINEALE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (1--3 deg. high); _leaves terete and hollow_, slender, channelled above; _umbel often densely bulbiferous; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones cuspidate_ on each side of the anther.--Moist meadows and fields; a vile weed eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth.

Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat lobed, obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit; cells several-ovuled and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bulb tunicated, not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from [Greek: no/thos], _false_, and [Greek: sko/rdion], _garlic_.)

1. N. striatum, Kunth. Scape 1 deg. high or less; bulb small, often bulbiferous at base; leaves narrowly linear; flowers few, on slender pedicels, the segments narrowly oblong, 4--6'' long; ovules 4--7 in each cell. (Allium striatum, _Jacq._)--Prairies and open woods, Va. to Ind., Neb., and southward.

4. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Torr.

Perianth funnel-form, the cylindrical tube equalling the somewhat spreading limb or shorter; segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, in one row upon the throat; the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule sessile, subglobose-triquetrous, beaked by the stout persistent style; seeds large, few to several in each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm; pale lilac flowers umbellate; pedicels not jointed; involucral bracts several. (Name from [Greek: a)ne/r], for _stamen_, and [Greek: ste/phos], _crown_, referring to the stamineal crown.)

1. A. violaceum, Torr. Scape 2--6' high; flowers 8--12'' long or more, usually exceeding the stout pedicels, the tube nearly as long as the limb; crown scarcely shorter than the limb.--Kan. to Tex.

5. CAMASSIA, Lindl.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, 3--7-nerved, slightly irregular, mostly deciduous; the 6 filiform filaments at their base. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule oblong or obovate, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell.--Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb; the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native Indian name _quamash_ or _camass_.)

1. C. Fraseri, Torr. (EASTERN CAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.) Scape 1 deg. high or more; leaves keeled; raceme elongated; bracts longer than the pedicels; sepals pale blue, 3-nerved, 4--7'' long; capsule acutely triangular-globose. (Scilla Fraseri, _Gray_.)--Rich ground, W. Penn. to Minn. and E. Kan., and in the mountains to Ga.

6. ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3--7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6, flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided; stigma 3-angled. Capsule membranous, roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal.--Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted; pedicels not jointed. (An ancient whimsical name from [Greek: o)/rnis], _a bird_, and [Greek: ga/la], _milk_.)

O. UMBELLATUM, L. Scape 4--9' high; flowers 5--8, on long and spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle on the outside.--Escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

O. NUTANS, L. Scape 1 deg. high or more; flowers 5 or 6, large (1' long), nodding on very short pedicels; filaments very broad.--Rarely escaped from gardens; Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. MUSCARI, Tourn. GRAPE-HYACINTH.

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, included; anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal, with 2 black angular seeds in each cell.--Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb; the small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the name).

M. BOTRYOIDES, Mill. Leaves linear, 3--4'' broad; flowers globular (1--11/2'' long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes.--Escaped from gardens into copses and fence-rows. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. RACEMOSUM, Mill. Leaves 1--11/2'' broad; flowers oblong-urceolate, 2--21/2'' long, deep blue, fragrant.--Rare escape, Md. and Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. HEMEROCALLIS, L. DAY-LILY.

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spreading limb 6-parted; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in Lilium, but introrse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and ascending; stigma simple. Capsule (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell.--Showy perennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and large yellow flowers; these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence the name, from [Greek: e(me/ra], _a day_, and [Greek: ka/llos], _beauty_.)

H. FULVA, L. (COMMON DAY-LILY.) Inner divisions (petals) of the tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens (Adv. from Eu.)

9. YUCCA, L. BEAR-GRASS. SPANISH BAYONET.

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white or greenish) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, withering-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved from the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, flattened.--Stems woody, either very short or rising into thick and columnar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and an often ample compound panicle or branched raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the root of the Cassava-plant.)

1. Y. angustifolia, Pursh. Caudex none or very short; leaves straight _very stiff and pungent_, 1/2--2 deg. long by 1--6'' wide, filiferous on the margin; _raceme mostly simple, nearly sessile_ (1--4 deg. long); flowers 11/2--21/2' wide; stigmas green, shorter than the ovary; capsule 6-sided (3' long); _seeds 5--6'' broad_.--Dak. to Iowa, Kan., and N. Mex. May, June.

2. Y. filamentosa, L. (ADAM'S NEEDLE.) Caudex 1 deg. high or less, from a running rootstock; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less tapering to a short point, rough on the back, 11/2--2 deg. long by 1--3' wide, filiferous on the margin; _panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout bracteate scape, 4--9 deg. high_; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; capsule 11/2' long; _seeds 3'' broad_.--Near the coast, Md. to Fla. and La. July. Very variable.

10. CONVALLARIA, L. LILY OF THE VALLEY.