Part 3

SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS; destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing _spores_ instead of seeds.

CLASS III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), growing from the apex only, and furnished for the most part with distinct leaves (sometimes taking the form of an expanded leaf-like usually prostrate _thallus_); reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia, sometimes also by gemmation.

SUBCLASS I. VASCULAR ACROGENS, OR PTERIDOPHYTES. Stems (and foliage when present) containing both woody fibre and vessels; antheridia or archegonia, or both, borne on a minute prothallus, which is developed from the spore on germination.

[*] Spores of only one kind; prothallus bearing antheridia and archegonia.

130. Equisetaceae (p. 675). Cylindric jointed hollow-stemmed plants, with toothed sheaths. Fructification in a terminal spike.

131. Filices (p. 678). Ferns, with fronds circinate in vernation, bearing the fructification on the under surface or beneath the margin.

132. Ophioglossaceae (p. 693). Fronds often fern-like, erect in vernation. Sporangia globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, in special spikes or panicles.

133. Lycopodiaceae (p. 695). Low moss like plants with elongated stems and small persistent entire several-ranked leaves. Sporangia solitary, axillary, 1--3-celled, 2--3-valved.

[*][*] Spores of two kinds, the _macrospore_ producing a prothallus with archegonia, the _microspore_ smaller and developing antheridia.

134. Selaginellaceae (p. 697). Low leafy moss-like or marsh plants, with branching stems, and small 4--6-ranked leaves, or with a corm-like stem and basal linear-subulate leaves, the two kinds of spores in distinct solitary axillary 1-celled sporangia.

135. Marsiliaceae (p. 700). The two kinds of spores in the same or different sporangia which are borne in a coriaceous peduncled sporocarp arising from a slender creeping rhizome. Fronds digitately 4-foliolate or filiform.

136. Salviniaceae (p. 701). The two kinds of spores in separate thin-walled 1-celled sporocarps or conceptacles clustered beneath the small floating fronds; macrospores solitary.

SUBCLASS II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, OR BRYOPHYTES.

Plants with cellular tissue only; both antheridia and archegonia borne upon the plant itself.--Including the MUSCI, or Mosses (which are not treated of here), never thallose, and bearing capsules which usually dehisce by a lid and contain spores only, and the HEPATICAE, which bear capsules which dehisce by valves or irregularly and usually have elaters mingled with the spores. The latter division comprises the following Orders.

[*] Capsule 4-valved; plant a leafy axis or sometimes a branching thallus.

137. Jungermanniaceae (p. 702). Leaves, when present, without a midrib, 2-ranked, with often a third row beneath; pedicels slender.

[*][*] Capsule 2-valved, or dehiscing irregularly, or indehiscent; plant a thallus or thalloid stem.

138. Anthocerotaceae (p. 726). Thallus without epidermis, irregularly branching; pedicels stout or none. Capsule with a columella. Elaters mostly without fibres.

139. Marchantiaceae (p. 727). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis usually porose. Capsules borne on the under side of a pedunculate receptacle, irregularly dehiscent. Elaters 2-spiral.

140. Ricciaceae (p. 730). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis eporose. Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. Elaters none.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 1.)

SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. Cotyledons only two.

DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present; the latter of _separate_ petals.

[A.] _Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx._

[1.] _Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils._

PAGE Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on an elongated receptacle. MAGNOLIACEAE, 49

Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle.

Leaves opposite, entire; no stipules. CALYCANTHACEAE, 167

Leaves alternate, with stipules. Rosa, in ROSACEAE, 162

Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large top-shaped receptacle. Nelumbo, in NYMPHAEACEAE, 55

Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle.

Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. ROSACEAE, 150

Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. MALVACEAE, 96

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Filaments much shorter than the anther; trees. ANONACEAE, 50

Filaments longer than the anther.

Flowers dioecious; twiners with alternate leaves. MENISPERMACEAE, 51

Flowers perfect; if climbers, the leaves opposite.

Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

Leaves peltate; petals persistent. Brasenia, in NYMPHAEACEAE, 55

Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. RESEDACEAE, 75

Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. MALVACEAE, 96

Pistils strictly one as to the ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several.

Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. HYPERICACEAE, 92

Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.

Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. ROSACEAE, 150

Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta.

Leaves 2--3-ternately compound or dissected. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACEAE, 52

Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. PORTULACACEAE, 90

Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentae.

Calyx caducous; juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACEAE, 57

Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals. CAPPARIDACEAE, 74

Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. CISTACEAE, 76

Ovary compound, several-celled.

Calyx valvate in the bud, and

Persistent; stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE, 96

Deciduous; anthers 2-celled. TILIACEAE, 101

Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.

Shrubs; stamens on the base of the petals. TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 95

Aquatic or marsh herbs; ovaries many,

On 5 placentae in the axis. SARRACENIACEAE, 57

On the 8--30 partitions. NYMPHAEACEAE, 54

[2.] _Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary._

Ovary 8--30-celled; ovules many, on the partitions; aquatic. NYMPHAEACEAE, 54

Ovary 10-celled; cells 1-ovuled. Amelanchier, in ROSACEAE, 166

Ovary 2--5-celled.

Leaves alternate, with stipules. Pomeae, in ROSACEAE, 151

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Some SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168

Leaves alternate, without stipules. STYRACACEAE, 333

Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal.

Fleshy plants with no true foliage; petals many. CACTACEAE, 186

Rough-leaved plants; petals 5 or 10. LOASACEAE, 193

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. PORTULACACEAE, 90

[B.] _Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them._

Pistils 3--6, separate; flowers dioecious; woody vines. MENISPERMACEAE, 51

Pistil only one.

Ovary one-celled; anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACEAE, 52

Ovary one-celled; anthers not opening by uplifted valves.

Style and stigma one; ovules more than one. PRIMULACEAE, 328

Style 1; stigmas 3; sepals 2; ovules several. PORTULACACEAE, 90

Style twice or thrice forked; flowers monoecious. Crotonopsis, in EUPHORBIACEAE, 458

Styles 5; ovule and seed only one. PLUMBAGINACEAE, 327

Ovary 2--4-celled.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate. VITACEAE, 112

Calyx 4--5-cleft, valvate in the bud; petals involute. RHAMNACEAE, 111

[C.] _Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them._

1. _Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. the ovary wholly superior._

[*] _Ovaries 2 or more, separate._

Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 338

Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. RUTACEAE, 106

Leaves not pellucid-punctate.

Tree, with pinnate leaves. Ailanthus, in SIMARUBACEAE, 107

Low shrub, with pinnate leaves. Xanthorrhiza, in RANUNCULACEAE, 48

Herbs, not fleshy. RANUNCULACEAE, 34

Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. CRASSULACEAE, 176

Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx.

Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). CRASSULACEAE, 176

Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils.

Leaves without stipules. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168

Leaves with stipules. ROSACEAE, 150

[*][*] _Ovaries 2--5, somewhat united at the base, separate above._

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. RUTACEAE, 106

Leaves not pellucid-punctate.

Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. SAPINDACEAE, 115

Terrestrial herbs; the carpels fewer than the petals. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168

[*][*][*] _Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style._ GERANIACEAE, 102

[*][*][*][*] _Ovary only one, and_

[+] _Simple, with one parietal placenta._ LEGUMINOSAE, 122

[+][+] _Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentae, styles, or stigmas._

Ovary one-celled.

Corolla irregular; petals 4; stamens 6. FUMARIACEAE, 59

Corolla irregular; petals and stamens 5. VIOLACEAE, 78

Corolla regular or nearly so.

Ovule solitary; shrubs or trees; stigmas 3. ANACARDIACEAE, 118

Ovules solitary or few; herbs. Some anomalous CRUCIFERAE, 61

Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.

Petals not inserted on the calyx. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82

Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. LYTHRACEAE, 184

Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae.

Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. HYPERICACEAE, 92

Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. DROSERACEAE, 178

Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.

Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. CISTACEAE, 76

Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. Anomalous CRUCIFERAE, 61

Sepals and petals 5; stamens 5 or 10.

Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. PASSIFLORACEAE, 194

Ovary sessile. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168

Ovary 2--several-celled.

Flowers irregular.

Anthers opening at the top,

Six or eight and 1-celled; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. POLYGALACEAE, 120

Ten and 2-celled; ovary 5-celled. Rhododendron, in ERICACEAE, 286

Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubular inflated or gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in LYTHRACEAE, 186

Stamens 5--8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so.

Ovary 3-celled. SAPINDACEAE, 115

Ovary 5-celled. Impatiens, &c., in GERANIACEAE, 105

Flowers regular or nearly so.

Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals,

Triadelphous; petals 5. HYPERICACEAE, 92

Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4); petals 4; pungent herbs. CRUCIFERAE, 61

Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. OLEACEAE, 335

Distinct and more numerous than the petals. SAPINDACEAE, 115

Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.

Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.

Herbs; flowers monoecious or dioecious. EUPHORBIACEAE, 451

Herbs; flowers perfect and symmetrical.

Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. GERANIACEAE, 102

Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as the styles, sepals, &c. LINACEAE, 101

Shrubs or trees.

Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in RUTACEAE, 107

Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate and fruit a berry. SAPINDACEAE, 115

Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate.

Calyx not minute; pod colored, dehiscent; seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. CELASTRACEAE, 109

Calyx minute; fruit a berry-like drupe. ILICINEAE, 107

Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.

Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. ELATINACEAE, 91

Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPINDACEAE, 118

Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.

Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup; leaves simple, all radical. Galax, in DIAPENSIACEAE, 326

Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis, in GERANIACEAE, 105

Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.

Style 1, undivided. ERICACEAE, 303

Styles 2--5, separate. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 82

Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.

Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168

Style 1; pod in the calyx, 1-celled. LYTHRACEAE, 184

[2.] _Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half._

Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. CUCURBITACEAE, 194

Not tendril-bearing.

Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.

Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. PORTULACACEAE, 90

Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168

Ovary 2--several-celled.

Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1. MELASTOMACEAE, 183

Anthers not opening by pores.

Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. CELASTRACEAE, 109

Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Eight or four (rarely five); style 1. ONAGRACEAE, 186

Five or ten; styles 2--3, distinct. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 168

Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.

Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many),-- rarely in Crataegus, in ROSACEAE, 165

Stamens 2 or 8; style 1; stigma 2--4-lobed; herbs. ONAGRACEAE, 186

Stamens 4 or 8; aquatics; styles or sessile stigmas 4. HALORAGEAE, 180

Perfect stamens 4; styles 2; shrub. HAMAMELIDEAE, 179

Stamens 4; style and stigma 1; chiefly shrubs. CORNACEAE, 213

Stamens 5; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.

Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity; styles 2. UMBELLIFERAE, 193

Fruit berry-like; styles 2--5, separate or united. ARALIACEAE, 212

Division II. GAMOPETALOUS calyx and corolla both present; the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.

[A.] _Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla._

Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. LEGUMINOSAE, 122

Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentae. Adlumia, &c., in Fumariaceae, 60

Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. STYRACACEAE, 333

Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. POLYGALACEAE, 120

Ovary 3--many-celled.

Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla; style single. ERICACEAE, 309

Stamens free from the corolla; styles 5. Oxalis, in GERANIACEAE, 105

Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.

Filaments monadelphous; anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. MALVACEAE, 96

Filaments 1--5-adelphous at base; anthers 2-celled.

Calyx free from the ovary. TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 96

Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. STYRACACEAE, 333

Filaments wholly distinct; calyx free, persistent. EBENACEAE, 333

Filaments in pairs at each sinus; anthers 1-celled. CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 216

[B.] _Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them._

Ovary 5-celled; corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACEAE, 332

Ovary 1-celled; pod several--many-seeded; style 1. PRIMULACEAE, 328

Ovary 1-celled; utricle 1-seeded; styles 5. PLUMBAGINACEAE, 327

[C.] _Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer._

[1.] _Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior)._

Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united. CUCURBITACEAE, 194

Tendrils none.

Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.

Flowers in an involucrate head. COMPOSITAE, 230

Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular. LOBELIACEAE, 305

Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes; stipules none; juice milky. CAMPANULACEAE, 307

Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla,

One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes. VALERIANACEAE, 228

Four or five; leaves opposite or whorled.

Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head. DIPSACEAE, 229

Ovary 2--5-celled.

Leaves whorled and without stipules. RUBIACEAE, 222

Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. RUBIACEAE, 222

Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles sometimes with stipule-like appendages). CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 216

[2.] _Ovary free from the calyx (superior)._

[*] _Corolla irregular; stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2._

Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1--4) cells.

Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATAE, 403

Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. VERBENACEAE, 401

Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell.

Ovary and pod 1-celled,

With a free central placenta; stamens 2. LENTIBULACEAE, 395

With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentae; stamens 4. OROBANCHACEAE, 393

Ovary and fruit more or less 4--5-celled. PEDALIACEAE, 399

Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. BIGNONIACEAE, 398

Ovary and pod 2-celled; placentae in the axis.

Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. SCROPHULARIACEAE, 377

Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the placentae; no albumen. ACANTHACEAE, 399

[*][*] _Corolla somewhat irregular; stamens (with anthers) 5._

Stamens free from the corolla; anthers with their cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. Rhododendron, in ERICACEAE, 320

Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Echium, in BORRAGINACEAE, 367

Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded.

Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, SCROPHULARIACEAE, 379

Filaments not woolly. Hyoscyamus, SOLANACEAE, 376

[*][*][*] _Corolla regular._

[+] _Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla._

Ovaries 2, separate; their

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, CONVOLVULACEAE, 368

Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.

Filaments distinct; pollen in ordinary grains. APOCYNACEAE, 337

Filaments monadelphous; pollen in masses. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 338

Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in Heliotropium).

Leaves alternate. BORRAGINACEAE, 360

Leaves opposite. Mentha, in LABIATAE, 407

Ovary one; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. LOGANIACEAE, 345

Ovary one; not deeply lobed,

One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. PLANTAGINACEAE, 422

One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentae.

Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. GENTIANACEAE, 346

Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 357

Two- to ten-celled.

Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACEAE, 370

Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or a stipular line. LOGANIACEAE, 345

Leaves when opposite without stipules.

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style 1. ERICACEAE, 309

Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. ILICINEAE, 107

Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style 1. DIAPENSIACEAE, 326

Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,

Four; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. PLANTAGINACEAE, 422

Four; ovary 2--4-celled; ovules solitary. VERBENACEAE, 401

Five or rarely more.

Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. BORRAGINACEAE, 360

Fruit a few-seeded pod.

Calyx 5-cleft; style 3-lobed or -cleft. POLEMONIACEAE, 354

Sepals 5; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft; seeds large, only one or two in a cell. CONVOLVULACEAE, 367

Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry.

Styles 2. Hydrolea, in HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 360

Style single. SOLANACEAE, 373

[+][+] _Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla._

Stamens 4, didynamous.

Ovary 2-celled; the cells several-seeded. ACANTHACEAE, 399

Ovary 2--4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. VERBENACEAE, 401

Stamens only 2 with anthers; ovary 4-lobed. Lycopus, in LABIATAE, 408

Stamens 2, rarely 3; ovary 2-celled.

Low herbs; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. PLANTAGINACEAE, 422

Herbs; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and slightly irregular. Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, 386

Shrubs or trees; corolla perfectly regular. OLEACEAE, 335

DIVISION III. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.

[A.] _Flowers not in catkins._

[1.] _Ovary or its cells containing many ovules._

Ovary and pod inferior (i.e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),

Six-celled; stamens 6--12. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 444