Part 86

11. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched near the base (9--15' high); _sheaths hairy; leaves lanceolate, very acute_ (4--6' long by 1/2' wide), _not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth_ except the margins, _strongly 9--11-nerved; panicle long-peduncled, very simple_, the appressed branches bearing a few _roundish-obovate spikelets_ (about 11/2'' long); lower glume ovate, acutish, {1/3}--1/2 the length of the 9-nerved second.--Dry sandy soil, Maine to Penn., Wisc., Iowa, and northward; rare. June.--Yellowish-green; spikelets minutely downy; sterile flower sometimes staminate.

12. P. latifolium, L. Culm (1--2 deg. high) smooth; the joints and the throat or margins of the otherwise _smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly hairs; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base_ (often 1' wide), taper-pointed, 11--15-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle more or less exserted (2--3' long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spreading; _spikelets obovate, 11/2'' long_, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length of the many-nerved second; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens.--Moist thickets; common. June--Aug.

13. P. clandestinum, L. (Pl. 13, fig. 6, 7.) Culm rigid (1--3 deg. high), very leafy to the top, at length producing appressed branches, the _joints naked_; _sheaths rough with papillae bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs_; leaves oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed; lateral and usually also the terminal _panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths_, or with the terminal one at length long-peduncled;--otherwise resembling n. 12; but _the spikelets more ovoid_, often smooth; the lower flower (always?) neutral.--Low thickets and river-banks, N. Eng. to Mich., Mo., and southward. June--Sept.

14. P. viscidum, Ell. Culms stout, upright or ascending, at length much branched, leafy to the top, _densely velvety-downy all over_, as also the sheaths, with reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint; leaves likewise velvety, lanceolate (1/2' wide), 11--13-nerved; panicle spreading, the lateral ones included; _spikelets obovate_, 1 or 11/2'' _long_, downy; the roundish lower glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved second one.--Damp soil, N. J. to Va., and southward. Aug.

15. P. scoparium, Lam. _Culms_ upright, at length much branched and reclining (1--2 deg. long), _roughish; leaves lanceolate_ (3--5' long by {1/3}--1/2' wide), _rather faintly 9-nerved_, hairy or smooth, _fringed_ on the whole margin or next the base _with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout_ with similar hairs; _panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few_ tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish _spikelets about 11/2'' long_; lower glume roundish, about half or a quarter of the length of the upper one. (P. pauciflorum, _Ell._)--Wet meadows and copses, E. Mass. to Minn., west and southward. June, July.

16. P. commutatum, Schultes. Rather slender, erect, 1--2 deg. high, _nearly glabrous_; leaves lanceolate, acuminate (3--6' long), the margins toward the base and the sheaths sparsely ciliate; panicle spreading, often short-peduncled; _spikelets_ scattered, glabrous, _oblong, acutish_, little more than 1'' long; _lower glume ovate_, often acute.--N. Y. to Fla.--A frequent variety with smaller spikelets (not 1'' long) approaches the next, and has also been confused with P. dichotomum.--Ont. to Va. and southward.

[=][=] _Spikelets less than 1'' long._

17. P. nitidum, Michx. (Lam.?) Resembles the last; leaves rather thick and the principal nerves very obscure or none except at the base; panicle broad, more slender; spikelets smaller ({2/3}'' long), broadly ovate and very obtuse; lower glume very obtuse. (P. sphaerocarpon, _Ell._)--N. Y. to Ga., and westward.

18. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Like the last; the broadly lanceolate leaves nearly similar, but usually longer (8' long or less), distinctly nerved; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, rather narrower, with numerous slender branches and very many-flowered (3--7' long); spikelets about {1/2}'' long, ovoid, smooth or smoothish; lower glume orbicular and very small.--Dry or moist thickets, Penn. to Mich., Neb., and southward. July--Sept.

[++][++] _Culm-leaves linear or sometimes narrowly lanceolate (basal often lanceolate); primary nerves often indistinct or none; spikelets small._

19. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the base, forming close tufts (6--12' high), terminated by a simple and few-flowered contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and elongated (4--7') upper leaves; spikelets 3/4--11/2'' long, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young; lower glume ovate.--Varies, with the leaves involute, at least when dry (P. involutum, _Torr._), and with the sheaths either beset with long hairs or nearly smooth; the panicle either partly included, or on a long and slender peduncle.--Dry woods and hills; rather common. June.

20. P. consanguineum, Kunth. Culms slender, 1--2 deg. high, often decumbent and rooting below; nearly glabrous or the sheaths and leaves somewhat pubescent or villous; panicle small, with rather few spreading few-flowered branches; _spikelets_ 1--11/2'' long, _oblong-obovate, acutish_.--Dry woods, Norfolk, Va., and south to Fl. and Tex.

21. P. dichotomum, L.! Culms (8'--2 deg. high) at first mostly simple, bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (1--3' long), and linear to linear-lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very short, thickish); but commonly branching later in the season, the branches often clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included small panicles; _spikelets_ 1/2--{2/3}'' long, _elliptical, obtuse_, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish.--Common everywhere. Very variable both in habit and in the amount of villosity (depending upon the soil, exposure, season, etc.), so that it is difficult to specify any well defined varieties. The more conspicuous forms are (_a_) _commune_, with simple culms erect or ascending, and leaves suberect, usually pale green--(_b_) _fasciculatum_, with clustered leafy branches and short peduncles, a common autumnal state--and (_c_) _gracile_, the culms lax, very slender and elongated, with rather distant spreading leaves (usually bright green), and mostly long-pedunculate panicles.

22. P. laxiflorum, Lam.! Closely resembling the last species, in its several forms; distinguished by the larger acutish spikelets (nearly or quite 1'' long).--Common.

Sec. 3. ECHINOCHLOA. _Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of the simple or compound raceme or panicle, usually rough with appressed stiff hairs; lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned._

P. CRUS-GALLI, L. (BARNYARD-GRASS.) Root annual; culms stout, branching from the base (1--4 deg. high); leaves lanceolate (1/2' wide or more), rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (1--3' long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed; glume of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length.--Varies greatly; sometimes awnless or nearly so; sometimes _long-awned_, especially in the var. HISPIDUM, a very large and coarse form with the sheaths of the leaves very bristly.--Moist, chiefly manured soil; the variety in ditches, especially of brackish water; possibly indigenous. Aug.--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. SETARIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL GRASS. (Pl. 13)

Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short peduncles bearing below the joint of the spikelet solitary or clustered bristles resembling awns (but not forming an involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or apparently a cylindrical spike.--Annuals, in cultivated or manured grounds, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves. (Name from _seta_, a bristle.)

[*] _Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downward._

S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2--3' long, pale green), composed of apparently whorled short clusters; bristles short, adhesive.--Near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upward._

S. GLAUCA, Beauv. (FOXTAIL. PIGEON-GRASS.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1, 2.) _Spike cylindrical, dense, tawny yellow_ (2--4' long); _bristles 6--11 in a cluster_, much longer than the spikelets; _perfect flower transversely wrinkled_.--Very common, in stubble, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. VIRIDIS, Beauv. (GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE-GRASS.) _Spike nearly cylindrical, more or less compound, green; bristles few_, longer than the spikelets; _flower striate lengthwise and dotted_.--Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. ITALICA, Kunth. _Spike compound_, interrupted at base, thick, _nodding_ (6--9' long), _yellowish or purplish; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster_, either much longer or else shorter than the spikelets.--Cultivated under the name of MILLET, or HUNGARIAN or BENGAL GRASS; rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. CENCHRUS, L. HEDGEHOG- or BUR-GRASS. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a deciduous hard and rigid bur; the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.)

1. C. tribuloides, L. Annual; culms branched and ascending (1 deg. high or less); leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8--20 spherical heads; involucre prickly all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less downy, enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets.--Sandy soil, on river banks, etc. Aug.--A vile weed.

8. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1-flowered, oblong or ovoid, of two kinds; one kind in a terminal panicle, deciduous from the joint without fruit, although the flower is perfect; the other kind solitary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (more or less sheathed toward the base), much larger than the others, perfect and fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the bud. Glumes 3, nearly equal, 5-nerved in the panicle, many nerved in the fertile spikelets; palet a little shorter; all becoming indurated and enclosing the very large grain. Stamens 3 (small in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. (Name from [Greek: a)mphi/karpos], _doubly fruit-bearing_.)

1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Annual or biennial(?), erect, 1--4 deg. high; leaves lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on the sheaths; panicle strict, naked; grain ovoid or oblong (2--3'' long), terete.--Moist sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept.

9. LEERSIA, Swartz. WHITE GRASS. (Pl. 7.)

Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but those in the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed in the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed upon the short pedicels. Glumes 2, chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Palet none. Stamens 1--6. Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching.--Perennial marsh grasses; the flat leaves, sheaths, etc., rough upward, being clothed with very minute hooked prickles. (Named after _John Daniel Leers_, a German botanist.)

[*] _Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded._

1. L. Virginica, Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) _Panicle simple; the spikelets closely appressed_ on the slender branches, around which they are partly curved (11/2'' long); stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting); glumes sparingly ciliate (greenish-white).--Wet woods; Maine to Minn., and southward. Aug.

2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (RICE CUT-GRASS.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1--3.) _Panicle diffusely branched; spikelets flat, rather spreading_ (21/2--3'' long); _stamens_ 3; glumes strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish).--Very wet places; Mass, to Minn., and southward; common. Aug. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (21/2--3'' long)._

3. L. lenticularis, Michx. (CATCH-FLY GRASS.) Smoothish; panicle simple; glumes very flat, strongly bristly-ciliate (said to close and catch flies); stamens 2; otherwise like the preceding.--Low grounds, Va., Ill., and southward.

10. ZIZANIA, Gronov. WATER or INDIAN RICE. (Pl. 7.)

Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowered spikelets in the same panicle. Glumes 2, subtended by a small cartilaginous ring, herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Palet none. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form.--Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed upon the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from [Greek: ziza/nion], the ancient name of some wild grain.)

1. Z. aquatica, L. (INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1--4.) Annual; culms 3--9 deg. high; leaves flat, 2--3 deg. long, linear-lanceolate; _lower branches of the_ ample pyramidal _panicle staminate, spreading; the upper erect, pistillate; lower glume long-awned_, rough; styles distinct; grain linear, slender, 6'' long.--Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water; common, especially northwestward. Aug.

2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Perennial; panicle diffuse, ample, the _staminate and pistillate flowers intermixed; awns short_; styles united; grain ovate.--Penn. (?), Ohio, and southward. Aug.--Leaves involute.

11. TRIPSACUM, L. GAMA-GRASS. SESAME-GRASS. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets monoecious, in jointed unilateral spikes, staminate above and fertile below. Staminate spikelets in pairs, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow rhachis, both alike, 2-flowered, longer than the joints; glumes 4, coriaceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the second boat-shaped, the upper with the palets very thin and membranaceous, awnless; anthers opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets 2-flowered (the lower flower neutral), single and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis, occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, the upper with the palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united; stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free.--Culms stout and tall, solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes axillary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name from [Greek: tri/bo], _to rub_, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.)

1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4--8' long) 2--3 together at the summit (when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary from some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical); in var. MONOSTACHYUM, the terminal spike also solitary.--Moist soil, from Conn. to Penn. and Fla., near the coast, and from Ill. southward. Aug.--Culm 4--7 deg. high; leaves like those of Indian Corn. This is one of our largest and most remarkable Grasses; sometimes used for fodder at the South.

12. ROTTBOELLIA, L. f. (Pl. 16.)

Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender spike, awnless; one imperfect or rudimentary on a short and thick appressed pedicel; the other sessile and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, 1-flowered or rarely with a second staminate flower. Glumes 4, obtuse, the outer hard and cartilaginous, with a transverse depression next the base, the inner one boat-shaped and membranaceous, the 2 upper thin and delicate. Stamens 3. Styles 2.--Tall or coarse perennials, with rigid stems, and single cartilaginous spikes terminating the stem and axillary branches, chiefly subtropical. (Named for _Prof. C. F. Rottboell_, an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote much upon Gramineae, Cyperaceae, etc.)

1. R. rugosa, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2--4 deg. high; leaves linear; spikes 1--2' long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often partly included in the sheaths of the leaves; sterile flower neutral; lower glume transversely rugose.--Low pine-barrens, from S. Del. (_W. M. Canby_) southward near the coast. Sept.--Oct.

13. ERIANTHUS, Michx. WOOLLY BEARD-GRASS. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets spiked, in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, one sessile, the other pedicelled, both 1-flowered, alike. Glumes 4, the 2 lower nearly equal, one 4--5-nerved, the other many-nerved; the 2 upper hyaline, one empty, the upper awned from the tip. Stamens 3. Grain free.--Tall and stout reed-like perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from [Greek: e)/rion], _wool_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_).

1. E. saccharoides, Michx. (Pl. 14, fig. 1, 2.) Culm (4--6 deg. high) woolly-bearded at the joints; _panicle contracted; the silky hairs longer than the spikelets_, shorter than the awn; stamens 2. (E. alopecuroides, _Ell._)--Wet pine-barrens, from N. J. and Ill. southward; rare. Sept., Oct.

2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2--5 deg. high), somewhat bearded at the upper joints; _panicle rather open_; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets.--Low grounds, Va., and southward.

14. ANDROPOGON, Royen. BEARD-GRASS. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed, one of them pedicelled and sterile (staminate, pistillate or neutral), often a mere vestige, the other sessile, 1-flowered and fertile; lower glume the larger, coriaceous and nerved, blunt, the second carinate and acute, the 2 upper hyaline, the flowering glume awned from the tip. Stamens 1--3. Grain free.--Coarse, mostly rigid perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil; with lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the name, composed of [Greek: a)ne/r], _man_, and [Greek: po/gon], _beard_).

[*] _Spikes digitate, thickish, short-bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate; stamens 3._

1. A. furcatus, Muhl. (Pl. 14, fig. 1--3.) Tall, 3--4 deg. high, rigid, the naked summit of the culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by 2--5 rigid spikes; spikelets approximate, appressed; hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and rather sparse; awn of fertile flower long and bent; leaves flat, roughish, the lower ones long. ("A. provincialis, _Lam._")--Common in dry sterile soil. Aug.--Oct.

[*][*] _Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silky-villous._

[+] _Single and scattered along the branches, with the silky hairs shorter than the flowers; sterile spikelet conspicuous but mostly neutral; the fertile triandrous._

2. A. scoparius, Michx. Culms slender (1--3 deg. high), with numerous paniculate branches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes slender, scattered, mostly peduncled (1--2' long), very loose, often purplish, silky with lax dull-white hairs; sterile spikelet awn-pointed or awnless; the fertile about half the length of its twisted or bent awn.--Dry ground. July--Sept.

3. A. maritimus, Chapm. Smooth and glaucous; culms ascending from creeping rootstocks, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves rather rigid, divaricate, their compressed sheaths imbricated; panicle short; peduncles included within the conspicuous bracts; rhachis and pedicels copiously ciliate with spreading hairs; glumes larger, 3--4'' long.--Sandy sea-coast; Cape May, and south to Fla.

[+][+] _In pairs or clustered; the copious soft-silky hairs much longer than the flowers; sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in n. 4 and 5), or altogether wanting on the very plumose-hairy pedicel; fertile flower monandrous, its awn capillary; leaves narrow, the lower or their sheaths often rather hairy._

4. A. argenteus, Ell. Smooth; culms rather slender (1--3 deg. high); _spikes_ in pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted _and loosely paniculate peduncles, densely flowered_ (1--2' long), _very silky with long bright white hairs_. (A. argyraeus, _Schultes._)--Md. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

5. A. Elliottii, Chapm. Closely resembling the last; sheaths and leaves villous; upper nodes of the branches densely bearded.--Md. to Fla. and Tex.

6. A. Virginicus, L. Culm flattish below, slender (2--3 deg. high) _sparingly short-branched above_, sheaths smooth; _spikes 2 or 3 together in distant appressed clusters, shorter than their sheathing bracts_, weak (1' long), the spikelets loose on the filiform rhachis, the soft _hairs dull white_. (A. dissitiflorus, _Michx._ A. vaginatus, _Ell._, a form with larger and inflated sheaths.)--Sandy soil, E. Mass. to Va., Ill., and southward. Sept., Oct.

7. A. macrourus, Michx. Culm stout (2--3 deg. high), _bushy-branched at the summit_, loaded with very numerous _spikes forming thick leafy clusters_; sheaths rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the sterile spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very plumose.--Low and sandy grounds, N. Y. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

8. A. laguroides, DC. Culms slender, tall, the elongated peduncle bearing numerous sessile spikes in a spike-like panicle 2--4' long; spikes slender, 1' long or more, very silky; spikelets glabrous, the sterile a narrow convolute empty glume.--Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

[+][+][+] _Spikes digitate-clustered, very silky; sterile spikelet larger than the fertile one._

9. A. Hallii, Hackel. Culm stout, 2--3 deg. high; lateral peduncles few, scarcely exserted from the sheaths; spikes 2--5, 1--3' long, dense; spikelets 3--4'' long.--Central Kan. to Dak., and westward.

15. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. (Pl. 14.)

Spikelets in pairs on the ramifications of an open panicle (those at the ends of the branches in threes), the lateral ones pedicellate, sterile or often reduced merely to their pedicels; only the sessile middle or terminal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless; otherwise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (Name composed of [Greek: chryso/s], _gold_, and [Greek: po/gon], _beard_.)

1. C. nutans, Benth. (INDIAN GRASS. WOOD-GRASS.) Root perennial; culm simple (3--5 deg. high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths smooth; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (6--12' long); the perfect spikelets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-brown and shining), clothed especially toward the base with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn; sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. (Andropogon avenaceus, _Michx._ Sorghum nutans, _Gray_.)--Dry soil; common, especially southward.

16. PHALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, the third and fourth reduced to mere rudiments (a scale or a pedicel), one on each side, at the base of the flowering glume and palet, which are flattish, awnless and shining, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and keeled persistent empty glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3.--Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from [Greek: phalo/s], _shining_, alluding to the shining seed.)

Sec. 1. PHALARIS proper. _Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes wing-keeled._

P. CANARIENSIS, L. (CANARY-GRASS.) Annual, 1--2 deg. high; spike oval; empty glumes white with green veins, the rudimentary ones small lanceolate scales.--Waste places and roadsides; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

Sec. 2. DIGRAPHIS. _Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis; glumes not winged on the back._