Part 71

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved. Stamens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into a stout style; stigma triangular. Ovules 4--6 in each cell. Berry few-seeded (red).--A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with slender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from _Lilium convallium_, the popular name.)

1. C. majalis, L.--High mountains of Va. to S. C. Apparently identical with the European LILY OF THE VALLEY of the gardens.

11. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth cylindrical-oblong, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens inserted on or above the middle of the tube, included; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled. with 2--6 ovules in each cell; style slender, deciduous by a joint; stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue; the cells 1--2-seeded.--Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, from creeping thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers; pedicels jointed near the flower. (The ancient name, composed of [Greek: poly/s], _many_, and [Greek: go/ny], _knee_, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstock and stem.)--Ours are alternate-leaved species, the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh.

1. P. biflorum, Ell. (SMALLER SOLOMON'S SEAL.) Glabrous, except the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong _nearly sessile leaves_, which are commonly _minutely pubescent as well as pale or glaucous underneath_; stem slender (1--3 deg. high); _peduncles 1--3- but mostly 2-flowered_; perianth 4--6'' long; _filaments papillose-roughened_, inserted toward the summit of the perianth.--Wooded hillsides, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex.

2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (GREAT S.) _Glabrous throughout_; stem stout and mostly tall (2--7 deg. high), terete; _leaves ovate, partly clasping_ (3--8' long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved; _peduncles several-(2--8-) flowered_, jointed below the flower; flowers 5--9'' long; _filaments smooth and naked_, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube.--Meadows and river-banks, N. Eng. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. June.

12. ASPARAGUS, Tourn. ASPARAGUS.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading above; the 6 stamens on its base; anthers introrse. Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; the cells 2-seeded.--Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branchlets, acting as leaves, clustered in the axils of little scales which are the true leaves. (The ancient Greek name.)

A. OFFICINALIS, L. (GARDEN ASPARAGUS.) Herbaceous, tall, bushy-branched; leaves thread-like.--A frequent escape from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

13. SMILACINA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent (white). Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the divisions; filaments slender, anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short and thick, stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1--2-seeded.--Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile leaves, and white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or compound raceme. (Name a diminutive of _Smilax_, to which, however, these plants bear little resemblance.)

[*] _Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle; stamens exceeding the small (1'' long) segments; ovules collateral; rootstock stout, fleshy._

1. S. racemosa, Desf. (FALSE SPIKENARD.) Minutely downy (1--3 deg. high); leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat petioled; berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic.--Moist copses, N. Brunswick to S. C., west to Minn., E. Kan. and Ark.

[*][*] _Flowers larger (2--3'' long), on solitary pedicels in a simple few-flowered raceme; stamens included; ovules not collateral; rootstock rather slender._

2. S. stellata, Desf. Plant (1 deg. high or less) nearly glabrous, or the 7--12 _oblong-lanceolate leaves_ minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping; raceme sessile or nearly so; _berries blackish_.--Moist banks, Lab. to N. J., west to E. Kan., Minn., and westward. (Eu.)

3. S. trifolia, Desf. Glabrous, _dwarf_ (2--6' high); _leaves 3_ (sometimes 2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a _sheathing base_; raceme peduncled; _berries red_.--Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Mich. and Min. (Sib.)

14. MAIANTHEMUM, Wigg.

Perianth 4-parted, with as many stamens. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. Otherwise as in Smilacina.--Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme upon a low 2--3-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. (Name from _Maius_, May, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _a flower_.)

1. M. Canadense, Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (3--5' high); leaves lanceolate to ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile or very shortly petioled; perianth-segments 1'' long. (Smilacina bifolia, var. Canadensis, _Gray_.)--Moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west to Minn. and Iowa. May.

15. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TWISTED-STALK.

Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base, deciduous; the 6 distinct sepals lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, extrorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell; style and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded.--Herbs, with rather stout stems from a creeping rootstock, forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from [Greek: strepto/s], _twisted_, and [Greek: pou~s], _foot_ or _stalk_).

1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Stem 2--3 deg. high, glabrous; _leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath_, strongly clasping; _flower greenish-white_ (4--6'' long) on a long abruptly bent peduncle; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; _stigma entire, truncate_.--Cold moist woods, N. Eng. to N. Minn., south to Ohio, Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. June. (Eu.)

2. S. roseus, Michx. _Lower leaves green both sides, finely ciliate_, and the branches sparingly beset with short bristly hairs; _flower rose-purple_ (3--4'' long), more than half the length of the slightly bent peduncle; anthers 2-horned; _stigma 3-cleft_.--Cold damp woods, N. Eng. to N. Minn., and south in the mountains to Ga. May.

16. DISPORUM, Salisb.

Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate or linear, deciduous. Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are fixed by a point above the base and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules (in our species) suspended from the summit of each cell; style one; stigmas short, recurved-spreading, or sometimes united into one! Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3--6-seeded, red.--Downy low herbs, with creeping rootstocks, erect stems sparingly branched above, with closely sessile ovate thin and transversely veined leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from [Greek: di/s], _double_, and [Greek: spora/], _seed_, in allusion to the 2 ovules in each cell.)

1. D. lanuginosum, Benth. & Hook. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, closely sessile, downy beneath; flowers solitary, [or] in pairs; sepals linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed (1/2' long), soon spreading, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth; stigmas 3. (Prosartes lanuginosa, _Don._)--Rich woods, western N. Y. to Va. and Ga., west to Ky. and Tenn. May.

17. CLINTONIA, Raf.

Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 stamens inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like; anthers linear or oblong, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells opening down the margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2--3-celled; style long; stigmas 2 or 3, or in ours united into one. Berry few--many-seeded.--Short-stemmed perennials, with slender creeping rootstocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at the base by the stalks of 2--4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves; flowers rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to _De Witt Clinton._)

1. C. borealis, Raf. Scape and leaves 5--8' long; _umbel 3--6-flowered_; perianth greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (3--4'' long); berry ovoid, blue; _ovules 20 or more_.--Cold moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west to Minn.

2. C. umbellata, Torr. Flowers half the size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots; _umbel many-flowered_; berry globular, black; _ovules 2 in each cell_.--Rich woods, in the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga.

18. UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT.

Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 distinct sepals spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at base, with a deep honey-bearing groove within bordered on each side by a callus-like ridge. Stamens much shorter, barely adherent to their base; anthers linear, much longer than the filaments, adnate and extrorse, but the long narrow cells opening laterally. Style deeply 3-cleft; the divisions stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal at the summit. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a thin white aril.--Stems rather low, terete, from a short rootstock with fleshy roots, naked or scaly at base, forking above, bearing oblong perfoliate flat and membranaceous leaves with smooth margins, and yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary on terminal peduncles. (Name "from the flowers hanging like the _uvula_, or palate.")

1. U. perfoliata, L. _Glaucous throughout_, 1/2--11/2 deg. high, with 1--3 leaves below the fork; _leaves glabrous_, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, acute; _perianth-segments granular-pubescent within_ (8--16'' long); _stamens shorter than the styles; tip of the connective acuminate_; cells of the capsule with 2 dorsal ridges and 2-beaked at the apex.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to Dak., and southward.

2. U. grandiflora, Smith. Yellowish-green, _not glaucous_; stem naked or with a single leaf below the fork; _leaves whitish-pubescent beneath_, usually somewhat acuminate; _perianth-segments smooth within_ or nearly so (12--18'' long); _stamens exceeding the styles, obtusely tipped_; capsule obtusely lobed. (U. flava, _Smith_.)--Rich woods, Canada to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.

19. OAKESIA, Watson.

Flowers resembling those of Uvularia, but the segments obtuse or acutish, carinately gibbous and without ridges within. Capsule membranous, elliptical, acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, triquetrous and acutely winged, very tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, with a very tumid spongy rhaphe.--Stem acutely angled, from a slender creeping rootstock, with sessile clasping leaves scabrous on the margin, and 1 or 2 flowers terminal on slender peduncles but soon appearing opposite to the leaves by the growth of the branches. (Dedicated to _William Oakes_.)

1. O. sessilifolia, Watson. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping; sepals 7--12'' long; anthers obtuse; capsule short-stipitate, 6--10'' long. (Uvularia sessilifolia, _L._)--Low woods, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and Ark.

2. O. puberula, Watson. Slightly puberulent; leaves bright green both sides and shining, oval, mostly rounded at base, with rougher edges; styles separate to near the base, not exceeding the acute anthers; capsule not stipitate, 10--12'' long. (Uvularia puberula, _Michx._)--Mountains, Va. to S. C.

20. ERYTHRONIUM, L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6', awl-shaped; anthers oblong-linear, continuing erect. Style elongated. Capsule obovate, contracted at base, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose membranaceous tip.--Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (The Greek name for the purple-flowered European species, from [Greek: e)rythro/s], _red_.)

1. E. Americanum, Ker. (YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE.) Scape 6--9' high; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whitish and commonly minutely dotted; _perianth light yellow_, often spotted near the base (10--20'' long); style club-shaped; _stigmas united_.--Rich ground, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. E. albidum, Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.) Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted; _perianth pinkish-white_; inner divisions toothless; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 short _spreading stigmas_.--Rich ground, N. Y. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan.

3. E. propullans, Gray. _Offshoot arising from the stem, near the middle_; leaves smaller and more acuminate; _flowers bright rose-color_, yellowish at base (6'' long); _style slender; stigmas united_.--In rich soil, Minn. and Ont.

21. LILIUM, L. LILY.

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous; the 6 stamens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, extrorsely attached near the middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at first included, at length versatile; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrse line. Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or whorled narrow sessile leaves, and from one to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek [Greek: lei/rion].)

[*] _Flowers erect, the sepals narrowed below into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous._

1. L. Philadelphicum, L. (WILD ORANGE-RED LILY. WOOD LILY.) Stem 2--3 deg. high; _leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered_; flowers (2--4' long) 1--3, open-bell-shaped, _reddish-orange_ spotted with purplish inside; the lanceolate sepals not recurved at the summit; bulb of thick fleshy jointed scales.--Dry or sandy ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

2. L. Catesbaei, Walt. (SOUTHERN RED LILY.) _Leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered_; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy on the margin and recurved at the summit, _scarlet_, spotted with dark purple and yellow inside; bulb-scales thin, narrow and leaf-bearing.--Pine-barrens, N. C. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo.

[*][*] _Flowers nodding, the sepals sessile; bulbs rhizomatous._

3. L. superbum, L. (TURK'S-CAP LILY.) Stem 3--7 deg. high; _lower leaves whorled_, lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth; flowers (3' long) often many (3--20 or 40) in a pyramidal raceme; _sepals strongly revolute_, bright orange, with numerous dark purple spots inside.--Rich low grounds, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.

4. L. Canadense, L. (WILD YELLOW LILY.) Stem 2--5 deg. high; _leaves remotely whorled_, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough; flowers few (2--3' long), long-peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the _sepals recurved-spreading above_, yellow or orange, usually spotted with brown.--Moist meadows and bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.

5. L. Grayi, Watson. Stems 2--3 deg. high; leaves in whorls of 4--8, lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, smooth; _flowers_ 1 or 2, _nearly horizontal_, _the sepals_ (11/2--21/2' long) but _little spreading above the rather broad base_, rather abruptly acute, deep reddish orange, thickly spotted within.--Peaks of Otter, Va., and southward in the mountains to N. C.

L. TIGRINUM, Ker. (TIGER LILY.) Tall, pubescent above; leaves scattered, narrowly lanceolate, dark green, 5--7-nerved, the upper axils bulbiferous; flowers large, resembling those of L. superbum.--An escape from gardens. (Adv. from E. Asia.)

22. MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6; anthers shorter than the slender filaments, oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles, stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the globose ovary, long and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-celled, few-seeded.--A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1--3 deg. high, clothed with flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous white rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl of 5--9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly parallel-ribbed and netted-veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named after the sorceress _Medea_, for its supposed great medicinal virtues.)

1. M. Virginiana, L.--Rich damp woods, N. Eng. to Minn., Ind., and southward. June.

23. TRILLIUM, L. WAKE ROBIN. BIRTHROOT.

Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger, withering in age. Stamens 6; anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, usually introrse; the cells opening down the margins. Stigmas sessile, awl-shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovary 3--6-angled. Berry ovate, usually 6-angled or -winged, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds ovate, horizontal, several in each cell.--Low perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a short and praemorse tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower; in spring. (Name from _triplum_, triple; all the parts being in threes.)--Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes petals changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number.

[*] _Ovary and fruit 6-angled and more or less winged._

[+] _Flower sessile; the very broad connective produced beyond the anther-cells._

1. T. sessile, L. _Leaves sessile, ovate_ or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched or spotted; sepals spreading; _sessile petals erect-spreading_, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, dark and dull purple, varying to greenish, fruit globose, 6'' long.--Moist woods, Penn. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. T. recurvatum, Beck. _Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole, ovate, oblong, or obovate; sepals reflexed; petals_ pointed, the base _narrowed into a claw_, oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, dark purple; fruit ovate, strongly winged above, 9'' long.--Rich woods, Ohio and Ind. to Minn. and Ark.

[+][+] _Flower pedicelled; connective narrow, not produced; leaves subsessile._

[++] _Pedicel longer than the flower; filament shorter than the anther._

3. T. erectum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic (21/2--6' wide), shortly acuminate; pedicel (1--3' long) usually more or less inclined or declinate; _petals ovate to lanceolate_ (9--18'' long), brown-purple or often white or greenish or pinkish; stamens equalling or exceeding the _stout distinct spreading or recurved stigmas_; fruit ovate, 1' long, reddish.--Rich woods, N. Scotia to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. Flowers ill-scented.

4. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Leaves less broadly rhombic-ovate (11/2--4' wide); pedicel erect or ascending; _petals oblanceolate_, often broadly so (11/2--21/2' long), white turning rose-color or marked with green; stamens with stout filaments (persistently green about the fruit) and anthers, _exceeding the very slender erect or suberect and somewhat coherent stigmas_; fruit globose, 1/2--1' long.--Rich woods, Vt. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

[++][++] _Pedicel short, recurved or strongly declinate; filaments slender, about equalling the anther._

5. T. cernuum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate (2--4' broad); petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate (6--12'' long), wavy, recurved-spreading; stamens with short anthers, shorter than the stout recurved distinct stigmas; fruit ovate.--Moist woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo.

[*][*] _Ovary and fruit 3-lobed or angled, not winged; filaments slender, about equalling the anthers; pedicel erect or inclined; leaves petiolate._

6. T. nivale, Riddell. (DWARF WHITE T.) Small (2--4' high); _leaves oval or ovate, obtuse_ (1--2' long); _petals oblong, obtuse_ (6--15'' long), _white_, scarcely wavy, spreading from an erect base, equalling the peduncle; styles long and slender; fruit depressed globose, with 3 rounded lobes, 3--4'' long.--Rich woods, W. Penn. and Ky. to Minn. and Iowa.

7. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. (PAINTED T.) _Leaves ovate, taper-pointed_; _petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy_, widely spreading, _white painted with purple stripes at the base_, shorter than the peduncle; fruit broad-ovate, obtuse, 7--9'' long.--Cold damp woods and bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Wisc. and Mo.

24. HELONIAS, L.

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple sepals, persistent, several-nerved, glandless, turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at both ends.--A smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulate or oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing in early spring a stout hollow sparsely bracteate scape (1--2 deg. high), sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete; pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name probably from [Greek: e(/los], _a swamp_, the place of growth.)

1. H. bullata, L.--Wet places, Penn. and N. J. to Va.; rare and local.

25. CHAMAELIRIUM, Willd. DEVIL'S-BIT.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading 1-nerved sepals, withering-persistent. Filaments and (white) anthers, as in Helonias; fertile flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at each end.--Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked raceme (4--12' long) of small bractless flowers; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole. (Name formed of [Greek: chamai/] _on the ground_, and [Greek: lei/rion], _lily_, the genus having been founded on a dwarf undeveloped specimen.)

1. C. Carolinianum, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR.) Stem 1--4 deg. high. (C. luteum, _Gray_.)--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Neb. and Ark. June.

26. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx.