Part 21

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a conical or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior.--Perennial herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliny, of unknown meaning.)

Sec. 1. GEUM proper. _Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated; head of fruit sessile in the calyx; calyx-lobes reflexed._

[*] _Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong; stipules small._

1. G. album, Gmelin. _Smoothish or softly pubescent; stem slender_ (2 deg. high); root-leaves of 3--5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only toothed; hairs upon the long slender peduncles ascending or spreading; _receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute._--Borders of woods, etc.; common. May--Aug.

2. G. Virginianum, L. _Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem_; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; heads of fruit larger, on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs; _receptacle glabrous_ or nearly so.--Borders of woods and low grounds; common. June--Aug.

[*][*] _Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding the calyx; stipules larger and all deeply cut._

3. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1--3 deg. high); root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the _terminal leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped_; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2--4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the _lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle nearly naked_.--N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.)

4. G. strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3--5 deg. high); root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate; _leaflets of the stem-leaves 3--5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle downy._--Moist meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn., Kan., and westward. July, Aug. (Eu.)

Sec. 2. STYLIPUS. _Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the calyx; bractlets of the calyx none, otherwise nearly as Sec. 1._

5. G. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3--5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx; receptacle smooth.--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., south to Ky. and Tex. April--June.

Sec. 3. CARYOPHYLLATA. _Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading; petals erect._

6. G. rivale, L. (WATER, or PURPLE AVENS.)--Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2 deg. high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange; head of fruit stalked in the brown-purple calyx.--Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo.--Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in fruit. (Eu.)

Sec. 4. SIEVERSIA. _Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; head of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)_

7. G. triflorum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; _bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2'), strongly plumose in fruit_.--Rocks, Lab. and northern N. Eng., to Minn. and Mo., rare. April--June.

8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish; _root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped_, radiate-veined (2--5' broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5--7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole; stems (8--18' high) 1--5-flowered; _bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate_ and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (1/2' long), _spreading; styles naked_ except the base. (High mountains of N. C.)

Var. Peckii, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute.--Alpine tops of the White Mts.

* * * * *

DRYAS OCTOPETALA, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby plant, with simple toothed leaves and large white solitary flowers, has the characters of this section excepting its 8--9-parted calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It was said by Pursh to have been found on the White Mountains, N. H., ninety years ago, but it is not known to have been seen there since.

8. WALDSTEINIA, Willd.

Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and deciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenes 2--6, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior.--Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3--5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of _Francis von Waldstein_, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (BARREN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed, scapes several-flowered; petals longer than the calyx.--Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn.

9. FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenes scattered over its surface.--Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate, stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.)--Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called WILD STRAWBERRY.)

1. F. Virginiana, Mill. _Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle_, which usually has a narrow neck, calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified; _leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture; the hairs of the scapes_, and especially of the _pedicels, silky and appressed_.--Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc.; common.

Var. Illinoensis, Gray, is a coarser or larger plant, with flowers more inclined to be polygamo-dioecious, and the _villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading_.--Rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and westward.

2. F. vesca, L. _Achenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical fruiting receptacle_ (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or reflexed; hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed; _leaflets thin_, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins.--Fields and rocky places; less common. (Eu.)

F. INDICA, L., differing from the true strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, _yellow petals_, and _insipid fruit_, has become somewhat established near Philadelphia and in the S. States; an escape from cultivation. Flowers and fruit produced through the summer and autumn. (Adv. from India.)

10. POTENTILLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appearing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle; styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior.--Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers; their parts rarely in fours. (Name a diminutive from _potens_, powerful, originally applied to P. Anserina, from its once reputed medicinal powers.)

Sec. 1. _Styles thickened and glandular toward the base; achenes glabrous, numerous; inflorescence cymose._

[*] _Style nearly basal; stamens 25--30; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers._

1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout (1--4 deg. high), brownish-hairy, clammy above; leaflets 7--11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath; cyme strict and rather close; stamens mostly 30, on a thick glandular disk.--Rocky hills, N. Brunswick to N. J., Minn., Kan., and westward.

[*][*] _Style terminal; flowers small, yellow; leaves pinnate or ternate._

[+] _Annual or biennial; leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose; stamens 5--20._

2. P. Norvegica, L. _Stout, erect, hirsute_ (1/2--2 deg. high); _leaves ternate_; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate; _cyme rather close_, leafy; _calyx large_; stamens 15 (rarely 20).--Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. (Eu.)

3. P. rivalis, Nutt. _More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves pinnate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaflet 3-parted_; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong; _cyme loose, often diffuse_, less leafy; _calyx small_; petals minute; stamens 10--20 (rarely 5).--Neb. to Mo. and N. Mex., and westward.

Var. millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate; stems erect, or weak and ascending; achenes often small and light-colored.--Minn. to Mo., N. Mex., and westward.

Var. pentandra, Watson. Leaves ternate, the lateral leaflets of the lower leaves parted nearly to the base; stamens 5, opposite to the sepals.--Iowa, Mo., and Ark.

4. P. supina, L. _Stems decumbent at base_ or erect, often stout, leafy, _subvillous; leaflets pinnately 5--11_, obovate or oblong; _cyme loose, leafy_; stamens 20; _achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side_. (P. paradoxa, _Nutt._)--Minn. to Mo., and westward; also eastward along the Great Lakes.--Var. NICOLLETII, Watson. Slender; leaflets mostly but 3; inflorescence much elongated, leafy, and falsely racemose.--Devil's Lake, Minn.

[+][+] _Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose; leaflets incisely pinnatifid; bractlets and sepals nearly equal; stamens 20--25._

5. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Stems erect or decumbent at base (1/2--2 deg. high); leaflets 5--9, white-tomentose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, oblong, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all revolute; cyme fastigiate but rather open.--Coast of Maine, N. H., and the lower St. Lawrence, L. Superior, and westward. July, Aug.--Var. STRIGOSA, Lehm. Stems 6--12' high; silky-tomentose throughout; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the narrow lobes revolute; cyme short and close.--Minn. and westward.

Sec. 2. _Styles filiform, not glandular at base; inflorescence cymose._

[*] _Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous perennials, with rather large yellow flowers._

[+] _Leaves pinnate._

6. P. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the upper surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending (1--11/2 deg. high), slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme; leaflets 5--11, cuneate-oblong, _incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down the petiole_; carpels 10--30.--N. W. Minn., and westward.

7. P. effusa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout, with scattered villous hairs; stems ascending (4--12' high), diffusely branched above; leaflets 5--11, _interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones smaller_, cuneate-oblong, _coarsely-incised-serrate or dentate_; carpels 10.--W. Minn. to Mont. and Col.

[+][+] _Leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets; tomentose or villous._

8. P. argentea, L. (SILVERY CINQUE-FOIL.) Stems ascending, paniculately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revolute margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath.--Dry barren fields, etc., N. Scotia to N. J., west to Dak. and E. Kan. June--Sept. (Eu.)

9. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (1--3' high), tufted, villous when young; leaflets 3, broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3--5-toothed at summit, nearly glabrous above; flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems; bractlets and sepals equal.--Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Style lateral; purple petals (shorter than the broad calyx) somewhat persistent; disk thick and hairy; achenes glabrous; hairy receptacle becoming large and spongy._

10. P. palustris, Scop. (MARSH FIVE-FINGER.) Stems stout, ascending from a decumbent rooting perennial base (1/2--2 deg. long), glabrous below; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5--7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less pubescent beneath; flowers few in an open cyme; calyx (1' broad) dark purple inside.--Cool bogs, N. J. to N. Ind., Ill., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Style attached below the middle; achenes and receptacle densely villous; woody perennials._

11. P. fruticosa, L. (SHRUBBY CINQUE-FOIL.) _Stem erect, shrubby_ (1--4 deg. high), much branched; _leaves pinnate, leaflets 5--7_, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, _entire_, silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute; _petals yellow, orbicular_.--Wet grounds, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn., northern Iowa, and north and westward. June--Sept. (Eu.)

12. P. tridentata, Ait. (THREE-TOOTHED C.) Stems low (1--10' high), rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered; _leaves palmate; leaflets 3_, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, _coarsely 3-toothed at the apex; petals white_; achenes and receptacle very hairy.--Coast of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward, Norfolk, Ct. (_Barbour_), and mountain-tops of the Alleghanies; also shores of the upper Great Lakes, and N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn.

Sec. 3. _Styles filiform, lateral; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered; achenes glabrous; receptacle very villous; herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers._

13. P. Anserina, L. (SILVER-WEED.) _Spreading by slender many-jointed runners, white-tomentose and silky-villous; leaves all radical, pinnate_; leaflets 7--21, with smaller ones interposed, _oblong_, sharply serrate, silky tomentose at least beneath; bractlets and stipules often incisely cleft; peduncles elongated.--Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., New Eng. to N. J., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

14. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON CINQUE-FOIL or FIVE-FINGER.) _Stems slender and decumbent or prostrate_, or sometimes erect; _pubescence villous, often scanty; leaves ternate, but apparently quinate_ by the parting of the lateral leaflets; _leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate_, incisely serrate, nearly glabrous above; bractlets entire.--Dry soil; common and variable. Apr.--July.--Often producing summer runners.

11. SIBBALDIA, L.

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Stamens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5--10; styles lateral.--Low and depressed mountain perennials; included by some in Potentilla. (Dedicated to _Dr. Robert Sibbald_, professor at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.)

1. S. procumbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; petals yellow.--Alpine summits of the White Mts., and northward. (Eu.)

12. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. LADY'S MANTLE.

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat; limb 4-parted with as many alternate accessory lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1--4. Pistils 1--4; the slender style arising from near the base; achenes included in the tube of the persistent calyx.--Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From _Alkemelyeh_, the Arabic name, having reference to the silky pubescence of some species.)

A. ARVENSIS, Scop. (PARSLEY PIERT.) Small annual (3--8' high), leafy; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2--3-cleft, pubescent; flowers fascicled opposite the axils.--Va. and N. C. (Adv. from Eu.)

13. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 5--15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended.--Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slender spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of _Argemonia_, of the same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.)

1. A. Eupatoria, L. (COMMON AGRIMONY.) _Leaflets 5--7 with minute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate_, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx.--Borders of woods, common. July--Sept. (Eu.)

2. A. parviflora, Ait. (SMALL-FLOWERED A.) _Leaflets crowded, 11--19, with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate_, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules; petals small.--Woods and glades, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan., and La.

14. POTERIUM, L. BURNET.

Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent; the 4 broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4--12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1--3; the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene (commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx-tube. Seed suspended.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or dioecious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name [Greek: pote/rion], _a drinking-cup_, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medicinal drink.)

1. P. Canadense, Benth. & Hook. (CANADIAN BURNET.) Stamens 4, long-exserted, club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike; stem 3--6 deg. high; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, obtuse, heart shaped at base, as if stipellate; stipules serrate.--Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to mountains of Ga., west to Mich.

P. SANGUISORBA, L. (GARDEN BURNET.) Stamens 12 or more in the lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary filaments, the upper flowers pistillate only; stems about 1 deg. high; leaflets numerous, small, ovate, deeply cut.--Fields and rocks, N. Y. to Md. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the many stamens into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit.--Shrubby and usually spiny or prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole; stalks, foliage, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Many of the species are very variable in their characters, and are often indeterminable upon imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.)

[*] _Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens._

1. R. setigera, Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE ROSE.) Stems climbing, armed with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3--5, ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and calyx glandular; flowers corymbed; sepals pointed; petals deep rose-color changing to white; fruit (hip) globular.--Borders of prairies and thickets, Ont. to Ohio, S. C., and Fla., west to Wisc., Neb., and Tex.; also cultivated. July.--The only American climbing rose, or with united protruding styles; strong shoots growing 10--20 deg. in a season.

[*][*] _Styles distinct; sepals connivent after flowering and persistent; pedicels and receptacles naked._

[+] _Fruit oblong-obovate to oblong; infrastipular spines usually none._

2. R. Engelmanni, Watson. Stems usually 3--4 deg. high or less; infrastipular spines, when present, straight and slender; prickles often abundant; leaflets 5--7, often somewhat resinous-puberulent beneath and the teeth serrulate; flowers solitary; sepals entire, naked or hispid; fruit 6--12'' long.--Whisky Island, L. Huron, shores of L. Superior, and west to the Red River valley, and in the mountains from N. Mont, and N. Idaho to Col.

[+][+] _Fruit globose; infrastipular spines none; acicular prickles often present._

3. R. blanda, Ait. Stems 1--3 deg. high, _wholly unarmed_ (occasionally with a few or very rarely numerous prickles); _stipules dilated_, naked and entire, or slightly glandular-toothed; _leaflets 5--7_, usually oblong-lanceolate, _cuneate at base and petiolulate, simply serrate, not resinous_; flowers usually large, corymbose or solitary; _sepals hispid, entire_.--On rocks and rocky shores, Newf. to N. Eng., central N. Y., Ill. (La Salle Co.), and the region of the Great Lakes.

4. R. Sayi, Schwein. Stems usually low (1--2 deg. high), _very prickly; stipules usually dilated_, glandular-ciliate and resinous; _leaflets 3--7_, broadly elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, _sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, resinous-puberulent and teeth serrulate_; flowers large, solitary (very rarely 2 or 3); outer sepals usually with 1 or 2 narrow lateral lobes, not hispid.--N. Mich. and Wisc. to Minn. and Col.

5. R. Arkansana, Porter. Stems low, _very prickly; stipules narrow_, more or less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate); _leaflets 7--11_, broadly elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, _subcuneate at base_, sessile or petiolulate, _simply toothed, not resinous_; flowers corymbose; _sepals rarely hispid, the outer lobed_.--Minn. to Mo. and W. Tex., west to Col.

[+][+][+] _Fruit globose; infrastipular spines present._

6. R. Woodsii, Lindl. Stems usually low (1/4--3 deg. high), with slender straight or recurved spines, sometimes with scattered prickles, or wholly unarmed above; leaflets 5--7, obovate to oblong or lanceolate, more or less toothed; flowers corymbose or solitary; sepals naked or hispid, the outer usually lobed; fruit globose with a short neck.--Minn. to Mo., west to Col.

[*][*][*] _Styles distinct; sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous; infrastipular spines usually present, often with scattered prickles; sepals, globose receptacle, and pedicel usually hispid; teeth simple; pubescence not resinous._

[+] _Leaflets mostly finely many-toothed._

7. R. Carolina, L. Stems usually tall (1--7 deg. high), with stout straight or usually more or less curved spines; stipules long and very narrow; leaflets dull green, 5--9 (usually 7), usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end and petiolulate, but often broader, usually pubescent beneath.--Borders of swamps and streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Miss.

[+][+] _Leaflets coarsely toothed._

8. R. lucida, Ehrh. Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 6 deg. high), _with at length stout and usually more or less hooked spines; stipules_ usually naked, _more or less dilated; leaflets_ (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, _smooth and often shining above_; flowers corymbose or solitary; outer sepals frequently with 1 or 2 small lobes.--Margins of swamps or moist places, Newf. to N. Eng., N. Y., and E. Penn.

9. R. humilis, Marsh. Stems usually low (1--3 deg.) and more slender, less leafy, with _straight slender spines_, spreading or sometimes reflexed; _stipules narrow_, rarely somewhat dilated; leaflets as in the last, but usually thinner and paler; flowers very often solitary; _outer sepals always more or less lobed_. (R. lucida of most authors.)--Mostly in dry soil or on rocky slopes, Maine to Ga., west to Minn., Mo., Ind. Terr., and La.