Part 47

[*] (FRINGED GENTIANS.) _Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering._

1. G. crinita, Froel. Stem 1--2 deg. high; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base_; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla (2' long), the _lobes_ of which are _wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate_.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.

2. G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3--18' high; _leaves linear or lanceolate-linear_; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; _lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong_, with ciliate-fringed margins, _the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical or obovate_. (G. detonsa, _Manual_.)--Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward.

[*][*] _Flowers smaller, 4--5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-angled stem._

3. G. Amarella, L. Stems 2--20' high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-lobes (4--5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, 1/2' long or more, _with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile._--Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setae.--Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.

4. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1--2 deg. high); leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3--7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear; corolla pale blue, 6--9'' long, its lobes _triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands at the base_ of the slender obconical tube _manifest; capsule stipitate_.--Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to Fla.--Var. OCCIDENTALIS, Gray. Sometimes 2--3 deg. high, and paniculately much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla.--Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La.

Sec. 2. PNEUMONANTHE. _Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands, capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12)._

[*] _Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged._

5. G. affinis, Griseb. _Stems clustered_, 1 deg. high or less; leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear; _flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose_ or few or rarely almost solitary; _calyx-lobes_ unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1' long or less, rather _narrowly funnel-form_, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with _conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes_.--Minn. to the Pacific.

6. G. puberula, Michx. Stems (_mostly solitary_) erect or ascending (8--16' high), mostly _rough_ and minutely pubescent above; _leaves rigid_, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1--2' long); _flowers clustered_, rarely solitary; _calyx-lobes lanceolate_, much shorter than the _bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla_, the spreading ovate _lobes_ of which are _twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages_.--Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.

[*][*] _Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often axillary clusters._

[+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously winged; leaves rough-margined._

7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base; _calyx-lobes linear or spatulate_, acute, _equalling or exceeding the tube_, half the length of the corolla; _lobes_ of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but _distinct_, and more or less _longer than the conspicuous_ 2-cleft and minutely toothed _appendages_.--Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

8. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Stems upright, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; _calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate_, recurved, _shorter than the top-shaped tube_, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, _its proper lobes obliterated_, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages.--Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.

[+][+] _Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cluster leafy-involucrate; seeds winged._

9. G. alba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in a dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.--Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.

10. G. linearis, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1--2 deg. high; flowers 1--5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with somewhat narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, _Gray_.)--Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.

Var. lanceolata, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad.--Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Var. latifolia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate.--L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).

[+][+][+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds completely marginless._

11. G. ochroleuca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages.--Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.

[*][*][*] _Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled and naked; seeds wingless._

12. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6--15' high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form (2' long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages.--Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

PLEUROGYNE CARINTHIACA, Griseb., var. PUSILLA, Gray, a low few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4--5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.

5. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4--14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined.--Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to _John Fraser_, an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3--8 deg. high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1' broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves.--Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.

6. HALENIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4--5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4--5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.--Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for _John Halen_, a German botanist.)

1. H. deflexa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9--18' high), simple or branched above; leaves 3--5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla.--Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.

7. BARTONIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod.--Small annuals or biennials (3--10' high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to _Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton_, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1--3-flowered; _lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx_, or sometimes twice as long; _anthers roundish_; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform.--Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. and La. Aug.--Scales and branches occasionally alternate.

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem 1--few-flowered; flowers 3--4'' long, larger; _lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong_; ovary flat.--Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March.

8. OBOLARIA, L.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls.--A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3--8' high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile; in spring. (Name from [Greek: o)bolo/s], a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)

1. O. Virginica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like; flowers 4'' long.--Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga. and Tex.

9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.--A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1 deg. high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from [Greek: me/n], _month_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliata, L.--Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)

10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule few--many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard.--Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of [Greek: li/mne], _a marsh_ or _pool_, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _a blossom_, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunosum, Grisebach. _Leaves entire_, round-heart-shaped (1--2' broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; _seeds smooth and even_.--Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. _Leaves larger_ (2--6' broad) and rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted beneath; petioles stouter; _seeds glandular-roughened_.--Ponds and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.

ORDER 70. POLEMONIACEAE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few--many-seeded, the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column._--Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell.--Perennials (except a few southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. ([Greek: Phlo/x], _flame_, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are cultivated in gardens.

Sec. 1. _Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves._

[*] _Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)_

1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2--4 deg. high), smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; _panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth awn-pointed_; corolla pink-purple varying to white.--Open woods, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and La. June, July.

2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish; _stem spotted with purple_, rather slender (1--2 deg. high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, _panicle narrow, oblong_, leafy below; _calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed_; corolla pink-purple.--Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.--Var. CANDIDA, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form.

[*][*] _Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers in corymbed or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate._

[+] _Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or nearly so._

3. P. ovata, L. Stems ascending (1/2--2 deg. high), often from a prostrate base; _leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate_, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled; _calyx-teeth_ short and broad, _acute_. (P. Carolina, _L._)--Open woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.

4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1--3 deg. high); _leaves linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate_, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3--4' long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); _calyx-teeth_ narrower and very _sharp-pointed_.--Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.

[+][+] _Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent._

[++] _No runners or prostrate sterile shoots._

5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1--11/2 deg. high), usually hairy, as are the _lanceolate or linear leaves_ (1--4' long), which commonly _taper to a sharp point_; cymes at length open; _calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like_, longer than the tube, loose or spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire.--Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

6. P. amoena, Sims. Stems ascending (1/2--11/2 deg. high), mostly simple; _leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong_, abruptly acute or blunt (1/2--11/2' long), on sterile shoots often ovate; _cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear_, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, _Gray_; not _Lehm._)--Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.

[++][++] _Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves rather broad._

7. P. reptans, Michx. _Runners creeping_, bearing _roundish-obovate_ smoothish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4--8' high) and their _oblong or ovate obtuse leaves_ (1/2' long) _pubescent_, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; _lobes of the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire_.--Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June.

8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9--18' high); _leaves oblong- or lance-ovate_ or the lower oblong-lanceolate (11/2' long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; _lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched_ at the end, or _often entire_, 1/2--{2/3}' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them.--Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. May.--A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.

[*][*][*] _Stems low, diffuse and branching; flowers scattered or barely cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate._

9. P. bifida, Beck. _Minutely pubescent_; stems ascending, branched (5--8' high); leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (1/2--11/2' long, 11/2'' wide); flowers few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube; _lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle_ (4'' long), equalling the tube, the _divisions linear-oblong_.--Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo.

10. P. Stellaria, Gray. _Very glabrous_; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (1--2' long, 1'' wide or more), acute, rather rigid; flowers scattered, mostly long-peduncled; _lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bifid at the apex into barely oblong lobes_.--Cliffs of Ky. River (_Short_), S. Ill., and Tenn. (_Gattinger_). May.

Sec. 2. _Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves._

11. P. subulata, L. (GROUND or MOSS PINK.) Depressed, in broad mats, pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3--6'' long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white); lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire.--Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky.

2. GILIA, Ruiz & Pav.

Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds.--Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the Sec. _Collomia_, in which the flowers are capitate-glomerate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire; annuals. (Dedicated to _Philip Gil_, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. linearis, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6--18' high; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla 6'' long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, _Nutt._)--From Minn. west to the Pacific.

3. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN.

Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few--several-seeded.--Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from [Greek: po/lemos], _war_, of doubtful application.)

1. P. reptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak and spreading (6--10' high, never creeping as the name denotes); leaflets 5--15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding, calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; _stamens and style_ included; corolla light blue, about 1/2' wide; _capsules about 3-seeded_.--Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June.