Part 35

[+][+] _Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squarrose or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base; heads numerous, small, racemose._

31. A. amethystinus, Nutt. Tall (2--5 deg. high), upright, much branched, puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3'' high, the tips of the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue.--Moist grounds, E. Mass. to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11.

32. A. multiflorus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1 deg. high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2--3'' long; rays white or rarely bluish, 10--20.--Dry sandy soil; common.

[+][+][+] _Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly shorter), not coriaceous, with short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (2--3'' high) and numerous._

[++] _Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets._

33. A. dumosus, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1--3 deg. high; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear spatulate, obtuse, in 4--6 rows.--Thickets; common.--A variable species, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms.

[++][++] _Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets._

34. A. vimineus, Lam. _Smooth or smoothish_, 2--5 deg. high, bushy; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with fine sharp teeth; _scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish_, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescanti, of previous ed.)--Var. FOLIOLOSUS, Gray, has linear entire leaves, the ascending branches with more scattered paniculate heads.--Moist banks; very common.--Heads very numerous, and usually crowded, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so.

35. A. diffusus, Ait. _More or less pubescent_, much branched; _leaves_ lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, _sharply serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse_, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.)--Thickets, fields, etc.; very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2--5'); the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple.--Var. THYRSOIDEUS, Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. N. Y. to Ill.--Var. HIRSUTICAULIS, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins of the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N. Y. and Ky.--Var. BIFRONS, Gray, a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely disposed on the spreading branches. Ky. to Ill.

[+][+][+][+] _Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely paniculate on erect or ascending branches._

[++] _Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like; glabrous or nearly so._

[=] _Heads small or middle-sized; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green tips not dilated._

36. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem much branched (2--4 deg. high); the numerous heads (2--3'' high) somewhat panicled or racemed; leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2--6' long), the lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.)--Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., and south to Va. and Ill. Rays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms approach n. 32--34, others differ from A. paniculatus only in the smaller heads and shorter ray.

37. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem (2--8 deg. high) much branched; the branches and scattered heads (about 4'' high) loosely paniculate; leaves long-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simplex, previous ed.)--Shady moist banks; common. Rays white or purplish, 3--4'' long. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40.

38. A. salicifolius, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter, firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more imbricated, the firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, previous ed.)--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; most abundant westward.--Var. SUBASPER, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.

[=][=] _Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat equal and erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often wholly herbaceous._

39. A. junceus, Ait. Slender, 1--3 deg. high, simple with few heads or loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3--5' long, entire or the lower sparsely denticulate; heads small (3'' high); scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4--5'' long. (A. aestivus, previous ed., mainly.)--Wet meadows and cold bogs, N. Scotia and N. Y. to Mich. and Minn.

40. A. longifolius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1--3 deg. high, more or less branched and corymbosely panicled; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate (3--7' long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads 4--5'' high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays 3--4'' long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish.--Low grounds, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to Minn.--Var. VILLICAULIS, Gray, a low simple form, with few or solitary heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (_Miss Furbish_).

[=][=][=] _Heads middle-sized; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal, linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly spreading or squarrose._

41. A. Novi-Belgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat auriculate; heads 4--5'' long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous ed.)--N. Brunswick to Ill. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.--Var. LAEVIGATUS, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an abrupt base; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward.--Var. LITOREUS, Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the innermost with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and shores, Can. to Ga.--Var. ELODES, Gray, slender, often low and simple; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va.

[++][++] _Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping; involucre lax._

42. A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1--4 deg. high; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so; heads loosely panicled, about 4'' high; scales unequal, erect or nearly so; rays light purple or white.--N. Brunswick and eastern N. England.

43. A. tardiflorus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), 1--2 deg. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, corymbose, 4--5'' high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale violet.--Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering.

44. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem 1--3 deg. high, corymbose-panicled, hairy above in lines; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and rather abruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4'' high, on short divergent peduncles; scales narrowly linear, tips recurved spreading; rays light blue.--Borders of streams and rich woods, W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and Wisc.

45. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout 3--7 deg. high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed; heads 4--6'' high, subsessile; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).--Low thickets and swamps, very common.--Var. LAEVICAULIS, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1--3 deg. high; leaves serrate.--Var. LUCIDULUS, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate.

Sec. 4. DOELLINGERIA. _Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary; rays rather few, white; leaves not rigid, veiny._

46. A. umbellatus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2--7 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed_ and tapering at the base (3--6' long); heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales rather close, obtusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug.--Var. PUBENS, Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich. to Minn.--Var. LATIFOLIUS, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, _Torr. & Gray_.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward.

47. A. infirmus, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1--3 deg. high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy beneath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid. (D. cornifolius, _Darl._)--Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward.

Sec. 5. IANTHE. _Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened at top, the outer shorter; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves numerous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless._

48. A. linariifolius, L. Stems 3--20' high, several from a woody root; heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves about 1' long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linariifolius, _Hook_.)--Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white.

Sec. 6. ORTHOMERIS. _Pappus simple; scales imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding._

49. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish; stems clustered (6--20' high), simple; _leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid_, entire, tapering to the base, 1--3-nerved, with rough margins (2--4' long); _heads small, in a flat corymb_; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; _rays white_ (2--4'' long).--Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and northward. Aug.--Var. LUTESCENS, Gray; rays small, pale yellow.--N. Ill. to Sask.

50. A. acuminatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1 deg. high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; _leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed_ above, wedge-form and entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin (3--5'' long); heads few or several; rays 12--18, white, or slightly purple.--Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug.--There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleae.

51. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1--2 deg. high); _leaves_ small (1--11/2' long), rather _rigid, lanceolate_, nearly _entire, with revolute margins_; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated.--Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept.

52. A. tenuifolius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or forked, 6'--2 deg. high; heads rather large, terminal; _leaves few, long-linear, tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire_, the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points; rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, _Nutt._)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Sept.

Sec. 7. OXYTRIPOLIUM. _Involucre as in Sec. 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves._

53. A. subulatus, Michx. Stem 6--24' high; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-shaped, in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius, of previous ed.)--Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.--Oct.

Sec. 8. CONYZOPSIS. _Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose; pappus copious, very soft; rays very short or without ligules; low annuals with numerous rather small heads._

54. A. angustus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6--20' high, nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced to a tube much shorter than the elongated style.--Minn. to Sask. and westward, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.)

26. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little imbricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved; pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales.--Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedunculate heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from [Greek: e~)r], _spring_, and [Greek: ge/ron], _an old man_, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal species.)

Sec. 1. CAENOTUS. _Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus; pappus simple; annuals._

1. E. Canadensis, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-hairy; _stem erect, wand-like_ (1--5 deg. high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-lobed; _heads_ very numerous and small, cylindrical, _panicled_.--Waste places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July--Oct.--Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.

2. E. divaricatus, Michx. _Diffuse and decumbent_ (3'--1 deg. high); leaves linear or awl-shaped, entire; _heads loosely corymbed; rays purple_; otherwise like n. 1.--Ind. to Minn., and southward.

Sec. 2. TRIMORPHAEA. _Like Sec. 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flowers within the outer row of ray-flowers; biennial or sometimes perennial._

3. E. acris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10--20' high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4--5'' long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pappus.--Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and northward. The var. DROEBACHENSIS, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.)

Sec. 3. ERIGERON proper. _Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded in one or more rows._

[*] _Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching; pappus double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray._

4. E. annuus, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3--5 deg. high), branched, _beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed; the lowest ovate_, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre.--Fields and waste places; a very common weed. June--Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)

5. E. strigosus, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corymbose at the summit, _roughish_ like the leaves _with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth; leaves entire_ or nearly so, the upper _lanceolate_, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre.--Fields, etc., common. June--Aug.--Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New England.

[*][*] _Leafy-stemmed perennials; pappus simple (double in n. 6)._

6. E. glabellus, Nutt. Stem (6--15' high) stout, hairy above, the leafless summit bearing 1--7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre; pappus double, the outer of minute bristles.--Plains of N. Wisc., and westward. June.

7. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6--12' high), from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays 20--30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, _Pursh._)--Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward.

8. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, _producing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above_, bearing few (1--9) large heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire; _rays (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple._--Copses and moist banks; common. May.

9. E. Philadelphicus, L. (COMMON FLEABANE.) Hairy; _stem leafy_, corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed; _rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple_ or flesh-color.--Moist ground; common. June--Aug.

[*][*][*] _Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems; pappus simple._

10. E. nudicaulis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1--2 deg. high), bearing 5--12 small corymbed heads; rays white. (E. vernum, _Torr. & Gray_).--Low grounds, E. Va. and southward. May.

27. BACCHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, i.e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.--Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to _Bacchus_.)

1. B. halimifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy; branches angled; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish.--Sea beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward.--Shrub 6--12 deg. high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse.--Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), and southward.

28. PLUCHEA, Cass. MARSH-FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row.--Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered. Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbe _Pluche_.)

1. P. bifrons, DC. _Perennial_, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves closely sessile or half-clasping_, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2--3' long); heads clustered in a corymb; scales lanceolate.--Low ground, Cape May, N. J., and southward.

2. P. camphorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) _Annual, pale_ (2--5 deg. high); _leaves scarcely petioled_, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. (P. foetida, _DC._)--Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southward, and on river-banks westward to Ky., Ill., and Neb. (?)

29. EVAX, Gaertn.

Heads rather many-flowered, discoid; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus none.--Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.)

1. E. prolifera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from the base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.--Dak. and W. Kan. to Tex.

30. FILAGO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE.

Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none.--Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from _filum_, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)