Part 81

19. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Tall and stout, 2--3 deg. high; culm thick and very sharply triangular, rough throughout; leaves very long, rough-margined; spikes 3--5, all slenderly peduncled and more or less drooping, all somewhat contiguous, long (mostly 2--3') and narrowly cylindrical, very compactly flowered; perigynium elliptic-lanceolate, more or less 2-edged, many-costate, the beak shorter than the body, with erect short teeth, strongly reflexed; scale very rough-awned, about the length of the perigynium.--Swamps and lake-borders, N. Eng. to Penn., and Mich.; rare. (Eu.)

Var. Americana, Hochst. Mostly stouter, the leaves broader (about 1/4'); spikes thicker and commonly more drooping; perigynium longer, the beak mostly longer than the body and the teeth long and prominently spreading. (C. comosa, _Boott_.)--Swamps; common.

[*] 1.--[+] 5. _Squarrosae._

20. C. stenolepis, Torr. Stout and very leafy, 1--2 deg. high; culm obtusely angled, very smooth; leaves about 3'' broad, rough on the nerves, the upper and the bracts very much longer than the culm; terminal spike often pistillate at top; other spikes 3--5, the uppermost sessile on the zigzag rhachis, short (1--11/2' or less) and evenly cylindrical, often staminate at top; perigynium very abruptly contracted into a short but slender toothed beak, shorter than the long-linear and rough scale.--Swamps and meadows, central Penn., to N. Ohio, west and southward; frequent.

21. C. squarrosa, L. Cespitose, 2--3 deg. high; culm sharply angled, more or less rough above; leaves broad and weak, roughish, exceeding the culm; bracts much less prominent than in the last; spikes 1--3, thick, the terminal always two-thirds pistillate or more, the remainder more or less stalked, erect or slightly nodding, globular or oblong-cylindric, brown, exceedingly densely flowered; perigynium larger, the beak rough; scale short and usually invisible.--Bogs, throughout; infrequent.

[*] 2. TRACHYCHLAENAE.--[+] 1. _Shortianae._

22. C. Shortiana, Dewey. Tall and slender but strict, in small clumps, 2--3 deg. high; leaves about 1/4' broad, flat, rough on the nerves; spikes 3--5, somewhat approximate near the top of the culm, the lowest 2 or 3 short-peduncled, erect, small (1' long or less, and 2'' wide), evenly cylindrical, exceedingly densely flowered; perigynium small, circular or round-ovate, flat, sharp-edged, nerveless, the orifice entire, perfectly squarrose; scale thin and blunt, about the length of the perigynium.--Wet meadows, S. Penn. and Va. to Ill.; rare eastward.

[*] 2.--[+] 2. _Anomalae._

23. C. scabrata, Schwein. Tall and rather stout, very leafy, 1--3 deg. high, culm sharply and very roughly angled; leaves broad and flat, very rough; spikes 3--5, scattered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile, the remainder often long-peduncled and sometimes nodding, 1--2' long, narrowly cylindrical and compactly flowered; perigynium broadly ovate, prominently few-nerved, rough, the beak nearly as long as the body and slightly toothed; scale acute and rough-tipped, green-nerved, about as long as the body of the perigynium.--Wet meadows and glades, as far west as Mich.; common eastward.

[*] 2.--[+] 3. _Hirtae._

24. C. vestita, Willd. Stout and stiff, 2--3 deg. high; culm sharply angled, smooth or somewhat rough; leaves narrow and rather short, roughish; staminate spike 1, rarely 2, sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2--5, approximate and sessile, or rarely the lowest sub-radical, often staminate at top, oblong or short-cylindric (rarely 1' long), compactly flowered; perigynium ovate, nerved, stiffly hairy, short-beaked, the beak often purple, and white-hyaline at the orifice, which becomes more or less split with age; scale thin and blunt or acute, shorter than the perigynium.--Tufted in sandy soils, from N. Eng. to N. Y., and southward; frequent.

25. C. striata, Michx., var. brevis, Bailey. Stiff, 1{1/2}--2{1/2} deg. high; culm sharply angled, smooth or slightly rough above, mostly exceeding the leaves; leaves narrow and stiff, becoming involute; spikes 1--2, mostly closely sessile, considerably separated when two, short (rarely 1{1/2}' long) and rather thick, erect; perigynium broad-ovate with impressed nerves, smooth, ascending, short-beaked and very short-toothed; scale thin, obtuse or acutish, mostly about {1/2} as long as the perigynium.--Pine-barren swamps, N. J., and southward; local.

26. C. Houghtonii, Torr. Stiff, 1--2 deg. high, extensively creeping; culm rather sharply angled, rough, exceeding the leaves; leaves flat and very sharp-pointed; spikes 1--3, sessile or the lowest short-stalked, erect, varying from nearly globular to cylindric (1{1/2}' long), compact; perigynium short-ovate, stiffly pubescent, prominently nerved and toothed; scale thin-margined, acute or awned, shorter than the perigynium.--Sandy knolls and banks from Maine to Minn. along our northern borders, and northwestward; rather local.

27. C. filiformis, L. Tall and very slender but erect, 2--3 deg. high; culm obtuse, smooth; leaves very long, involute-filiform, rough; spikes 1--3, sessile, somewhat scattered, erect, short and thick (rarely over 1' long); perigynium very short-ovate, the teeth very short, the few nerves obscured by the dense stiff hairs; scale thin and blunt, about as long as the perigynium.--Bogs, throughout, north of Penn.; frequent. (Eu.)

Var. latifolia, Boeckl. Culm mostly rough above; leaves flat, 1--2'' broad; spikes usually somewhat slimmer and scales often sharper and longer. (C. lanuginosa, _Michx._)--Swales and low meadows, throughout; common.

C. HIRTA, L. Variable in size ({1/2}--2 deg. high), widely creeping; culm rather slender but erect, obtuse and smooth or slightly rough above; leaves soft and flat, generally sparsely hairy and the sheaths very hirsute, rarely smooth; spikes 2--3, distant, more or less shortly-peduncled, erect or nearly so, 11/2' long or less and rather loose; perigynium long-ovate, nerved, soft-hairy, the prominent beak slenderly toothed; scale thin and green-nerved, awned, mostly a little shorter.--E. Mass. to central N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*] 2.--[+] 4. _Paludosae._

[++] _Teeth slender, mostly spreading._

28. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Stout and tall, 2--3 deg. high; culm sharply angled, rough above; leaves very numerous, flat and very rough, but not hairy, much exceeding the culm; spikes 2--5, scattered, the lower stalked and more or less spreading, long and heavy (1--4') but loosely flowered at base; perigynium long-ovate, many-costate, sparsely short-hairy, about twice as long as the membranaceous, acute or acuminate scale.--Marshes; frequent.--Var. IMBERBIS, Gray. Mostly smaller throughout; perigynium smooth; scales usually sharper and longer. Drier places, N. Y. to Mo.; infrequent.

Var. Deweyi, Bailey. Leaves narrower, often becoming somewhat involute, smoother; spikes short (seldom over 11/2' long), all but the lowest one sessile; perigynium smooth, thick in texture, becoming polished with age, the nerves impressed; scales sharp, mostly a little shorter than the perigynium.--Dakota (_Seymour_), and northwestward. Resembles small forms of n. 29.

Var. aristata, Bailey. Mostly stouter; leaves more or less hairy on the under surface and sheaths; perigynium usually longer, smooth, the teeth longer and more spreading. (C. aristata, _R. Br._)--N. Eng. to Minn.; rare eastward.

[++][++] _Teeth short, erect or very nearly so._

29. C. riparia, W. Curtis. Very large and stout, 2--4 deg. high, stoloniferous; leaves mostly broad, flat, rough, glaucous, much longer than the sharply angled culm; spikes 2--4, scattered and all more or less peduncled, the lowest often very long-stalked, varying from almost globular in starved plants to 3--4' long, erect or the lower somewhat drooping, loosely flowered below; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, rather lightly many-nerved, becoming polished, the beak short and thick; scale varying from blunt to awned, shorter or longer than the perigynium.--Swales; common. (Eu.)

C. ACUTIFORMIS, Ehrh. Stout, 2--3 deg. high; culm thick and sharp, mostly smooth; leaves broad, flat and glaucous, much prolonged; spikes 3--5, all but the uppermost peduncled, spreading or drooping, narrowly cylindric (2--3' long), loosely flowered below; perigynium ovate, very strongly many-nerved, the short beak slightly toothed; scale rough-awned and longer than the perigynium. (C. paludosa, _Gooden_.)--Swales, Dorchester, and New Bedford, Mass. (Nat. from Eu.) The former station has been recently destroyed.

[*] 3. MICRORHYNCHAE.--[+] 1. _Atratae._

[++] _Alpine; plant small._

30. C. alpina, Swartz. Small and slender, 1/2--2 deg. high; culm thin and obtuse, smooth or roughish, naked above; leaves narrow and flat, shorter than the culm; spikes commonly 3, sometimes 2 or 4, aggregated, globular and very small, all closely sessile or rarely the lowest exceedingly short-stalked; perigynium orbicular or obovate, nerveless or nearly so, the short beak slightly notched, a little longer than the ovate and black mostly obtuse scale.--Isle Royale, L. Superior. (Eu.)

31. C. atrata, L., var. ovata, Boott. Very slender but erect, 1--2 deg. high; culm rather sharp, roughish above; leaves narrow but flat, shorter than the culm; spikes 3--5, all but the terminal one on slender stalks 1/2--2' long, drooping when mature, 1' long or less, ovate-oblong or short-cylindric, reddish-brown; perigynium broadly ovate, thin and puncticulate, very short-beaked, the orifice slightly notched; scale blunt, thin-margined, about as long as the perigynium. (C. atrata, _Man._)--White Mountains, N. H., Smugglers' Notch, Vt. (_Brainerd_), and northward.

[++][++] _Paludose; plant larger._

32. C. fusca, All. Rather slender but stiff, 1--3 deg. high; culm sharp, roughish above; leaves very narrow, rough, mostly shorter than the culm; spikes 2--4, the terminal rarely all staminate, all sessile and approximate or the lowest sometimes very short-stalked, varying from globular to narrowly cylindric (often becoming 11/2' long), dark brown or variegated; perigynium elliptic and beakless, whitish and granular, nearly nerveless, the orifice entire; staminate scales very long-lanceolate, the pistillate lance-ovate and very sharp, conspicuously longer than the perigynium. (C. Buxbaumii, _Wahl._)--Bogs, throughout; frequent. (Eu.)

[*] 3.--[+] 2. _Rigidae._

33. C. vulgaris, Fries. Low and stiff, about 1 deg. or sometimes 18' high; culm sharp, smooth or rather rough above; leaves narrow and stiff, shorter than the culm, glaucous blue; staminate spike sessile or nearly so; spikes 2--4, all sessile or rarely the lowest very short-stalked, short and erect (1' long or less), very densely flowered or sometimes becoming loose below, the lowest subtended by a bract 1--3' long; perigynium appressed, oval or round-ovate, mostly finely striate toward the base, the beak entire or very nearly so, bright green until over-mature; scale ovate and very obtuse, purple with a faint white nerve, conspicuously narrower and shorter than the perigynium, thus causing the spike in the growing plant to assume a characteristic green-and-black appearance.--Swales and low meadows along the sea-board, from Mass. northward; common. (Eu.)

Var. strictiformis, Bailey. Taller (11/2--21/2 deg. high) and looser; culms slender; leaves long and narrow, lax, scarcely glaucous; staminate spike longer peduncled; pistillate spikes looser and often longer, mostly brown or tawny-green. (C. limula, _Man._)--Swales from E. Penn. northward, near the seaboard; frequent. Often confounded with n. 34, but easily distinguished by the non-cespitose habit, sheaths not fibrillose, and the short scales very obtuse.

Var. hyperborea, Boott. Somewhat stoloniferous, low, often smaller than the type; spikes shorter and mostly loosely flowered, often becoming very thin; scales generally longer, giving the spikes a darker color; stigmas often 3. (C. rigida, var. (?) Bigelovii, _Tuckerm._)--Alpine summits of N. H., Vt., and N. Y. (Eu.)

[*] 3.--[+] 3. _Acutae._

[++] _Stigmas 2; scales not conspicuously acute, or if so, divaricate._

[=] _Spikes erect, or rarely spreading in n. 34._

34. C. stricta, Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 2--4 deg. high, generally in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts; culm sharp, rough above; leaves long and narrow, rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths usually becoming prominently fibrillose; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and equalling the culm; spikes 3--5, variable in size and shape, scattered, the lowest usually more or less peduncled and clavate and the others sessile, erect or spreading, oblong or cylindric (1/2--2' long and 2--3'' broad), all compactly flowered above but often attenuate at base (or rarely alternate-flowered throughout), the upper mostly staminate at top, all greenish-purple or pallid; perigynium ovate and small, tawny, mostly lightly few-nerved and somewhat granular, the beak very short and commonly entire; scale obtuse to nearly acute, about equalling the perigynium or a little shorter.--Swales, throughout; abundant and variable.

Var. angustata. Stricter; spikes longer and narrower (3--4' long about 11/2'' broad), never clavate, more approximate and always erect, the staminate portion usually much longer (often 1--2'), rust-colored; scales narrower and sharper, mostly longer than the perigynium. (C. angustata, _Boott_, in part.)--Same range as the type, but less common.

Var. decora, Bailey. Usually smaller; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose; spikes shorter (seldom over 1' long), sessile or very nearly so, rarely attenuate at base, spreading, the terminal staminate flowers few, rust-colored; bracts more spreading; scales very sharp and spreading, longer than the perigynium. (C. aperta, _Man._)--N. Eng. to Wisc.; rather rare.

C. STRICTA x FILIFORMIS. Leaves and culms very slender; spikes short (1' long or less), sessile and compact, the upper 1 or 2 scarcely bracted, pallid; perigynium small, smooth.--Keweenaw Co., Mich. (_Farwell_.) Exactly intermediate between the two species.

35. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Large and stout, glaucous, 2--4 deg. high; culm very obtuse and smooth; leaves exceedingly long, broader than in the last, the bracts broad and prolonged far beyond the culm; spikes 3--5, 1--2' long, very compact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect, thick (3'' broad or less); perigynium round-ovate or broadly elliptic, nerveless, greenish, imbricated; scale obtuse and much shorter and narrower than the perigynium.--Swamps and lake-margins, N. Eng. to Minn.; not common. (Eu.)

36. C. lenticularis, Michx. Rather slender but erect, pale throughout, 1--2 deg. high; culm sharp, usually slightly rough above; leaves very narrow, numerous, much surpassing the culm; spikes 3--6, more or less aggregated or the lowest remote, the terminal androgynous or staminate, mostly sessile, erect; perigynium ovate, minutely granular, brown-nerved, the tip empty and entire; scale pale and obtuse, about 1/2 the length of the perigynium.--Gravelly borders of ponds and lakes, northern N. Eng. to Minn.; mostly local.

[=][=] _Spikes widely spreading or drooping._

37. C. torta, Boott. Slender but erect, 11/2--21/2 deg. high, in clumps, with exceedingly tough and cord-like roots; culm rather sharp, smooth or roughish above; leaves flat and rather soft, those of the culm very short; spikes 3--5, mostly somewhat approximate or the lower remote, the upper sessile and ascending but the others drooping, long and slender (often 3' long, 2'' broad or less); perigynium lance-ovate, thin and green, nerveless, the slim upper half empty and more or less tortuous, the beak entire or erose; scale purple-margined and very obtuse, shorter than the perigynium.--Cold banks and swamps, Vt. to N. C.; infrequent.

[++][++] _Stigmas 2; scales long-acute and ascending._

38. C. salina, Wahl., var. cuspidata, Wahl. Rather stout, 1--21/2 deg. high; culm rather sharp, smooth; leaves narrow but flat; spikes 2--4, somewhat approximate, the lowest 1 or 2 very short-stalked, erect, short (11/2' or less) and rather thick, the lower subtended by leaf-like bracts 3--4' long; perigynium elliptic, somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves or nerveless, the minute beak entire; scale brown-margined, produced into a lighter and rough awn much exceeding the perigynium. (C. salina, _Man._)--Salt marshes, Mass., and along the coast northward; rare in the United States. (Eu.) Anomalous forms, which appear to be hybrids, have been separated as

C. STRICTA x SALINA, Bailey. Spikes thinner and more scattered, more inclined to be peduncled; scales blunt or short-awned, little exceeding the perigynium.--Near Boston, Mass., _W. Boott, Morong_.

[++][++][++] _Stigmas 3._

39. C. prasina, Wahl. Slender, somewhat flexuose, 11/2--21/2 deg. high; culm rather sharp, smooth; leaves very narrow, soft and flat, rough; spikes 2--3, peduncled and spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green, 1--2' long, narrow and loosely flowered; perigynium pale, narrowly triangular-ovate, thin, nearly nerveless, produced into a short but slender entire or minutely toothed beak; scale very thin and acute, nearly colorless, shorter than the perigynium. (C. miliacea, _Muhl._)--Meadows and bogs, Vt. to Mich., and southward; infrequent.

[*] 3.--[+] 4. _Cryptocarpae._

40. C. maritima, O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout, 1--21/2 deg. high; culm sharp, smooth or rough above; spikes 2--6, scattered, all or all but the upper one on very long weak stalks and pendulous, 1--3' long and thick and bushy, usually staminate at top; perigynium nearly orbicular, pale, few-nerved or nerveless, the beak very short and entire or nearly so; scale produced into a greenish rough awn 3--8 times as long as the perigynium.--Salt marshes of the coast, Mass., Maine, and northward; not common. Leaves smooth, broad and flat. (Eu.)

41. C. crinita, Lam. Robust and mostly stout, 2--4 deg. high; culm sharp and rough or sometimes smooth; leaves about 3'' broad, flat, more or less rough on the nerves and margins; spikes 3--6, somewhat scattered, all variously peduncled, mostly secund, curved and drooping (or in small forms rarely nearly erect), 1--4' long, narrowly and evenly cylindric, compact or attenuate below, often staminate at top; perigynium ovate, thin and puncticulate, obscurely nerved, the minute point entire; scale greenish-brown and rough-awned, 2--3 times as long as the perigynium. (C. gynandra, _Schwein._)--Swales; common.--Var. MINOR, Boott. Much smaller in all its parts, 10--18' high; leaves narrow; spikes 3--4, 11/2' long or less, less drooping; scales less prominent.--Maine to N. Y.; scarce. Somewhat resembles n. 39.

C. CRINITA x TORTA, Bailey. More slender than C. crinita, the leaves narrower; spikes nearly as slender as those of C. torta; scales blunt or simply acute and little longer than the perigynium, or sometimes very short-awned.--Moist meadows near the Glen House, White Mts. (_Brainerd_). Might be mistaken for drooping spiked forms of n. 34.

[*] 3.--[+] 5. _Pendulinae._

[++] _Spikes narrowly cylindrical._

42. C. littoralis, Schwein. Somewhat slender but erect, 1--2 deg. high; leaves narrow and rather stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp and nearly smooth culm; staminate spikes 1--3, dark purple, 11/2' long or less, the scales obtuse; pistillate spikes 2--4, somewhat approximate, on thread-like peduncles, 1--2' long, usually staminate at top; perigynium lance-oval, faintly nerved, the minute beak entire, mostly longer than the obtuse purple scale; bracts prominently purple-auricled. (C. Barrattii, _Schwein._ & _Torr._)--Marshes near the coast, N. J. and southward; rare.

[++][++] _Spikes globular or oblong._

[=] _Scales very sharp, prominently longer than the perigynium._

43. C. Magellanica, Lam. Slender but erect, 8--18' high; leaves flat and lax, somewhat shorter than the culm; lowest bract as wide as the leaves or nearly so and exceeding the culm; spikes 2--3, approximate, all slenderly stalked and drooping; perigynium orbicular or broad-ovate, nerved in the centre, 1/2--{2/3} the length of the scale. (C. irrigua, _Smith_.)--Deep swamps, throughout, north of Penn.; local. (Eu.)

[=][=] _Scales blunt, little exceeding the perigynium._

44. C. rariflora, Smith. Very small but stiff, 4--10' high, somewhat stoloniferous; culm obtuse and very smooth; leaves very narrow, becoming involute, shorter than the culm; spikes 1--2, only 3--10-flowered, drooping, borne in the axil of a minute awl-like and purple-auricled bract; perigynium ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely nerved, mostly a little shorter than the enveloping scale.--Mt. Katahdin, Maine (_Goodale_). (Eu.)

45. C. limosa, L. Slender but rather stiff, 1--2 deg. high, stoloniferous; culm sharp, rough above; leaves very narrow, strongly keeled or involute; spikes 1--2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one erect, oblong, springing from the axil of a very narrow bract which is nearly always shorter than the culm; perigynium very short-pointed, about the length of the broad scale.--Deep swamps, throughout, north of Penn.; local. (Eu.)

[*] 4. HYMENOCHLAENAE.--[+] 1. _Virescentes._

46. C. virescens, Muhl. Slender, erect or spreading, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves very narrow, more or less hairy; spikes 3--5, green, short-oblong, all somewhat stalked and often spreading, compact (11/2'' thick or less); perigynium ovate and costate, very hairy, longer than the thin and white acute scale.--Var. COSTATA, Dewey, usually the commoner form, is taller (often reaching 21/2 deg.), with spikes long-cylindric, 1/2--2' long, and a stronger ribbed perigynium.--Banks and copses, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward; common eastward.

47. C. triceps, Michx., var. hirsuta, Bailey. Usually stiffer; leaves hairy; spikes 2--4 (usually 3), all contiguous or occasionally the lowest somewhat removed, sessile, short-oblong or globular, green or brown (2--3'' thick); perigynium broad-ovate, flattish, very obtuse, often sparsely hirsute when young but smooth at maturity; staminate scales very sharp; pistillate scales acute or short-awned, about the length of or shorter than the perigynium.--Dry copses and fields, N. Eng. to Mo., and southward; rare northward.--Var. SMITHII, Porter. Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves very long, very nearly smooth; spikes small, globular or short-cylindrical (1/2' long or less), the lowest often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be peduncled; perigynium globular and turgid, brown, squarrose, giving the spike a characteristic plump appearance.--Fields and woodlands, southern N. J., E. Penn., and southward; also in Ark.; frequent.

[*] 4.--[+] 2. _Sylvaticae._

48. C. longirostris, Torr. Very slender but erect, 11/2--3 deg. high, growing in stools; leaves narrow, flat, loose; spikes 3--5, 1--2' long, loosely flowered, drooping; perigynium thin, slightly inflated, green, nearly nerveless, spreading, the beak longer than the body, about the length of the awned scale.--Shady banks from N. Eng. to Neb., and northward; frequent.--Var. MINOR, Boott. Smaller and slenderer; spikes 9'' long or less, very narrow and very loosely or even alternately few-flowered; perigynium smaller. Neb. and westward.

[*] 4.--[+] 3. _Flexiles._

49. C. castanea, Wahl. Slender but erect, 1--21/2 deg. high; leaves broad and flat, hairy, much shorter than the rough culm; spikes 2--4, approximate, widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks, 1' long or less, rather dense, tawny; perigynium broad lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a beak 1/2 as long as the body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than the light brown or whitish acute thin scale. (C. flexilis, _Rudge_.)--Banks, Conn. to Minn.; local.