Part 68
3. S. cernua, Richard. Stem _leafy below and leafy-bracted_ above (6--20' high); _leaves linear-lanceolate_, the lowest elongated (4--12' long, 2--9'' wide); spike cylindrical, rather dense (2--5' long) and with the white fragrant flowers either pubescent or nearly smooth; perianth horizontal or recurving (4--5'' long), the _lower sepals not upturned_ or connivent with the upper; _lip oblong_ and very obtuse when outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy; gland of the stigma linear, in a _long and very slender beak_.--Common in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., Oct. Very variable in size and foliage, often nearly losing its root-leaves at flowering time.--A variety, growing in dry ground but retaining its leaves and blooming somewhat later, has greenish cream-colored or yellowish stronger-scented flowers. E. Mass. and Del.
[*][*] _Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank._
[+] _Stem bearing elongated leaves at and toward the base, which mostly persist during the flowering season._
4. S. praecox, Watson. Root of fleshy or tuberous-thickened fibres; stem 9'--2 deg. high; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3--8' long, 2--4'' wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts; spike linear, dense (2--5' long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, etc., downy-pubescent; bracts ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline; perianth 3'' long; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded slightly recurved apex; anther and beak of the stigma very acute. (S. graminea, var. Walteri, _Gray_.)--Wet, grassy places, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.
[+][+] _Scape very slender, merely bracted; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly withering away at or before flowering; flowers small, and whole plant glabrous or nearly so; bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the capsule._
5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. _Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened_; scape 8--18' high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike; perianth barely 11/2--2'' long; _lip oval_ when outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, _thickish and green above_ with thin white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities at the base nipple-shaped.--Hilly woods and sandy plains, common. July--Oct.
6. S. simplex, Gray. Root a _solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber_; no leaves at flowering time; scape 5--9' high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1-sided) spike (1--3' long) of _very short flowers_ (perianth 1--11/2'' long); _lip thin, white, obovate-oblong_, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender.--Dry sandy soil, E. Mass. to N. J., Del., and Md. Aug., Sept.
10. GOODYERA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN.
Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base. Otherwise as Spiranthes.--Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated to _John Goodyear_, an early English botanist.)
Sec. 1. _Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip; anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short._
1. G. repens, R. Br. Small (5--8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, more or less white-reticulated (about 1' long); _flowers several, in a loose 1-sided spike_; lip with an ovate recurved tip; sepals ovate.--Woods, under evergreens, common northward and through the Alleghanies. Aug. (Eu.)
2. G. pubescens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated; scape 6--12' high, the _numerous crowded flowers not one-sided_; tip of the _globular lip very short_; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to it.--Rich woods, Newf. to Fla., west to Mich. and Minn.
Sec. 2. _Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above; anther ovate, long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short column, which is continued above the stigma into a conspicuous tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak._
3. G. Menziesii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2--3' long), less white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9--12' high; flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1-sided spike; flower-buds less pubescent, elongated-ovate and pointed; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower portion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit.--Woods, Gaspe and Tadousac, L. Can. (_J. A. Allen, Goodale_); Crawford, N. H. (_Miss Minns_); western N. Y. to Minn., and westward. July.
11. EPIPACTIS, Haller.
Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip free, deeply concave at base, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper portion dilated and petaloid. Column short, erect. Anther sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender-jointed base; pollen-masses coarsely granular, becoming attached to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma.--Stem leafy, with racemed flowers, conspicuous bracts, and ovaries reflexed at maturity. (The ancient Greek name of a plant.)
1. E. Helleborine, Crantz. Stems 1--2 deg. high; leaves broadly ovate (2--3' long), pointed, plicate, the upper narrower; raceme pubescent, 30--50-flowered, 1-sided; flowers varying from light greenish-yellow to dark purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3--4'' long; petals rather smaller; lip ovate, pointed above, with a dark centre. (E. latifolia, _All._)--Near Syracuse and Buffalo, N. Y.; the only known stations. (Eu.)
12. ARETHUSA, Gronov.
Flower ringent; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading toward the summit; very slightly gibbous at base. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells; pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell.--Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the nymph _Arethusa_.)
1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1--2' long), with an entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face.--Bogs, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Ind. and Minn.
13. CALOPOGON, R. Br.
Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, distinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile; pollen-masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate threads.--Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several large flowers. Bracts minute. (Name composed of [Greek: kalo/s], _beautiful_, and [Greek: po/gon] _beard_, from the bearded lip.)
1. C. pulchellus, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1 deg. high, 2--6-flowered; flowers 1' broad, pink-purple; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded toward the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.--Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.
14. POGONIA, Juss.
Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, stalked; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. ([Greek: Pogoni/as] _bearded_, from the lip of some of the original species.)
Sec. 1. _Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white._
1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6--9' high) bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in the axil; flower 1' long, sweet-scented; lip spatulate, appressed below to the column, beard-crested and fringed.--Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Minn. June, July. (Japan.)
2. P. pendula, Lindl. Stem (3--8' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3--6'') leaves, the upper 1--4 with drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels; perianth 1/2' long, narrow; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless.--Damp woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Wisc. and Mo.
Sec. 2. _Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beardless; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a cluster of fibres._
3. P. divaricata, R. Br. Stem (1--2 deg. high) bearing _a lanceolate leaf in the middle, and a leafy bract_ next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary; but the sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spatulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about 1--11/2' long.--Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June, July.
4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6--12' high) naked, except some small scales at the base and a _whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves_ at the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a _peduncle longer than the ovary and capsule; sepals more than twice the length of the petals_, narrowly linear, spreading from a mostly erect base (11/2--2' long); lip with a narrow crest down the middle.--Low woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind. and Wisc.; rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. Glaucous when young. Fruit-stalk erect, about 11/2' long, more than half the length of the leaves.
5. P. affinis, Austin. Somewhat smaller than the preceding; leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or greenish; _peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals but little longer than the petals_, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the middle of the lobes.--Low woods, S. W. Conn., S. New York, and N. New Jersey; rare.
15. ORCHIS, L.
Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a spike.--Our species with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from fleshy-fibrous roots. ([Greek: O(rchis], the ancient name.)
1. O. spectabilis, L. (SHOWY ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, _producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves_ (3--6' long), and a few-flowered 4 angled scape (4--7' high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white.--Rich woods, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. May.
2. O. rotundifolia, Pursh. Stem naked above, 1_-leaved at base_ (5--9' high), from a slender creeping rootstock; leaf varying from almost orbicular to oblong (11/2--3' long); flowers rose-purple, the lip white and spotted with purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched at the summit (4--6'' long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, _Richardson_.)--Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine to Vt., N. Y., Minn., and northward.
16. HABENARIA, Willd. REIN-ORCHIS.
Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becoming attached, some to the proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another); otherwise nearly as in true Orchis; the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from _habena_, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.)
Sec. 1. GYMNADENIA. _Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.)_
1. H. tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (6--12' high), with a single oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above; spike 6--12-flowered, oblong; _flowers greenish or whitish, very small; lip wedge-oblong, truncate, and with 3 short teeth at the apex_; the slender and slightly club-shaped spur curved upward, longer than the ovary.--Wet woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and south in the mountains to N. C. June, July.--Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages of the stigma three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated by pollen-tubes!
2. H. integra, Spreng. Root of very fleshy fibres (or some of them tuber-like); stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others becoming smaller and bract-like; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical; _flowers orange-yellow_, small, _lip ovate, entire_ or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl-shaped descending spur.--Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. July.--Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy; beak or middle appendage narrow.
3. H. nivea, Spreng. Stem slender, 1--11/2 deg. high, many-leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4--8' long, the others small and bract-like; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered; _flowers white, small_; petals and _entire lip linear-oblong_; spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary, which is not twisted.--Pine-barren swamps, S. Del. to Fla. Aug.
Sec. 2. PERULARIA. _Cells of the anther nearly parallel, the valves of each extended at base so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity, which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland. (Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.)_
4. H. virescens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the elongated raceme; petals ovate; flowers dull green; lip furnished with a tooth on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slender club-shaped spur.--Wet places, common; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. June, July.--Stem 10--20' high; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers, which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish.
Sec. 3. PLATANTHERA. _Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more commonly divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.)_
[*] _Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike; spur not longer than the entire or merely notched narrow lip; anther-cells almost parallel, wholly adnate; stem leafy._
[+] _Spur short and sac-like; the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect; glands small, rather widely separated._
5. H. bracteata, R. Br. Stem 6--12' high; lower leaves obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2--4 times the length of the green flowers; spike 10--30-flowered; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2--3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice the length of the white spur. (H. viridis, var. bracteata, _Reichenb._)--Damp woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, Ind., south in the mountains to N. C., and far northward.
[+][+] _Spur slender, incurved, about equalling the entire lip; lateral sepals spreading._
6. H. hyperborea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6'--2 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate_, erect; spike dense (2--15' long); lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the _(greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal_, the latter spreading from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; _glands orbicular_; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak.--Peat bogs and wet cold woods, N. Eng. to N. Y., S. Ill., Iowa, and northward. June, July. (Eu.)
7. H. dilatata, Gray. Resembles n. 6, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly _linear leaves; flowers white; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidal-dilated base_, entire, its base with the bases of the petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading; anther-cells almost parallel; _glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical_, nearly as long as the pollen-mass and its short flat stalk together; stigma narrow; a trowel-shaped conspicuous beak between the bases of the anther-cells.--Cold bogs, Conn. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward.
[*][*] _Flowers greenish or white, 5--15 in a loose spike, rather large for the size of the plant; scape or stem naked above, 1-leaved at base (5--9' high); spur not longer than the lip; anther-cells wholly adnate, arcuate and widely separated._
8. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong; lip entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3'' long), about the length of the tapering and curving spur.--Cold peat bogs, Maine and N. New Eng. (Mt. Wachusett, Mass.), to Minn. and northward. (Eu.)
[*][*][*] _Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-leaved at base; spur longer than the narrow entire lip; anther-cells widely diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forward; stalk of the pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward._
9. H. Hookeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3--4' broad); scape mostly naked (1/2--1 deg. high), bearing 10--20 upright sessile _yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike_; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the _lance-awl-shaped petals; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary_ (nearly 1' long).--Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa.--Var. OBLONGIFOLIA, Paine, has oblong leaves (3--5' by 11/2--2'). N. Y. and Can.
10. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4--8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath; scape bracted (1--2 deg. high), bearing many spreading _greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme_; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; _lip narrowly linear and slightly spatulate, obtuse_, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals; _spur curved_, slender (about 11/2' long), gradually _thickened_ toward the blunt apex, _twice the length of the ovary_; anther-cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly 1/4' apart).--Rich woods (especially coniferous), Newf. to Penn. and in the mountains to N. C., west to Mich. and Minn.
[*][*][*][*] (FRINGED ORCHIS.) _Flowers several or many in an open spike, with mostly foliaceous bracts; stem (rather tall) leafy; spur thread-shaped or scarcely club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip; anther-cells widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward or partly upward._
[+] _Lip pectinately fringed but undivided; flowers golden yellow or white; anther-cells widely divergent, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle projecting far forward or slightly inward; ovary long, tapering to the summit._
11. H. cristata, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed _bracts, nearly the length of the crowded (yellow) flowers_; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate; _lip ovate, with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the_ slender obtuse incurved _spur_, which is not half the length of the ovary.--Bogs, N. J. to Fla. July. Flowers very much smaller than in the next.
12. H. ciliaris, R. Br. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 11/2--2 deg. high; leaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper passing into pointed _bracts_, which are _shorter than the ovaries_; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered; _flowers bright orange-yellow_; lateral sepal rounded, reflexed; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex; _lip oblong_ (6'' long), _about half the length of the spur furnished with a very long and copious capillary fringe_.--Wet sandy places, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex., west to Mich. and Ind. Our most handsome species.
13. H. blephariglottis, Torr. (WHITE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 1 deg. high; leaves, etc., as in the last; _flowers white_, rather smaller; petals spatulate, usually slightly cut or toothed at the apex; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of the spur.--Peat bogs and borders of ponds, Newf. to N. J., west to Mich. and Minn. July.--Var. HOLOPETALA, Torr., has narrower petals with the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed.
[+][+] (GREENISH FRINGED-ORCHIS.) _Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions cut into capillary fringes; flowers greenish- or yellowish-white; anther-cells not very divergent, the beaked bases projecting forward; the large glands oval or lanceolate, nearly facing each other; ovary short-tapering above; spurs long, clavate._
14. H. leucophaea, Gray. Stem 2--4 deg. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large, fragrant) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose; _petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed; divisions of the lip_ (7--10'' long) _broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe_; spur longer than the ovary (1--11/2' long); glands transversely oval.--Moist meadows, western N. Y. to Ky., Mo., and Minn. July.
15. H. lacera, R. Br. (RAGGED FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered; _petals oblong-linear, entire; divisions of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes_; spur about the length of the ovary; _glands oblong-linear_, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass.--Bogs and moist thickets, N. Scotia to N. C. and Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.; common. July.
[+][+][+] (PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) _Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions erosely fringed; flowers purple; anther-cells widely separated, little divergent, the orbicular glands oblique; ovary contracted only at the summit; the long curving spur somewhat clavate._