Part 80

[+] 2. _Extensae._ Spikes mostly approximate or aggregated at the top of the culm (becoming remote in C. extensa), the lowest 1 or 2 subtended by a long and leafy mostly abruptly spreading and nearly or entirely sheathless bract. Terminal spike sometimes androgynous.--Sp. 62.

[+] 3. _Pallescentes._ Spikes globular or short-oblong, obtuse, sessile or short-peduncled, approximate at the top of the culm; bracts short, leaf-like, sheathless; perigynium entire at the orifice, the beak none or very short and stout.--Sp. 63, 64.

[*] 6. Dactylostachyae. Perigynium mostly short and triangular, mostly with a short and straight or curved beak, green or greenish, scarcely inflated; scales of the pistillate spikes mostly whitish (sometimes dark-colored in the _Digitatae_), often small; staminate spike mostly one; pistillate spikes short (seldom exceeding 1'), commonly rather loosely flowered and slender (spike single and plant dioecious in n. 83); bracts sheathing, the sheaths often conspicuous and colored.--Low and lax or slender species inhabiting meadows and copses.

[+] 1. _Oligocarpae._ Slender and narrow-leaved, with leafy bracts and inconspicuous green sheaths; perigynium rounded on the angles, finely many-striate, often somewhat punctulate as in n. 58, to which the group forms a transition.--Sp. 65--67.

[+] 2. _Laxiflorae._ Slender and more or less broad-leaved, with mostly leafy bracts, green or purple sheaths, and loosely flowered spikes; perigynium mostly conspicuously three-angled, with a more or less curved beak.--Sp. 68--74.

[+] 3. _Paniceae._ Mostly stouter and narrow-leaved, with thinner spikes; perigynium often strongly nerved, not conspicuously triangular, often somewhat turgid; bracts and sheaths various.--Sp. 75--78.

[+] 4. _Bicolores._ Small species with a beakless, more or less round or pyriform perigynium, which is commonly glaucous; terminal spike androgynous or all staminate; stigmas mostly 2.--Sp. 79.

[+] 5. _Digitatae._ Low species; sheaths membranaceous or hyaline and colored, either not prolonged into a bract or the bract very short and not foliaceous; perigynium more or less three-angled, often hairy, the beak straight or nearly so.--Sp. 80--83.

[*] 7. Sphaeridiophorae. Perigynium mostly short and rounded, three-angled in the _Triquetrae_, firm or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or scabrous, the beak straight and usually bifid; staminate spike one; pistillate spikes short (1' long or less), usually globular or short-oblong, more or less sessile and approximate or the longer ones radical (spike single in n. 84); bracts sheathless, short, or obsolete; stigmas rarely two.--Low species of dry ground, with leaves all radical.

[+] 1. _Scirpinae._ Spike one, unisexual; plant dioecious.--Sp. 84.

[+] 2. _Montanae._ Spikes two to several, the lowest occasionally long-peduncled and radical; perigynium rounded, contracted above and below, mostly bearing two prominent ribs, more or less hairy.--Low species of dry soils.--Sp. 85--91.

[+] 3. _Triquetrae._ Taller; spikes mostly approximate at the top of the culm, oblong or cylindrical; perigynium conspicuously 3-angled.--Sp. 92.

[*] 8. Phyllostachyae. Perigynium much as in the _Montanae_; spike one, staminate above; pistillate flowers few, often remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rhachis; scales prolonged and leaf-like.--Sp. 93--95.

[*] 9. Leptocephalae. Perigynium thin in texture, green, oblong or lanceolate or linear in general outline, beakless; spike one, staminate above, thin and slender; stigmas mostly three.--Small, slender and grass-like.--Sp. 96.

[*] 10. Physocephalae. Spike one, globular or short-oblong, staminate at the apex; perigynium straw-colored, paper-like, more or less inflated; stigmas three. Leaves remarkably broad in our species.--Sp. 97.

Sec. 2. VIGNEA. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base or apex of the pistillate spikes. Pistillate flowers in short sessile spikes (or spike single in some cases), which are commonly more or less aggregated into heads or even panicled. Perigynium plano-convex. Styles two and achene lenticular.--The spikes, especially the uppermost, usually have contracted bases when the staminate flowers are borne below the pistillate ones, and empty scales at the top when the staminate flowers are borne at the summit.

[*] 11. Acroarrhenae. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spikes (or, in the _Multiflorae_ and _Arenariae_, spikes often wholly staminate and the plants occasionally dioecious).

[+] 1. _Foetidae._ Spikes tawny or brown, not elongated, very densely aggregated into a continuous globose somewhat chaffy head; perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nerveless or nearly so, mostly thin in texture.--Sp. 98, 99.

[+] 2. _Vulpinae._ Spikes mostly yellow or tawny when mature, densely aggregated or sometimes somewhat scattered below or even panicled; perigynium thick in texture, spongy at base, mostly stipitate, bearing very conspicuous nerves, which converge below and are especially prominent on the outer side.--Sp. 100--102.

[+] 3. _Multiflorae._ Heads various, mostly loosely flowered, sometimes a panicle, yellow or tawny; spikes short (rarely longer than broad), staminate flowers sometimes occupying whole spikes in the middle or at the apex of the head; perigynium mostly small and short and nearly nerveless, or in some species becoming nearly lanceolate and more or less prominently nerved, firm in texture, usually numerous.--Sp. 103--108.

[+] 4. _Arenariae._ Spikes longer than in the last section, linear or nearly so, aggregated into short, almost globose heads; perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly larger and more delicate in texture; scales awn-pointed or very acute. Staminate flowers variously situated.--(C. arenaria.)

[+] 5. _Muhlenbergianae._ Spikes green or nearly so when mature, aggregated or scattered, never in compound heads; perigynium mostly short-ovate, staminate flowers always at the top of the spike.--Sp. 109--114.

[+] 6. _Dioicae._ Spike commonly one, small; plants small and slender, often dioecious.--Sp. 115--117.

[*] 12. Hyparrhenae. Staminate flowers borne at the base of the spikes (or in n. 124 and 125 variously situated).

[+] 1. _Elongatae._ Spikes silvery green or sometimes tawny when mature, distinct, mostly small; perigynium not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner surface.--Sp. 118--124.

[+] 2. _Ovales._ Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded; perigynium with a more or less thin or winged margin, which is mostly incurved at maturity, rendering the perigynium concave inside.--Sp. 125--132.

[+] 3. _Cyperoideae._ Spikes green, oblong, densely crowded into a short head subtended by two or three leafy bracts which are erect and prolonged from six inches to a foot; perigynium linear-lanceolate, scarcely margined.--Sp. 133.

Artificial Key.

Spike 1, staminate at top; scales of pistillate flowers leaf-like Sp. 93-95

Spike 1, scales not leaf-like.

Usually dioecious, stigma 2 115-117

Stigmas 3.--

Perigynium densely hairy 84

Spike staminate at base; perigynia squarrose 21

Spike staminate at top.--

Globose; leaves broad 97

Perigynium nearly linear, beakless 96

Perigynium long, spindle-shaped 1

Spikes several or numerous, sessile, spicate or capitate; stigmas 2.

All in a globose or ovoid uninterrupted head.

All staminate above.--

Usually green at maturity 112, 114

Usually yellow or tawny or brown 98, 99, 104, 105

All staminate below.--

Leafy-bracteate 133

Not leafy-bracteate.--

Green 118-120

Usually tawny or brown 125-132

Some or all of the spikes distinct or the head interrupted.

Staminate and pistillate flowers variously disposed, some of the spikes often unisexual.

Head large and long 108, C. arenaria

Head short or linear 124, 125

Spikes staminate above 100-114

Spikes staminate below 118-133

Spikes usually more or less pedicelled, the wholly or partially staminate spikes uppermost.

Terminal spike (rarely the 2 or 3 uppermost) staminate only at base.

Stigmas 2 34-38, 79

Stigmas 3; spikes erect,

Short and squarrose 20, 21

Not squarrose 22, 30, 32, 46, 47, 54, 79

Stigmas 3; spikes more or less drooping 31, 51-53, 55-57

Terminal spike or spikes staminate.

Stigmas 2.--

Spikes spreading or pendulous 34, 37, 40, 41

Spikes erect or nearly so 9-16, 34-41, 85-91, 79

Stigmas 3; spikes spreading or drooping.

Perigynium prominently 3-angled 68-74

Perigynium large, thin, much inflated 9-16

Perigynium firmer, not inflated.

Beakless 42-45

Beaked or prominently pointed.--

Teeth long, stiff and sharp 17-19

Teeth short and thin, or none 30, 31, 39, 48-53

Stigmas 3; spikes erect or ascending.

Perigynium hairy.--

Spikes very large, globose 6

Spikes very small, sessile or nearly so 81-83, 85-92

Spikes cylindrical, heavy 24-28

Perigynium granular-roughened 23

Perigynium smooth,

Thin and turgid, loosely enclosing the achene.--

Beakless 58, 59

Beaked 5-17

Firm in texture, not inflated,

Long-beaked, deeply toothed 2-4, 26, 28

Less prominently beaked, short-toothed, sharply 3-angled 69-74

Wholly beakless and pointless 58, 59, 63, 78, 79

Very small, black and shining; leaves capillary 80

Culm and leaves thinly pubescent 64

Perigynium more or less pointed or beaked.

Spikes spreading or drooping 51-53, 68-70, 75

Spikes erect 60-62, 65-68, 71-78

[*] 1. PHYSOCARPAE.--[+] 1. _Pauciflorae_.

1. C. pauciflora, Lightf. (Pl. 5, fig. 1--16.) Very slender but erect, 6--18' high; leaves very narrow, much shorter than the culm; staminate and pistillate flowers 2--5; perigynium at maturity easily detached.--Cold sphagnum swamps, New Eng. to N. Penn. and Minn.; local. (Eu.)

[*] 1.--[+] 2. _Lupulinae_.

[++] _Teeth of the perigynium strongly reflexed._

2. C. subulata, Michx. Green, very slender but erect, 6'--2 deg. high; leaves narrow, somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts leafy, sheathing; pistillate spikes 2--4, scattered, 2--6-flowered; perigynium deflexed.--Deep sphagnum swamps, R. I. to E. Penn., and southward; very local.

[++][++] _Teeth erect or spreading._

[=] _Whole plant yellowish; perigynium little or not at all inflated._

3. C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 1--2 deg. high; leaves narrow and firm, shorter than the culm; spikes 2--3, the lowest usually remote and short-peduncled, the remainder aggregated and sessile; staminate spike small, wholly sessile; perigynium not inflated, erect or spreading, twice longer than the blunt scale. (C. rostrata, _Michx._)--Bogs and lake-borders, mountains of N. H. and N. Y., and westward to L. Superior; local.

4. C. folliculata, L. Stout, 2--3 deg. high; leaves very broad and flat, lax; pistillate spikes 3--4, scattered, all but the uppermost prominently peduncled; staminate spike short-peduncled; perigynium larger, inflated, the scale awned and nearly as long.--Cold swamps, New Eng. to N. J. and Penn., and west to Mich.; rather local.

[=][=] _Plant green; perigynium much inflated._

5. C. intumescens, Rudge. Slender, 18--30' high; leaves narrow, pistillate spikes two, loosely 1--8-flowered, the perigynium erect-spreading, not prominently many-nerved.--Wet pastures and swamps; common.

6. C. Grayii, Carey. Larger and stouter; leaves broad and flat, 3--4'' wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, the lowest often peduncled, perfectly globular and compactly 12--30-flowered, the perigynium spreading or deflexed and prominently many-nerved.--Meadows and copses, Vt. to Ill., and south to Ga.; rare eastward.--In var. HISPIDULA, Gray, the perigynium is sparsely hispidulous.

7. C. lupulina, Muhl. Very stout and leafy; leaves rather broad and loose; pistillate spikes 2--6, approximate at the top of the culm, all closely sessile or the lower sometimes short-peduncled, oblong or short-cylindrical, very heavy and densely flowered; staminate spike small and sessile; perigynium large and rather soft, erect or but slightly spreading, giving the spike a hop-like aspect (whence the name). (C. lurida, _Bailey_.)--Swamps and wet pastures; frequent.

Var. pedunculata, Dewey. Spikes more or less scattered, some or all prominently peduncled; staminate spike usually conspicuous, often long-peduncled, very variable in size; perigynium more spreading. (C. gigantea, _Rudge_.)--With the species, but more common.

Var. polystachya, Schwein. & Torr. Stouter, the leaves very broad (often {1/2}'); bracts broad and far exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes 4--6, all long (3--4') and cylindrical, more or less short-peduncled, somewhat scattered, becoming yellow; perigynium very large, ascending. (C. lupuliformis, _Sartw._)--N. Y. and N. J.; not common.

C. LUPULINA x RETRORSA, Dudley. Distinguished from C. lupulina by its straw-colored perigynium, which is less inflated and more spreading, standing at nearly right angles to the axis of the spike; scales acute to short-awned, rough. (C. lurida x retrorsa, _Bailey_).--Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_), and Lansing, Mich. (_Bailey_). Resembles n. 16.

8. C. grandis, Bailey. Distinguished from C. lupulina, var. polystachya, by its much more scattered and mostly shorter slim spikes, which are comparatively loosely flowered; perigynium swollen below but very abruptly contracted into a slender beak 3--4 times as long as the body, spreading at right angles or nearly so, never becoming yellow; scales narrow, smooth. (C. gigantea of previous editions.)--Swamps, Ky., Del., and southward; local.

[*] 1.--[+] 3. _Vesicariae_.

[++] _Spikes very small, globular or short-oblong._

9. C. oligosperma, Michx. Very slender, but stiff, 18--30' high; leaves and bracts very narrow, becoming involute; staminate spike single, peduncled; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sessile or the lowest very short-peduncled, 3--8-flowered; perigynium turgid, short-ovoid, gradually contracted into a very short and minutely toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, nearly twice longer than the blunt scale.--Deep swamps and borders of lakes, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; frequent.

10. C. miliaris, Michx. Culm very slender but erect, 12--18' high, smooth, or slightly rough above on the angles; leaves almost filiform, mostly shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1--2, exceedingly narrow, elevated an inch or two; pistillate spikes 1--3, the upper one sessile and the lowest very short stalked, 9'' long or less, the lower subtended by a short leafy bract; perigynium very small, broad or round-ovate or ovate-oblong, thin but firm, bearing a nerve on each side but otherwise nerveless or very nearly so, rounded into a very short terete entire or somewhat erose beak; scales brown, lance-ovate, white tipped, about as long as the perigynium. (C. rotundata? of last ed.)--Outlet of Moosehead Lake, Maine, and northward.

Var. major, Bailey. Culm much stouter (often over 2 deg. high), thick and very sharply angled; leaves stout and channelled or involute; staminate spikes short-stalked; the pistillate 1--5, darker, mostly longer and larger; scale varying from wholly obtuse to acutish.--Outlet of Moosehead Lake (_Porter_), and northward.

Var. (?) aurea, Bailey. Taller and mostly stouter than the type; pistillate spikes one or two, often staminate at top, yellow or stramineous; perigynium longer, gradually produced into a conspicuous and more or less toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, broader and usually longer than the blunt scale. (C. pulla, and var. miliaris, last ed.)--Outlet of Moosehead Lake (_Smith_), and northward.

[++][++] _Spikes much larger, cylindrical._

[=] _Scales all, or all but the very lowest, smooth._

11. C. utriculata, Boott. Very stout and robust, 3--4 deg. high; leaves broad (4--6'') and flat, very prominently nodulose, particularly below; spikes 3--4, 3--6' long, very thick and dense above but usually more or less attenuate below, erect or nearly so, all but the lowest sessile or very short-stalked; perigynium ovate, only moderately inflated, rather abruptly contracted into a short toothed beak, at maturity usually squarrose, rather prominently few-nerved, the upper longer than the sharp scale, the lower shorter than or only equalling the sharper or awned scale. (C. rostrata, _Bailey_, etc.)--Swamps, everywhere; common. Passes imperceptibly into var. MINOR, Boott, which is distinguished by its much smaller size, spikes 21/2' long or less, smaller perigynium, blunt scales, and narrower and little nodulose leaves. With the type.

12. C. monile, Tuckerm. Rather slender but erect, 2--3 deg. high, the culm sharply angled and usually rough above; pistillate spikes 2--3, the lowest one or two short-stalked, erect or spreading, 1--3' long, narrowly cylindrical; perigynium turgid, prominently beaked, about 10-nerved, ascending, longer than the very sharp scale. (C. Vaseyi, _Dewey_.)--Meadows and swales; common.--In var. MONSTROSA, Bailey, the plant is very slender throughout, and the terminal spike more or less pistillate, while the remaining spikes are reduced to one or two which are very small and loosely flowered and usually on very long filiform peduncles. E. Mass. (_Swan_).

13. C. Tuckermani, Dewey. Differs from the last chiefly in the comparatively shorter (1--2' long) spikes, which are much thicker (usually 1/2' or more); perigynium greatly inflated and very thin and papery, the body broader than long (about 3'' thick); scale thin and narrow, acute, all but the very lowest less than half the length of the perigynium.--Swamps, W. New Eng. to N. J., and west to Minn.; frequent.

14. C. bullata, Schkuhr. (Pl. 6, fig. 15--20.) Slender, 1--2 deg. high; culm very sharply and roughly angled, thin but stiff; leaves narrow, rough-edged, stiff; spikes 1 or 2, remote, short and thick (rarely 11/2' long), sessile or the lower short-peduncled, more or less spreading; perigynium turgid but very firm, dull straw colored and shining as if varnished, prominently few-nerved, the long beak usually minutely roughened; scale membranaceous and blunt, about {1/3} as long as the perigynium.--Swamps from E. Mass, to N. J. and E. Penn., and southward; frequent.

C. BULLATA x UTRICULATA, Bailey. Perigynium considerably smaller and more spreading, less shining; scales longer and sharper. (C. Olneyi, _Boott_.)--Providence, R. I. (_Olney_).

15. C. retrorsa, Schwein. Stout, 2--3 deg. high; culm obtusely angled and smooth or nearly so; leaves broad and soft, roughish, much longer than the culm; spikes 3--5, approximate near the top of the culm or the lowest remote, all but the lowest 1 or 2 sessile, 1--2' long and very compactly flowered, erect or spreading; perigynium very thin and papery, much inflated, prominently nerved, strongly reflexed; scale very short and small.--Swamps, from Penn. northward; common.--In var. HARTH, Gray, a common monstrous form, the spikes are more or less scattered and peduncled, loosely flowered, and the perigynium less reflexed or spreading.

[=][=] _Scales all rough-awned._

16. C. lurida, Wahl. Variable in size, mostly ranging from 11/2--3 deg. high, stout; culm rather obtusely angled and smooth; leaves long and loose, rough; spikes 2--4, variously disposed, the 1 or 2 upper sessile, nearly erect or often drooping, very densely flowered; perigynium thin and turgid, often somewhat shining, rather lightly about 10-nerved, very long and slenderly beaked, ascending; staminate spike single, scales linear, half as long as the perigynium or more. (C. tentaculata, _Muhl._)--Swamps, N. Eng. to S. Ill., and southward; abundant eastward. Very variable.--Var. GRACILIS, Bailey. Plant more slender; spikes 2--3, very small and narrowly cylindrical (1' long or less, and 3'' broad or less). Mts. of Vt., Penn., and Tenn.

Var. flaccida, Bailey. Lower, scarcely exceeding 12--15' in height; spikes 2--4, all sessile and approximate at the top of the culm, small and straight (1' long or less), dull brown or reddish-brown, loosely flowered and entirely lacking the dense and comose appearance of the type; perigynium very thin and much inflated, the body usually larger than in the type and more gradually contracted into the beak.--N. Y. to N. J.; apparently scarce.

C. LURIDA x LUPULINA, Bailey. Very like C. lurida, but the spikes usually all approximate or only the lowest separated, erect or spreading, all sessile, green or greenish, often curved; perigynium very long-beaked and ascending; staminate spike one, sessile or very nearly so, strongly resembling that of C. lupulina. (C. tentaculata, var. altior, _Boott_.)--Mass., Conn., and N. Y.; little known. C. lupulina x retrorsa is distinguished from this by its yellow or straw-colored more scattered spikes which are shorter and always straight, and the loose, larger and more inflated perigynia.

[*] 1.--[+] 4. _Pseudocyperae._

[++] _Spikes all erect or ascending._

17. C. Schweinitzii, Dewey. Soft but erect, 1--2 deg. high, stoloniferous, yellowish-green and becoming straw-colored in drying; culm flattish and smooth; leaves broad (3--4''), the radical longer than the culm, the others mostly short; spikes 3--4, the lower one or two short-peduncled, narrowly long-cylindrical (11/2--3' long, 4'' broad); perigynium thin and somewhat inflated, prominently few-nerved, the long beak short-toothed, ascending; scale awned and commonly rough at the tip, a little shorter than the perigynium.--Swamps, W. New Eng. to N. J., and west to Mich.; local.

[++][++] _Spikes widely spreading or drooping._

18. C. hystricina, Muhl. Slender but erect, 1--2 deg. high; culm very sharply angled and rough, at least above; leaves rather narrow, roughish; spikes 1--3, borne near the top of the culm, the upper one often sessile, the remainder on more or less filiform stalks, short (rarely 11/2' long) and compactly flowered; perigynium greenish, very strongly 15--20-nerved, the very slender beak strongly toothed; scale linear and rough-awned, nearly or quite as long as the perigynium.--Swales, throughout; frequent. Often confounded with n. 16.

Var. Dudleyi, Bailey. Taller; spikes larger and slimmer (11/2--21/2' long), light straw-colored, all secund and widely divaricate or nodding; perigynium stronger toothed; scales usually more prominent.--Swales, Conn. (_Wright_), Ithaca, N. Y. (_Dudley_), Wisc. (_Lapham_).