Part 30

1. O. glomerata, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, branched and spreading annual (2--12' high); leaves ovate to oblong; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx.--Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.

3. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-toothed; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2--4-celled, at length splitting from the base upward into 2--4 closed 1-seeded portions.--Shrubs, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. (Name composed of [Greek: kephale/], _a head_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _a flower_.)

1. C. occidentalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules.--Swamps and along streams, throughout the continent. July, Aug.

4. MITCHELLA, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower.--A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3--6-merous, always dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates _Dr. John Mitchell_, an early correspondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)

1. M. repens, L.--Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, especially Coniferae, throughout our range and southward. June, July.--Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

5. SPERMACOCE, Dill. BUTTON-WEED.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on the inner face.--Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. (Name compounded of [Greek: spe/rma], _seed_, and [Greek: akoke/], _a point_, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous perennial; stems spreading (9--20' long); leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads many-flowered; corolla little exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and style hardly any.--River-banks, S. Ohio to Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.

6. DIODIA, Gronov. BUTTON-WEED.

Calyx-teeth 2--5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Flowers 1--3 in each axil. Otherwise resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from [Greek: di/odos], _a thoroughfare_; the species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. Virginiana, L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1--2 deg. long); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; corolla white (1/2' long), the _slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style 2-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed_, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-teeth.--Low grounds along streams, southern N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.

2. D. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual; stem spreading (3--9' long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; _corolla funnel-form_ (2--3'' long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; _style undivided; fruit_ obovate-turbinate, _not furrowed_, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth.--Sandy soil, N. J. to W. Ill., Fla., and Tex.

7. GALIUM, L. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels.--Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems, and whorled leaves, the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from [Greek: ga/la], _milk_, which some species are used to curdle.)

Sec. 1. _Naturalized species; fruit dry._

G. VERUM, L. (YELLOW BEDSTRAW.) Perennial; stems smooth, erect; leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed; flowers very numerous, paniculate, yellow; fruit usually smooth.--Dry fields, E. Mass. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. MOLLUGO, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse, 2 or 3 deg. long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly linear; flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit smooth.--Roadsides and fields, N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. ANGLICUM, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom 1 deg. high, glabrous; leaves 5--7, oblanceolate to nearly linear (3'' long), their margins and the angles of the stem spinulose-scabrous; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, greenish-white, very small; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate.--Roadsides, Bedford Co., Va. (_Curtiss_). (Nat. from Eu.)

G. TRICORNE, With. Annual, resembling _G. Aparine_, rather stout, with simple branches; leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins and stem retrorsely prickly-hispid; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white; fruits rather large, tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous.--Fields, eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)

Sec. 2. _Indigenous species; fruit dry._

[*] _Annual; leaves about 8 in a whorl; peduncles 1--3-flowered, axillary; fruit bristly with hooked prickles._

1. G. Aparine, L. (CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS.) Stem weak and reclining, bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (1--2' long); flowers white.--Shaded grounds, throughout the continent; probably as an introduced plant eastward.

[*][*] _Perennials; leaves in 4's, comparatively large, and broad (narrower in n. 7 and 8), not cuspidate-pointed, more or less distinctly 3-nerved; fruit uncinate-hispid (except in n. 6 and 7)._

[+] _Peduncles loosely 3--several-flowered; flowers dull purple to yellowish-white._

2. G. pilosum, Ait. _Hairy; leaves oval_, dotted, hairy (1' long), the lateral nerves obscure; _peduncles 2--3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled_.--Dry copses, R. I. and Vt. to Ill., E. Kan., and southward.

Var. puncticulosum, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous; leaves varying to elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate.--Va. to Tex.

3. G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous (1 deg. high); _leaves orbicular_ to oblong-ovate, thin (1/2--1' long), slightly pilose; flowers slenderly pedicellate; _corolla glabrous, yellowish-white_, not turning dark, _its lobes merely acute_. (G. circaezans, var. montanum, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Higher mountains of N. Eng., L. Canada, and far westward. (Asia.)

4. G. circaezans, Michx. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Smooth or downy (1 deg. high); _leaves oval_, varying to ovate-oblong, _mostly obtuse_, ciliate (1--11/2' long); _peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated_ and widely diverging in fruit, _bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels_, reflexed in fruit; lobes of the _greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate_.--Rich woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

5. G. lanceolatum, Torr. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Nearly glabrous; _leaves_ (except the lowest) _lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex_ (2' long); _corolla glabrous, yellowish turning dull purple, lobes more acuminate_; otherwise like the last.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to N. Mich. and Minn.

6. G. latifolium, Michx. Smooth (1--2 deg. high); _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate_, acute (2' long), the midrib and margins rough; cymes panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers on _slender spreading pedicels; fruit smooth_, rather fleshy.--Dry woods, mountains of Penn. to N. C. and Tenn.

7. G. Arkansanum, Gray. Similar but lower; leaves lanceolate to linear (1' long or less), the lateral nerves obscure or none.--S. Mo. and Ark.

[+][+] _Leaves narrow; flowers bright white, numerous in a compact panicle._

8. G. boreale, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Smooth (1--2 deg. high); leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth.--Rocky banks of streams, Maine to Penn., Iowa, Minn., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

[*][*][*] _Leaves in 4's, 5's, or 6's, small, 1-nerved; flowers white; fruit smooth (flowers greenish and fruit hispid in n. 12.)_

[+] _Leaves pointless._

9. G. trifidum, L. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.) Stems weak, ascending (5--20' high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; _leaves in whorls of 4 to 6_, linear or oblanceolate, the margins and midrib rough; _peduncles scattered, 1--7-flowered_; corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3.--Sphagnous bogs and wet ground, throughout the continent. Exceedingly variable.--Var. PUSILLUM, Gray, the smallest form; leaves only in 4's, 3--4'' long, narrow, in age often reflexed; peduncles 1-flowered. In cold bogs, northward.--Var. LATIFOLIUM, Torr., the larger and broadest-leaved form; leaves 6 or 7'' long, often 2'' wide. From Canada, south and west. (Eu., Asia.)

10. G. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Stems low and slender (6--12' high), with minutely roughened angles; _leaves all in 6's, linear, slightly pointed_, veinless, the margins upwardly roughened; _peduncles 2--3 times forked, diffusely panicled_; pedicels short.--Dry hills, Penn. to Va., west to Minn., Iowa, and Ark.

[+][+] _Leaves cuspidately mucronate or acuminate._

11. G. asprellum, Michx. (ROUGH BEDSTRAW.) _Stem_ much branched, _rough backwards with hooked prickles_, leaning on bushes (3--5 deg. high); _leaves in whorls of 6, or 4--5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate_, with almost prickly margins and midrib; peduncles short, 2--3 times forked.--Alluvial ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo.

12. G. triflorum, Michx. (SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW.) Stem (1--3 deg. long) bristly-roughened backward on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, bristle pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1--2' long); peduncles 3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled, greenish; fruit beset with hooked bristles.--Rich woodlands, throughout the continent. Sweet-scented in drying. (Eu.)

Sec. 3. _Perennial; fruit a berry; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved._

13. G. hispidulum, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes nearly smooth, 1--2 deg. high, diffusely branched; leaves oblong or oval, mucronate (3--6'' long), pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate; flowers white; berry purple, glabrate.--Dry or sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., along the coast.

8. SHERARDIA, Dill.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4--5-lobed. Stamens 4--5. Style filiform, 2-cleft, stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.--A slender procumbent herb, with square stems, lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls of 4--6, and small subsessile blue or pinkish flowers surrounded by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for _Dr. William Sherard_, patron of Dillenius.)

S. ARVENSIS, L. The only species; sparingly naturalized from Eu.

ORDER 53. VALERIANACEAE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones; the stamens distinct, 1--3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube._--Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender; stigmas 1--3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen.--Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.)

1. VALERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled up inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit matures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3.--Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dioecious or dimorphous. (A mediaeval Latin name of uncertain origin.)

[*] _Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6--12' long); leaves thickish._

1. V. edulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem straight (1--4 deg. high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into 3--7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted panicle, nearly dioecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2'' long).--Wet plains and prairies, Ohio and Ont. to Iowa, Minn., and westward. June.

[*][*] _Root fibrous; leaves thin. (Stems 1--3 deg. high.)_

2. V. sylvatica, Banks. Smooth or minutely pubescent; _root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire_, rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3--11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-flowered; _corolla inversely conical_ (3'' long, rose-color or white).--Wet ground, Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Mich., westward and northward. June.

3. V. pauciflora, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose; _root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped, toothed_, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3--7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches of the panicled cyme few-flowered; tube of the (pale pink) _corolla long and slender_ (1/2' long).--Woods and alluvial banks, Penn. to S. Ill., Mo., and Tenn. June.

2. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. CORN SALAD. LAMB-LETTUCE.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded.--Annuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers.--Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)

[*] _Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell._

V. OLITORIA, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up.--Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] _Corolla white; no corky mass behind the fertile cell._

[+] _Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular._

1. V. chenopodifolia, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks; glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled; bracts broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous or pubescent, 2'' long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Moist grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky.

[+][+] _Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate._

2. V. radiata, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, _downy-pubescent_ (sometimes glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, _a broad shallow groove between them_. (Fedia radiata, _Michx._)--Low grounds, Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla.

3. V. stenocarpa, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, _commonly glabrous_; oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty ones. (Fedia stenocarpa, _Engelm._)--W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex.

[+][+][+] _Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section roundish._

4. V. Woodsiana, Walp. Fruit 1'' long or more; fertile cell ovate, tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (sometimes an open cavity) in the middle.--Moist grounds, N. Y. and Penn. to Tex.

Var. umbilicata, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication. (Fedia umbilicata, _Sulliv._)--N. Y. to Ohio and southward.

Var. patellaria, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, _Sulliv._)--Same range.

ORDER 54. DIPSACEAE. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

_Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the_ Composite Family; _but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen._--Represented by the following introduced species and by the cultivated Sweet Scabious (_Scabiosa atropurpurea_).

1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender.--Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from [Greek: dipsa/o], _to thirst_, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.)

1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. (WILD TEASEL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point.--Roadsides; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

2. D. FULLONUM, L., the FULLER'S TEASEL, which has a shorter involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

(Addendum) 2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. SCABIOUS.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from _scabies_, the itch, from its use as a remedy.)

S. AUSTRALIS, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 11/2--3 deg. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.--Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

ORDER 55. COMPOSITAE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

_Flowers in a close head_ (the compound flower of the older botanists), _on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious)._--Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a _pappus_) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (_achene_), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen.--An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (_ligulate_) corolla are called _rays_ or _ray-flowers_; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is _radiate_. The tubular flowers compose the _disk_; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be _discoid_. When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be _heterogamous_; when only one sort, _homogamous_. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed _scales_. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the _chaff_; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be _naked_.--The largest order of Phaenogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger.

Systematic Synopsis.

SERIES I. TUBULIFLORAE.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3--4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

Tribe I. VERNONIACEAE. Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.--Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. Elephantopus. Heads 3--5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

2. Vernonia. Heads several--many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pappus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent; the stigmatic lines indistinct.

[*] Pappus a row of hard scales.

3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

[*][*] Pappus of slender bristles.

[+] Achene 5-angled; bristles of the pappus roughish.

4. Mikania. Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining.

5. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or many. Stems not twining.

[+][+] Achene 10-ribbed; involucral scales striate-nerved.

6. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few.

7. Brickellia. Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.

8. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.

9. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or panicled, the involucre little imbricated.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular; or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.--Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.

[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of firm scales with greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the Mississippi.

10. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales. Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow.

11. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray-flowers 5--10; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; leaves very narrow.

12. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2--8 rigid caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.

[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.

[=] Pappus double.

13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.