Part 88

S. INDICUS, R. Br. Culms stout, erect, 2--3 deg. high; leaves elongated, attenuate; panicle very narrow, 6--18' long, the densely crowded spikelets 1/2'' long.--On ballast, and naturalized southward. (From Trop. Am.)

[*][*] _Panicle pyramidal, open; glumes very unequal; grain globose, utricular; perennials._

7. S. junceus, Kunth. _Leaves involute_, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongated; culm (1--2 deg. high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; empty _glumes ovate, rather obtuse_, the lower one half as long as, _the upper equalling, the nearly equal flowering glume and palet_.--Dry soil, Penn. to Wisc. and Minn., and (chiefly) south to Fla. Aug.--Spikelets 1--2'' long, shining.

8. S. heterolepis, Gray. _Leaves involute-thread-form_, rigid, the lowest as long as the culm (1--2 deg.) which is naked above; panicle very loose; empty _glumes very unequal; the lower awl-shaped_ (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and somewhat shorter, _the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal flowering glume and palet_.--Dry soil, Conn. and N. Y. to Minn., Neb., and Mo. Aug.--Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (_Sullivant_), stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle 1'' in diameter, shining, thick and coriaceous!

9. S. cryptandrus, Gray. (Pl. 7, fig. 1--3.) Culm 2--3 deg. high; _leaves flat_, pale (2'' wide); the pyramidal lead-colored _panicle bursting from the upper sheath_ which usually encloses its base, its spreading branches hairy in the axils; spikelets 1'' long; _upper empty glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of the lower one_, as long as the nearly equal flowering glume and palet; sheaths strongly bearded at the throat.--Sandy shores, coast of New Eng. and of the Great Lakes, Minn. to Kan., and westward. Aug., Sept.

10. S. airoides, Torr. Culm tufted, often stout, erect, 1/2--3 deg. high; leaves strongly revolute and attenuate, rather rigid; panicle open and diffuse, broadly pyramidal, glabrous; spikelets solitary on slender pedicels, 1'' long; lower glumes unequal, rather obtuse.--Neb. to Tex., and westward.

S. ASPERIFOLUS, Thurb., a similar but smaller species, with thinner and shorter leaves very rough on the margin, the inflorescence scabrous, and spikelets smaller, with the glumes nearly equal, is very common westward, and probably occurs within our limits--as also S. CONFUSUS, Vasey (S. ramulosus of authors, not _Kunth_), a low slender annual, with very short culms and a delicate diffuse panicle, the very small spikelets (1/2'' long) on filiform-clavate pedicels.

[*][*][*] _Empty glumes almost equal; panicle racemose-elongated, open, the pedicels capillary; sheaths naked at the throat; spikelets not unfrequently two-flowered; perennial._

11. S. compressus, Kunth. Very smooth, _leafy to the top; culms tufted, stout, very flat_; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; _leaves erect_, narrow, conduplicate-channelled; empty glumes acutish, about one third shorter than the obtuse flowering one.--Bogs, on Long Island and in the pine-barrens of N. J. Sept.--Forming strong tussocks, 1--2 deg. high. Panicle 8--12' long; spikelets 1'' long, purplish.

12. S. serotinus, Gray. Smooth; _culms very slender, flattish_ (8--15' high), _few-leaved_; leaves very slender, channelled; _panicle soon much exserted_, the diffuse capillary branches scattered; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the flower.--Sandy wet places, Maine to N. J. and Mich. Sept.--A very delicate grass; the spikelets half a line long.

29. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS. (Pl. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes somewhat equal, or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the flowering one, pointless. Flowering glume and palet very thin, pointless, naked; the first 3--5-nerved, frequently awned on the back; the palet often minute or none. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free.--Culms usually tufted, slender; root commonly perennial. (Name from [Greek: a)gro/s], _a field_, the place of growth.)

Sec. 1. AGROSTIS proper. _Palet manifest, but shorter than the glume._

A. ALBA, L. (FIORIN or WHITE BENT-GRASS.) Rootstocks creeping or stoloniferous; culms 1--2 deg. high, often decumbent at base; leaves short, flat, the ligule long and acute; panicle contracted after flowering, greenish, purplish or brownish, the branches slightly rough; flowering glume nearly equalling the empty ones, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the palet about half as long.--Meadows and fields, a valuable grass; naturalized from Eu. and cultivated, and perhaps native north and westward.

Var. VULGARIS, Thurb. (RED TOP. HERD'S-GRASS of Penn., etc.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle more or less spreading after flowering; ligule short and truncate. (A. vulgaris, _With._)--Low meadows and pastures; nat. from Eu. and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.

1. A. arachnoides, Ell. Culms (1 deg. high) and leaves very slender; panicle open, weak and drooping; glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel and margins, the flowering glume shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the truncate apex and a long exceedingly delicate awn on the back above the middle; palet minute.--Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and S. Car.

2. A. exarata, Trin. Culms erect, 1--2 deg. high; leaves mostly erect; panicle narrow, crowded, greenish, the rays mostly flower-bearing to the base; spikelets 11/2--2'' long; glumes nearly equal, acute, the flowering ones shorter, sometimes awned above the middle.--Wisc. (_Vasey_) to Sask., and far westward.

Sec. 2. TRICHODIUM. _Palet abortive, minute, or none._

3. A. elata, Trin. _Culms firm or stout_ (2--3 deg. high); leaves flat (1--2'' wide); upper ligules elongated (2--3'' long); _spikelets crowded on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle_ (11/2'' long); flowering glume awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal lower ones; the palet wanting.--Swamps, N. J. and southward. Oct.

4. A. perennans, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) _Culms slender_, erect from a decumbent base (1--2 deg. high); leaves flat (the upper 4--6' long, 1--2'' wide); _panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green; the branches short, divided and flower-bearing from or below the middle; flowering glume awnless_ (rarely short-awned), shorter than the unequal lower ones; the palet minute or obsolete.--Damp shaded places. July, Aug.--Spikelets, etc., as in n. 5, into which it seems to vary.

5. A. scabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) (Pl. 7, fig. 3.) _Culms very slender_, erect (1--2 deg. high); leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the upper 1--3' long, less than 1'' wide); _panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary branches flower-bearing at and near the apex; flowering glume awnless or occasionally short-awned_ on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute empty ones; the palet minute or obsolete; root biennial?--Exsiccated places; common. June--Aug.--Remarkable for the long and divergent capillary branches of the extremely loose panicle; these are whorled, rough with very minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1'' long. A dwarf mountain form occurs, growing in tufts in hollows of rocks, etc.--A variety (?) from about the White Mountains, etc. (var. montana, _Tuckerm_.), has a more or less exserted awn.

6. A. canina, L. (BROWN BENT-GRASS.) Culms 8'--2 deg. high; root-leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader; panicle loose; lower glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, the flowering one _exsertly awned on the back_ at or below the middle; spikelets brownish or purplish, rarely pale or greenish (1--11/2'' long).--Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. A mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickeringii & A. concinna, _Tuckerm_., A. canina, var. alpina, _Oakes_, & Ed. 2, and essentially A. rubra, _L_. ex _Wahl_., and A. borealis, _Hartm._) is indigenous on mountain-tops, Maine to N. Y.; also an ampler form in the Alleghanies of Penn. and southward (A. rupestris, _Chapman_, etc.). July--Aug. (Eu.)

30. POLYPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Empty glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous flowering one which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free. (Name composed of [Greek: poly/], _much_, and [Greek: pogo/n], _beard_.)

P. MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. Panicle interrupted; lower glumes oblong, the awn from a notch at the summit, the flowering one also awned; root annual.--Isles of Shoals (_Robbins_), ballast heaps, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. CINNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle. Empty glumes persistent, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate on the keel; the lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the flower, which is manifestly stalked, smooth and naked; flowering glume much like the lower, longer than the palet, usually short awned or mucronate on the back below the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved palet! Grain linear-oblong, free.--A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and upright somewhat reed-like culms (2--7 deg. high), bearing an ample compound terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives; the broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves (4--6'' wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often purplish-tinged. (From [Greek: ki/nna], a name in Dioscorides for a kind of grass.)

1. C. arundinacea, L. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle 6--15' long, rather dense, the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterward erect; spikelets 21/2--3'' long.; awn of the glume either obsolete or manifest.--Moist woods and shaded swamps; rather common. July, Aug.

2. C. pendula, Trin. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly capillary and drooping in flower; pedicels very rough; glumes thinner, the lower less unequal; spikelets 11/2--2'' long; palet obtuse. (C. arundinacea, var. pendula, _Gray_.)--Deep damp woods, N. New Eng. to Lake Superior and northward, and on mountains southward. (Eu.)

32. APERA, Adans.

With the characters of Agrostis; distinguished by the presence of a second rudimentary flower in the form of a short bristle, and by the 2-toothed palet little shorter than the flowering bifid glume, which is dorsally awned.--A rather late annual, with narrow flat leaves, and a contracted or spreading panicle with numerous filiform branches and very numerous small shining spikelets. (Name from [Greek: a)/peros], _unmaimed_; application obscure.)

A. SPICA-VENTI, Beauv. Spikelets 1/2--1'' long.--Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

33. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. REED BENT-G. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, and (in our species) often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abortive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle. Lower glumes mostly membranaceous, keeled or boat-shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which bears at the base copious white bristly hairs; flowering glume thin, bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless; the palet mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain free.--Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of [Greek: ka/lamos], _a reed_, and [Greek: a)gro/stis], _a grass_.)

Sec. 1. DEYEUXIA. _Rudiment of a second flower present in the form of a plumose or hairy small pedicel behind the palet (very rarely more developed and having a glume or even stamens); glumes membranaceous, or the flowering one thin and delicate, the latter 3--5-nerved and awn-bearing._

[*] _Panicle loose and open, even after flowering; the mostly purple-tinged or lead-colored strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit; copious hairs of the rhachis about equalling the flowering glume, not surpassed by those of the rudiment; awn delicate, straight._

1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. (BLUE-JOINT GRASS.) (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culm tall (3--5 deg. high); leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong; _glumes ovate-lanceolate_, acute, 11/4--11/2'' long; _awn_ from near the middle of the upper glume, not exceeding and _scarcely stouter than the basal hairs_. (Deyeuxia Canadensis, _Hook. f._)--Wet grounds; common northward. July.

2. C. Langsdorffii, Trin. Spikelets larger, 21/2--3'' long; _glumes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed_; awn stouter; otherwise like the preceding, (Deyeuxia Langsdorffii, _Kunth._)--Mountains of N. New Eng., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Panicle strict, its short branches appressed or erect after flowering, and the glumes mostly closed; flowering glume less delicate, roughish, sometimes of as firm texture as the lower; awn stouter._

[+] _Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute; awn straight._

3. C. stricta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict, 2--4' long; glumes 11/2--2'' long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the flower, and as long as those of the rudiment; awn from the middle of the thin flowering glume or lower, and barely exceeding it. (Deyeuxia neglecta, _Kunth_?)--Mountains of N. New Eng., Lake Superior, and north and westward. (Eu.)

4. C. Lapponica, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter than in C. stricta; the narrow panicle less dense, and purplish spikelets larger; glumes fully 2'' long, tapering to a point; awn from much below the middle of the glume, stout. (Deyeuxia Lapponica, _Kunth._)--Isle Royale, Lake Superior, to Lab., north and westward. Aug. (Eu.)

[+][+] _Leaves broader, flat; awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry._

5. C. confinis, Nutt. Tall; _panicle_ elongated (4--6'), its rather slender branches _spreading at flowering-time_, afterward appressed; glumes lance-oblong, very acute, 2'' long, pale; _hairs of the flower copious, equal_, slightly or one third shorter than the thin flowering glume and than those of the rudiment; awn borne much below the middle of the glume, somewhat surpassing it; grain glabrous. (Deyeuxia confinis, _Kunth._)--Swamps, N. and W. New York (especially Penn Yan, _Sartwell_) and Penn.; Minn., and westward. July.

6. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (3--5 deg. high); _panicle contracted and spike-like_; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips, 3'' long; _hairs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm and keeled flowering glume_, on the other side longer and equalling the copious tuft on the summit of the rudiment; awn borne half-way between the middle and the tapering tip of the glume, stout, not twisted; grain bearded at the top. (Deyeuxia Nuttalliana, _Vasey._)--Moist grounds, E. New Eng. to Penn., Va., and southward. Aug.

7. C. Porteri, Gray. Culm slender (2--4 deg. high); a woolly-bearded ring at the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath; _panicle long and narrow_, with the branches appressed; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2--21/2'' long; _hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty_, and both reaching about to the middle of the flower behind the palet, but _very short or none at the base of the firm-membranaceous flowering glume_, which bears near its base _a twisted awn_ of its own length. (Deyeuxia Porteri, _Vasey_.)--Dry woods, Pulpit Rocks and vicinity, Huntingdon Co., Penn., _Prof. T. C. Porter_.

8. C. Pickeringii, Gray. Culm 1--11/2 deg. high; _leaves short; panicle pyramidal_, purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed (11/2--2'' long); _hairs both of the flower and of the rudiment very short_ and scanty, one fourth or fifth the length of the flower, none behind the obtuse flowering glume, which bears between its middle and base a short stout (straight or bent, not twisted) awn. (Deyeuxia Pickeringii, _Vasey_.)--White Mts., in the alpine region of Mt. Washington, and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets at Echo Lake, Franconia; Andover, Mass. (_J. Robinson_); Cape Breton.

Sec. 2. CALAMOVILFA. _Rudiment of second flower wanting; glumes and palet rather chartaceous, compressed-keeled; flowering glume 1-nerved, entirely awnless; palet strongly 2-keeled; panicle at length open and loose._

9. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capillary (purplish); empty _glumes orate_, mucronate; the upper slightly, the lower nearly one half shorter than the _flowering glume and palet_, which are _more than twice the length of the hairs and bristly-bearded along the keels_. (Ammophila brevipilis, _Benth._)--Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of N. J.; rare. Sept.--Culm 2--4 deg. high; leaves nearly flat; spikelets 2'' long.

10. C. longifolia, Hook. Culm (1--4 deg. high) stout, from thick running rootstocks; _leaves rigid, elongated, involute_ above and tapering into a long thread-like point; panicle at first close, becoming open and pyramidal, the branches smooth; _glumes lanceolate_, the upper as long as the flower, the lower 1/4 shorter; _the copious hairs more than half the length of the naked flower_. (Ammophila longifolia, _Benth._)--Sands, along the upper Great Lakes, from Ill. and Mich. to Dak., Kan., and westward. Aug.--Spikelets 21/2--3'' long.

34. AMMOPHILA, Host. (Pl. 16.)

Spikelets large, in a contracted spike-like panicle, 1-flowered, with a pedicel-like rudiment of a second flower (plumose above), the flower hairy-tufted at base. Empty glumes scarious-chartaceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled, nearly equal; flowering glume and palet similar, a little shorter, the glume 5-nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip, the palet 2-keeled.--A coarse perennial maritime species, with running rootstocks. (Name from [Greek: a)/mmos], _sand_, and [Greek: phile/o], _to love_.)

1. A. arundinacea, Host. (SEA SAND-REED.) Culm stout and rigid (2--3 deg. high) from firm running rootstocks; leaves long, soon involute; panicle contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5--9' long); spikelets 5--6'' long; hairs only one third of the length of the flower. (Calamagrostis arenaria, _Roth_.)--Sandy beaches, N. J. to Maine and northward, and on the Great Lakes. Aug. (Eu.)

35. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. OAT-GRASS. (Pl. 12.)

Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower; the middle flower perfect, its glume barely bristle-pointed from near the tip; the lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of the back (whence the name, from [Greek: a)/r)r(en], _masculine_, and [Greek: a)the/r], _awn_);--otherwise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification.

A. AVENACEUM, Beauv. Root perennial; culm 2--4 deg. high; leaves broad, flat; panicle elongated; glumes scarious, very unequal.--Meadows and lots; absurdly called _Grass of the Andes_. May--July. (Nat from Eu.)

36. HOLCUS, L. (partly). MEADOW SOFT-GRASS. (Pl. 12.)

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered; the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the remotish flowers. Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous glume awnless and pointless; the upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but bearing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain free. (A name in Pliny for a kind of grass, from [Greek: o(lko/s], _attractive_, of obscure application.)

H. LANATUS, L. (VELVET-GRASS.) Perennial, soft-downy and pale; panicle oblong; upper empty glume mucronate-awned under the apex; awn of the staminate flower curved.--Moist meadows. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

37. AIRA, L. HAIR-GRASS.

Spikelets very small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect contiguous flowers. Glumes thin-membranaceous, the two lower persistent, nearly equal, acute, keeled; the flowering ones obscurely nerved, acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bearing a slender twisted awn below the middle. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain oblong, adnate.--Low annuals, with short setaceous leaves. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)

A. CARYOPHYLLEA, L. Culms 5--10' high, bearing _a very diffuse panicle_ of purplish and at length _silvery scarious spikelets_.--Dry fields, Nantucket; also Newcastle, Del., _W. M. Canby_. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. PRAECOX, L. Culms tufted, 3--4' high; branches of the _small and dense panicle_ appressed; awn from below the middle of the glume.--Sandy fields, N. J. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

38. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. (Pl. 12.)

Spikelets small, panicled, of 2 perfect flowers and the hairy pedicel or rudiment of a third (rarely staminate); rhachis hairy. Empty glumes persistent, membranaceous and shining, carinate, acute, nearly equal; flowering glumes toothed or erose-denticulate at the truncate summit, usually delicately 3--5-nerved, with a slender twisted awn near or below the middle. Grain oblong, free.--Root perennial. (Named for Loiseleur-_Deslongchamps_, a French botanist.)

[*] _Empty glumes somewhat shorter than the flowers._

1. D. flexuosa, Trin. (COMMON HAIR-GRASS.) (Pl. 12, fig. 1--3.) Culms slender, nearly naked (1--3 deg. high) above the small tufts of _involute bristle-form root-leaves_ (1--6' long); branches of the small spreading panicle capillary; _awn longer than the palet, at length bent and twisted_. (Aira flexuosa, _L._)--Dry places; common. June. (Eu.)

2. D. caespitosa, Beauv. Culm tufted (2--4 deg. high); _leaves flat, linear_; panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long); _awn straight, barely equalling the glume_. (Aira caespitosa, _L._)--Shores of lakes and streams; N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., and northward. June, July. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Empty glumes longer than the flowers, 2--21/2'' long._

3. D. atropurpurea, Scheele. Culms 8--15' high, weak; leaves flat, rather wide; panicle of few spreading branches; awn stout, twice longer than the nerveless truncate ciliolate-denticulate glume. (Aira atropurpurea, _Wahl._)--Alpine summits of N. H. and N. Y., to Lab. and northward. Aug. (Eu.)

39. TRISETUM, Persoon. (Pl. 12.)

Spikelets 2--several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle; the flowering glume compressed-keeled, of about the same thin-membranaceous texture as the empty glumes, bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn at or below the sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed apex (whence the name, from _tris_, three, and _seta_, a bristle); otherwise nearly as in Avena. Ours are perennials.

1. T. subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray. (Pl. 12, fig. 1, 2.) _Minutely soft-downy; panicle dense, much contracted_, oblong or linear (2--3' long); glumes about the length of the 2--3 smooth flowers; awn dorsal, diverging, much exserted.--Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New Eng. to L. Superior, and northward. July.--About 1 deg. high; leaves flat, short. (Eu.) (Addendum)--Trisetum subspicatum, var. molle, is reported from Roan Mt., N. C. (_Scribner_), and probably occurs on the higher Alleghanies northward.

2. T. palustre, Torr. _Smooth; panicle_ rather long and narrow (5' long), _loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat_ (3'' long); lower glumes shorter than the two smooth lanceolate flowers; the upper flower on a slightly hairy joint of the rhachis, with a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointed tip, the _lower commonly awnless_ or only mucronate-pointed.--Low grounds, southern N. Y. to Ill., and southward. June.--Culm slender, 2--3 deg. high; leases flat, short; spikelets yellowish-white, tinged with green.

40. AVENA, Tourn. OAT. (Pl. 12.)

Spikelets 2--many-flowered, panicled; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, or becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal empty glumes; the uppermost flower imperfect; rhachis and base of the flower often bearded. Flowering glume rounded on the back, mostly 5--11-nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or between the two acute teeth at the apex, proceeding from the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but invested by the palet. (The classical Latin name.)