Part 51

[*][*] Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled.

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobe.

19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEAE. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper lip narrow, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.

[*] Anther-cells unequal and separated. Capsule many-seeded.

20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated; the lower short, often very small.

21. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated lower one.

[*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule many--several-seeded.

22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.

23. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capsule oblong.

24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back.

25. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular; seeds winged.

26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped; seeds wingless.

[*][*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1--4-seeded.

27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.

1. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded.--Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral; in summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from _Barbascum_.)

V. THAPSUS, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) _Densely woolly throughout; stem tall and stout, simple_, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; _flowers_ (yellow, very rarely white) _in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike_; lower stamens usually beardless.--Fields, a common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. BLATTARIA, L. (MOTH M.) _Green and smoothish, slender_; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping, _raceme loose_; filaments all bearded with violet wool.--Roadsides, throughout our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. LYCHNITIS, L. (WHITE M.) _Clothed with thin powdery woolliness_; stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish above; _flowers_ (yellow, rarely white) _in a pyramidal panicle_; filaments with whitish wool.--Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. LINARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.--Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours), fl. in summer. (Name from _Linum_, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)

[*] _Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme_.

1. L. Canadensis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6--30' high); leaves flat (1--2'' wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform curved spur of the corolla.--Sandy soil, common.

[*][*] _Perennial, erect (1--3 deg. high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme._

L. VULGARIS, Mill. (RAMSTED. BUTTER AND EGGS.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1' long or more, including the slender subulate spur; seeds winged.--Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. GENISTIFOLIA, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves lanceolate, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless.--Sparingly naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] _Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils._

L. ELATINE, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy; leaves hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 3--4'' long, including the subulate spur.--Sandy banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. SPURIA, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.--Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.--Corolla commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from [Greek: a)nti/], _like_, and [Greek: r(i/n], _a snout_.) Fl. summer and autumn.

A. ORONTIUM, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or white corolla.--About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. MAJUS, L. (LARGE SNAPDRAGON.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 11/2--2' long, purple or white.--Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.--Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for _scrofula_.)

1. S. nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3--5 deg. high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.--Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4--many-seeded.--Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late _Zaccheus Collins_, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender (6--20' high), lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; _whorls about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx_.--Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.

2. C. parviflora, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; _whorls 2--6-flowered; flowers short-peduncled_; the small (blue) _corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx_.--Shore of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.

6. CHELONE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.--Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from [Greek: chelo/ne], _a tortoise_, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or even 6--7 deg.) high; _leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate_ (4--5' long, 4--12'' wide), gradually acuminate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole; _bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose._--Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. obliqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1--2 deg. high; _leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong_ (2--5' long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; _bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color_.--S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.--Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from [Greek: pe/nte], _five_, and [Greek: ste/mon], _stamen_; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

[*] _Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves often toothed or denticulate._

[+] _Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9--12'' long, the lower lip usually bearded within._

1. P. pubescens, Solander. _Stem 1--2 deg. high, viscid-pubescent_ (at least the inflorescence); _leaves oblong to lanceolate_ (2--4' long), the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; _thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple_ (or partly whitish), _very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded_.--Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (_Miss Furbish_) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. laevigatus, Solander. _Stem 2--4 deg. high, mostly glabrous_ except the inflorescence; leaves _firmer_, somewhat glossy, the _cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate_ with subcordate clasping base (2--5' long); _thyrse broader; corolla white_ (commonly tinged with purple), _abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above_.--Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is

Var. Digitalis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5 deg. high; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, _Nutt._)--Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.

3. P. gracilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1 deg. high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.--Minn. to Mo., and westward.

[+][+] _Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western._

4. P. Cobaea, Nutt. _Soft-puberulent_, 1 deg. high; _leaves ovate or oblong_, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, _mostly sharply toothed_; thyrse short; _corolla 2' long, broadly ventricose_, dull purple or whitish.--Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflorus, Nutt. _Wholly glabrous_ excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2--3 deg. high; _leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed_, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse; _corolla 9'' long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward_, white or whitish.--Low prairies, Kan. and Ark.

6. P. albidus, Nutt. _Viscid-pubescent_, 6--10' high; _leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow_, entire or sparsely toothed; _clusters_ of the strict thryse few-flowered, _approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla_ 9'' long, _with shorter tube and more dilated throat_.--Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.

[*][*] _Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like._

7. P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Stem 2--4 deg. high; _leaves_ thickish, the upper and floral _rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate_; pedicels short; _corolla 2' long, oblong-campanulate_, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.--Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glaber, Pursh. Stems 1--2 deg. high, _leaves_ mostly _oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate_; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; _corolla 1--11/2' long_, bright blue to violet-purple, _dilated above_; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute.--Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward.

9. P. acuminatus, Dougl. Stems 6--20' high, stout; _leaves_ thick, the lower _obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping_, acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; _corolla 9'' long_, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.--Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MIMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.--Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of _mimus_, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

[*] _Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; corolla violet-purple._

1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1--2 deg. high); _leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping_ by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.--Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July--Sept.--Flower 1--11/2' long, rarely white.

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; _leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole_; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.--Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

[*][*] _Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded._

3. M. Jamesii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and open.--In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward.

M. LUTEUS, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or blotches, often large.--Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)

9. CONOBEA, Aublet.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous.--Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multifida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx.--Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelphia. July--Sept.

10. HERPESTIS, Gaertn. f.

Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed, or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.--Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from [Greek: e(rpeste/s], _a creeping thing_, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

[*] _Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves many-nerved._

1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1--2' long), serrate; pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or purplish.--Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.

2. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; _leaves round-obovate, half-clasping_ (1/2--1' long), entire, basally nerved; _peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx_; upper sepal ovate; corolla white or pale blue.--Margins of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

3. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; _leaves ovate, clasping_, entire, basally nerved; _peduncles shorter than the calyx_; upper sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.--Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and Md. to La.--Aromatic when bruised.

[*][*] _Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost equal._

4. H. Monniera, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile; corolla pale blue.--River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex.

11. LIMOSELLA, L. MUDWORT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing.--Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name from _limus_, mud, and _sella_, seat.)

1. L. aquatica, L., var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form.--Brackish river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.)

12. GRATIOLA, L. HEDGE-HYSSOP.

Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.--Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from _gratia_, grace or favor, on account of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

Sec. 1. _Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse; stems mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth; corollas 4--6'' long; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the calyx._

[*] _Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish._

1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4--6' high); leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, _peduncles almost equalling the leaves_ (1/2--1' long); pod ovoid (2'' long).--Very common.

2. G. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5--10' high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1--2' long), toothed; _peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx_ and the large (3'') globular pod.--N. J. and Md. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] _Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head; leaves short (1/2--1' long)._

3. G. viscosa, Schwein. _Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong_, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; _corolla whitish, yellow within_.--Ky. to N. C. and Ga.

4. G. aurea, Muhl. _Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire_, equalling the peduncles; _corolla golden-yellow_ (1/2' long).--Sandy swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla.

Sec. 2. _Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical; sterile filaments tipped with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more simple stems._

5. G. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (1/2' long); flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, 3--4'' long, scarcely exceeding the calyx.--Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

13. ILYSANTHES, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded.--Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from [Greek: i)ly/s], _mud_, or _mire_, and [Greek: a)/nthos], _flower_.)

1. I. riparia, Raf. (FALSE PIMPERNEL.) Much branched, diffusely spreading (4--8' high), or at first simple and erect, leafy; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3'' long. (I. gratioloides, _Benth._)--Wet places; common.

14. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx.

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the upper lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous; no sterile filaments. Style short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several--many-seeded.--Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of [Greek: mikro/s], _small_, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _flower_.)

1. M. Nuttallii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1--2' high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate.--Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.--Oct.

15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2--4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted; anther-cells not confluent. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the axis.--Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly clasping bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from [Greek: sy/n], _together_, and [Greek: thyri/s], _a little door_; in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped; spike dense (5--12' long); corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer than the calyx, usually 2--3-parted.--Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich. to Minn., south to Ind., Ill., and Iowa.

16. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL.