Part 36

F. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on;--hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent.--Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, dioecious; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit.--Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the _antennae_ of certain insects.)

1. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) Spreading by offsets and runners, low (3--18' high); leaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath; those of the simple and scape-like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical obovate or oval-spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved; heads in a small crowded corymb; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant.--Sterile knolls and banks; common. March--May.

32. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING.

Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thickened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.)

1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem erect (1--2 deg. high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above; involucral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea, _R. Br._)--Dry hills and woods, common northward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.)

33. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles.--Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from [Greek: gna/phalon], _a lock of wool_, in allusion to the floccose down.)

Sec. 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. _Bristles of the pappus distinct._

1. G. polycephalum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Erect, woolly annual (1--3 deg. high), fragrant; _leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base_, with undulate margins, _not decurrent_, smoothish above; _heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches_, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few.--Old fields and woods; common.

2. G. decurrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stout, erect (2 deg. high), annual or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous _heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent_; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish.--Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and northward.

3. G. uliginosum, L. (LOW CUDWEED.) _Diffusely branched_, appressed-woolly annual (3--6' high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not decurrent; _heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters_ subtended by leaves; scales brownish, less imbricated.--Low grounds; common, especially east and northward; perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

4. G. supinum, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted perennial (2' high); leaves linear, woolly; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous; achenes broader and flatter.--Alpine summit of Mount Washington; very rare. (Eu.)

Sec. 2. GAMOCHAETA. _Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together._

5. G. purpureum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Annual, simple or branched from the base, ascending (6--20' high), silvery-canescent with dense white wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above; _heads_ in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple.--Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward.

34. ADENOCAULON, Hook.

Heads 5--10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above; pappus none.--Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from [Greek: a)de/n], _a gland_, and [Greek: kaulo/s], _a stem_).

1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angular-toothed margins; petioles margined.--Moist woods, shore of Lake Superior, and westward. Stem 1--3 deg. high.

35. INULA, L. ELECAMPANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Receptacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4--5-ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles.--Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

I. HELENIUM, L. (ELECAMPANE.) Stout perennial (3--5 deg. high); leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow.--Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug.--Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)

36. POLYMNIA, L. LEAF-CUP.

Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two rows; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenes. Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none.--Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, _Polyhymnia_, for no obvious reason.)

1. P. Canadensis, L. _Clammy-hairy_, 2--5 deg. high; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3--5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small; _rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre_, often minute or abortive, whitish-yellow; achenes 3-costate, not striate.--Moist shaded ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and southward.--Var. RADIATA, Gray; ligules more developed, 3-lobed, 3--6'' long, whitish. Ill. to Kan., and southward.

2. P. Uvedalia, L. _Roughish-hairy, stout_ (4--10 deg. high); leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; _rays 10--15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre_, yellow; achenes strongly striate.--Rich soil, W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward.

37. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers apparently perfect, but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched at the top, without pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin, the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together; those of the disk sterile and stalk-like.--Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled, yellow-flowered heads. ([Greek: Si/lphion], the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnaeus to this American genus.)

[*] _Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick)._

1. S. laciniatum, L. (ROSIN-WEED. COMPASS-PLANT.) _Rough-bristly throughout_, stem stout (3--12 deg. high), leafy; _leaves pinnately parted_, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; _their divisions lanceolate or linear_, acute, _cut-lobed or pinnatifid_, rarely entire; heads few (1--2' broad), sessile or short-peduncled along the naked summit; _scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points_; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6'' long.--Prairies, Mich. to Dak., and southward. July.--Lower and root-leaves vertical, 12--30' long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present their edges north and south; hence called _Compass-Plant_.

2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) _Stem smooth, slender_ (4--10 deg. high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large heads, leafless except toward the base; _leaves ovate_ and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, _serrate-toothed_, thick, rough, especially beneath (1--2 deg. long, on slender petioles); _scales roundish, obtuse_, smooth; achenes narrowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed.--Var. PINNATIFIDUM, Gray, has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form.--Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio and Mich. to Minn., and southward. July--Sept.

[*][*] _Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy; leaves undivided (not large), some opposite._

3. S. trifoliatum, L. _Stem smooth, often glaucous_, rather slender (4--7 deg. high), branched above; stem-_leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire_ or scarcely serrate, rough, _short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4_, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenes rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.--Dry plains and banks, Penn. to Ohio, and southward. Aug.

4. S. Asteriscus, L. _Stem hispid_ (2--4 deg. high); _leaves opposite, or the lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed_, rarely entire, _rough-hairy_, the lower short-petioled; heads nearly solitary (large), squarrose; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually awn-like.--Dry sandy soil, Va. and southward.

5. S. integrifolium, Michx. _Stem smooth or rough_, rather stout (2--4 deg. high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; _leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate_, entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point _from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base_, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3--5' long); heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, deeply notched.--Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

[*][*][*] _Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6--15' long)._

6. S. perfoliatum, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem stout, often branched above (4--8 deg. high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; scales ovate; achenes winged and variously notched.--Rich soil along streams, Mich. to Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.

38. BERLANDIERA, DC.

With the characters of Silphium, but the 5--12 fertile ray-flowers in a single series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner dilated obovate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and without pappus, deciduous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the inner chaff.--Alternate-leaved perennials of the southern and southwestern States; head pedunculate. (Named for _J. L. Berlandier_, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)

1. B. Texana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2--3 deg. high, very leafy; leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile; heads somewhat cymose, 1/2' broad.--S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex.

39. CHRYSOGONUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2--3-toothed, and wanting on the inner side.--A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of [Greek: chryso/s], _golden_, and [Greek: go/ny], _knee_.)

1. C. Virginianum, L. Usually low (2--15' high); leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate base; rays 1/2' long.--Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla. May--Aug.--Var. DENTATUM, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate; involucral scales more acute.--High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.

40. ENGELMANNIA, Torr. & Gray.

Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8--10. Involucre of about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and coriaceous at base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate, concave inner ones with short abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes flat, obovate, wingless, tardily deciduous with the attached scale and chaff; pappus a firm scarious hispid crown, more or less lobed.--A coarse hispid perennial, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately disposed heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the eminent botanist, _Dr. George Engelmann_.)

1. E. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1--2 deg. high; heads 1/2' broad, and rays 1/2' long.--Central Kan. to La., and westward.

41. PARTHENIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; ray-flowers 5, with very short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slender callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales.--Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from [Greek: parthe/nos], _virgin_.)

1. P. integrifolium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1--3 deg. high); leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3--6' long) cut-lobed below the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb.--Dry soil, Md. to Ill., Minn., and southward. June--Aug.

42. IVA, L. MARSH ELDER. HIGHWATER-SHRUB.

Heads several flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1--5) and marginal, with a small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular, pappus none.--Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer and autumn. (Name of unknown derivation.)

Sec. 1. _Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts; fertile flowers with evident corolla._

1. I. frutescens, L. _Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth_ (3--8 deg. high); leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy panicled racemes; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5.--Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Va. and southward.

2. I. ciliata, Willd. _Annual_ (2--6 deg. high), _rough and hairy; leaves_ ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, _downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles_; heads in dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers 3--5.--Moist ground, from Ill. southward.

Sec. 2. CYCLACHAENA. _Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely bracteate; corolla of the 5 fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none._

3. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all opposite, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, crowded, in axillary and terminal panicles.--N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan., and westward.

43. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the fertile 1--3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, of 7--12 scales united into a cup, containing 5--20 funnel-form staminate flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene (usually with 4--8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elongated style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid; pappus none.--Coarse homely weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and autumn; ours annuals, except the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.)

Sec. 1. _Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled._

1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (1--3 deg. high), very leafy; leaves alternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and a central beak.--Prairies of Ill., Mo., and southward.

Sec. 2. _Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular._

[*] _Leaves opposite, only once lobed; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side._

2. A. trifida, L. (GREAT RAGWEED.) Stem stout (3--12 deg. high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval lanceolate and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5--6-ribbed and tubercled.--Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or oval.--Moist river-banks; common.

[*][*] _Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid._

3. A. artemisiaefolia, L. (ROMAN WORMWOOD. HOG-WEED. BITTER-WEED.) Much branched (1--3 deg. high), hairy or roughish-pubescent; _leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid_, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; _fruit_ obovoid or globular, _armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines_.--Waste places everywhere.--Extremely variable, with finely cut leaves, on the flowering branches often undivided; rarely the spikes bear all fertile heads.

4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2--5 deg. high), rough and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; _leaves once pinnatifid, thickish_, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised; _fruit_ obovoid, _without tubercles or with very small ones_, pubescent.--Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward. Perennial, with slender running rootstocks.

44. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute of pappus.--Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer and autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the hair yellow; from [Greek: xantho/s], _yellow_.)

[*] _Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base._

X. SPINOSUM, L. (SPINY CLOTBUR.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath, often 2--3-lobed or cut; fruit ({1/3}' long) pointed with a single short beak.--Waste places on the sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] _Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked._

X. STRUMARIUM, L. Low (1--2 deg. high); fruit 6--8'' long, glabrous or puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit about 1' long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually hooked or incurved.--River-banks and waste places, common.--Var. ECHINATUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6--9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.--Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of [Greek: tetra/gonos], _four-angled_, and [Greek: the/ke], _a case_, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthoides, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1--2 deg. high, simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral scales and rays about 1' long.--Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. ECLIPTA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10--12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, 3--4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown.--An annual rough herb, with slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown. (Name from [Greek: e)klei/po], _to be deficient_, alluding to the absence of pappus.)