Part 85

[++][++] Rhachis bearing a rudimentary second flower or short bristle (except in species of n. 33).

32. Apera. Flowering glume bifid, awned. Panicle very loose and delicate.

33. Calamagrostis. Flowers hairy-tufted at base. Glumes membranaceous. Palet thin.

34. Ammophila. Spikelets large. Flowers hairy tufted at base. Glumes and palet chartaceous.

Tribe VII. AVENEAE. Spikelets 2--several-flowered, panicled, the rhachis or base of the flowers often bearded; upper flower imperfect or rudimentary (except in n. 37). Flowering glume bearing a twisted, bent or straight awn on its back or below the apex.

[*] One of the flowers staminate only.

35. Arrhenatherum. Lower flower staminate, long awned; middle flower perfect, nearly awnless; the upper rudimentary.

36. Holcus. Flowers 2, the lower perfect, awnless, the upper staminate, awned.

[*][*] Flowers all perfect or the uppermost usually rudimentary.

37. Aira. Spikelets very small, in a diffuse panicle. Flowers 2, perfect, awned toward the base.

38. Deschampsia. Spikelets 2-flowered, with a hairy rudiment. Glumes thin-scarious, the flowering one erose-truncate awned near the middle.

39. Trisetum. Spikelets 2--several-flowered. Flowering glume thin, compressed, carinate, 2-toothed, awned above by the excurrent mid nerve.

40. Avena. Spikelets 2--several-flowered. Flowering glume hard and firm, rounded on the back, 5--9 nerved, the mid-nerve long-excurrent at or below the 2-toothed apex.

41. Danthonia. As Avena, but the 3 middle nerves of the flowering glume running into a flattish twisted awn from between the teeth.

Tribe VIII. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets 2--several-flowered with one or more of the upper flowers imperfect (flower 1 and perfect in n. 45) arranged in 2 rows upon the rhachis of a 1-sided spike.

[*] Spikelets with one perfect flower.

42. Cynodon. Spikes 3--5, slender, digitate. Flower and the rudiment awnless.

43. Ctenium. Spike solitary, terminal. Flowers 4--6, the middle one perfect.

44. Gymnopogon. Spikes filiform, racemose. Spikelets remote, of a perfect flower and an awned rudiment.

45. Schedonnardus. Spikes 3--9, slender, scattered, distant. Spikelets small, 1-flowered awnless.

46. Bouteloua. Spikes scattered (rarely 1 and terminal), dense. Glume of perfect flower 3-toothed. Rudimentary flowers 1--3 awned.

[*][*] Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers; awns none.

47. Eleusine. Spikes digitate, dense.

48. Leptochloa. Spikes racemose, slender. Spikelets small, alternate.

[*][*][*] Spikelets dioecious; spikes small, very dissimilar.

49. Buchloe. Pistillate spikes capitate, sessile, the spikelets 1-flowered; staminate spikes (2 or 3) on a peduncle, the spikelets 2--3-flowered.

Tribe IX. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets few--many-flowered, panicled, the uppermost flowers often imperfect or abortive. Glumes pointless or the flowering ones tipped with a straight awn or bristle.

[*] Flowering glume 1--3 nerved, 2--3-toothed. Rhachis short-bearded or glabrous.

50. Triodia. Rhachis of the spikelet bearded. Nerves of the flowering glume 3, villous, at least the middle one more or less excurrent.

51. Diplachne. Rhachis glabrous. Glume 1--3-nerved, with 2 small teeth, and a short awn in the cleft.

[*][*] Glume 3-nerved, entire or 2-toothed and mucronate between the teeth. Rhachis and flowers long-villous. Tall reeds with ample panicles.

52. Phragmites. Spikelets 3--7-flowered, lowest flower naked, staminate or neutral. Glume entire.

53. Arundo. As n. 52, but flowers all perfect. Glume bifid.

[*][*][*] Glume 3-nerved, the nerves (at least the mid-nerve) excurrent; spikelets few, in the axils of floral leaves.

54. Munroa. Low or prostrate much-branched annual.

[*][*][*][*] Glume 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, obtuse or acute, awnless; rhachis and flower naked.

55. Koeleria. Panicle contracted. Spikelets 2--4-flowered. Glumes compressed-keeled, acute or mucronate.

56. Eatonia. Panicle slender, more or less dense. Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes very dissimilar, usually obtuse, the upper empty one enclosing the flowers.

57. Eragrostis. Spikelets flattened, 2--many-flowered. Glumes acute or acutish. Palet persistent.

[*][*][*][*][*] Glume 3--5-nerved, obtuse or abrupt-cuspidate; spikelet 3--5-flowered; upper sterile flowers convolute around each other.

58. Melica. Glumes 5-nerved or more, scarious, obtuse. Panicle simple or nearly so.

59. Diarrhena. Glumes 3-nerved, coriaceous, the flowering one abruptly cuspidate. Panicle loosely few-flowered.

[*][*][*][*][*][*] Flowering glume 5-nerved or more (sometimes obscurely so). Only the terminal flower abortive, or none.

[+] Glumes more or less strongly compressed and carinate (ventricose in n. 63).

60. Uniola. Spikelets broad, flat and 2-edged, in usually loose panicles. Glumes coriaceous, acute, the 3--6 lower ones empty.

61. Distichlis. Dioecious. Spikelets large, flattened, in a close panicle. Empty glumes 2, acute.

62. Dactylis. Panicle contracted in 1-sided clusters. Glumes herbaceous, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel.

63. Briza. Spikelets heart-shaped, in lax panicles. Glumes roundish, ventricose, scarious-margined.

64. Poa. Spikelets small, flattened, ovate to lance-ovate, in a loose panicle. Flowering glumes membranous and scarious-margined, pointless, usually webby or pubescent toward the base.

65. Graphephorum. Spikelets compressed, in a loose panicle, the hairy jointed rhachis produced into a hairy pedicel. Glumes thin-membranous, faintly nerved, entire.

[+][+] Glumes convex on the back, not carinate (or somewhat so in n. 70).

66. Scolochloa. Spikelets subterete, in a lax panicle, the rhachis villous at the base of the flowers, ending in a naked pedicel. Glumes coriaceous, prominently 7-nerved, toothed at the apex. In water.

67. Glyceria. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glumes scarious at the usually blunt summit, prominently 5--7-nerved.

68. Puccinellia. Mainly as Glyceria, but the glumes obsoletely 5-nerved.

69. Festuca. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glume acute, pointed or awned at the tip, few-nerved. Styles terminal.

70. Bromus. Glume rounded or keeled on the back, mostly awned below the 2-cleft tip, 5--9-nerved. Styles scarcely terminal.

Tribe X. HORDEAE. Spikelets 1--several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed channelled rhachis, forming a spike. Empty glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. Uppermost flower imperfect or abortive.

[*] Spikelets single at each joint of the solitary spike.

71. Lolium. Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the spike, with one empty glume.

72. Agropyrum. Spikelets 3--several-flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis. Empty glumes 2, right and left.

73. Lepturus. Spikelets small, 1--2-flowered; empty glumes 1 or 2. Spike very slender.

[*][*] Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the solitary spike; the empty glumes side by side in front of the spikelets (none or rudimentary in n. 76.)

74. Hordeum. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, the lateral ones usually sterile.

75. Elymus. Spikelets 1--several-flowered, all perfect and similar.

76. Asprella. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1--3 at each joint. Glumes none or small and deciduous.

Tribe XI. BAMBUSEAE. Tall woody reeds, the flat leaves with a short petiole jointed upon the sheath. Spikelets few--many-flowered, flattened, in panicles or racemes.

77. Arundinaria. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, many-nerved, acuminate or bristle-pointed; empty glumes very small.

1. SPARTINA, Schreber. CORD or MARSH GRASS. (Pl. 9.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, very much flattened laterally, jointed and sessile in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes 3, unequal, lanceolate, strongly compressed-keeled, acute or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel; palet thin, equalling or longer than the flowering glume. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united.--Perennials, with simple and rigid often reed-like culms, from extensively creeping scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long tough leaves (whence the name, from [Greek: sparti/ne], _a cord_, such as was made from the bark of the _Spartium_ or Broom).

[*] _Spikelets compactly imbricated, very rough-hispid on the keels; spikes (2--4' long) more or less peduncled; culm and elongated leaves rigid._

1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (FRESH-WATER CORD-GRASS.) _Culm rather slender_ (2--6 deg. high); _leaves narrow_ (2--4 deg. long, 1/2' wide below or less), tapering to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth except the margins; _spikes_ 5--20, scattered, spreading; rhachis rough on the margins; _glumes awn-pointed_, especially the middle one (its awn about 1/4' long), strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel, _the lower equalling the upper_, whose strong midrib abruptly terminates below the membranous apex.--Banks of rivers and lakes, or in rich soil, especially northward. Aug.

2. S. polystachya, Willd. (SALT REED-GRASS.) _Culm tall and stout_ (4--9 deg. high, often 1' in diameter near the base); _leaves broad (1/2--1'), roughish underneath_, as well as the margins; _spikes 20--50, forming a dense oblong raceme_ (purplish); _glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the flowering one_, of which the rough-hispid midrib reaches to the apex.--Salt or brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward.

3. S. juncea, Willd. (RUSH SALT-GRASS.) _Culms low_ (1--2 deg. high) _and slender; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth; spikes_ 1--5, on very short peduncles, the rhachis smooth; _glumes acute_, the lower scarcely half the length of the middle one, not half the length of the upper.--Salt marshes and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels only slightly hairy or roughish under a lens; spikes sessile and erect, soft; leaves, rhachis, etc., very smooth; culm rather succulent._

4. S. stricta, Roth. (SALT MARSH-GRASS.) (Pl. 9, fig. 1--3.) Culm 1--4 deg. high, leafy to the top; leaves soon convolute, narrow; spikes few (2--4), the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets; glumes acute, very unequal, the larger 1-nerved, a little longer than the flower.--Salt marshes, Penn., etc.--Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.)

Var. glabra, Gray. Culm and leaves longer; spikes 5--12 (2--3' long); Spikelets imbricate-crowded.--Common on the coast.

Var. alterniflora, Gray. Spikes more slender (3--5' long), and the spikelets remotish, barely overlapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage; larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved; otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes.--Common with the last; also Onondaga Lake, _J. A. Paine_.

2. BECKMANNIA, Host. (Pl. 16.)

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1--2-flowered (only one fertile), obovate and laterally compressed, imbricated in 2 rows upon one side of the angled rhachis of a spike. Glumes 3 or 4, the 2 lower strongly concave and carinate, obtuse or acutish, the 1 or 2 flowering glumes narrower, lanceolate, acute or acuminate and a little exserted, becoming rather rigid and with the thin palet enclosing the oblong grain.--A stout erect subaquatic perennial, with the short spikes erect and simply spicate or in a strict narrow panicle. (Named for _John Beckmann_, professor of botany at Goettingen.)

1. B. erucaeformis, Host, var. uniflora, Scribn. Glumes 3 and spikelets 1-flowered; spikes (6'' long or less) panicled.--N. W. Iowa, W. Minn., and westward. The Old World form, which also is found in the far northwest, has 2-flowered spikelets.

3. PASPALUM, L. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, in 2--4 rows on one side of a flattened or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed upon very short pedicels, plano-convex, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes 3 (rarely only 2), the terminal one flowering. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. Spikes one or more, at or toward the summit of an elongated peduncle. ([Greek: Paspa/los], a Greek name for Millet.)

[*] _Spikes with a (1'') broad and thin membranaceous or foliaceous and keeled rhachis, the incurved margins partly enclosing the small two-rowed spikelets. (Smooth, aquatic, or nearly so, decumbent or floating.)_

1. P. fluitans, Kunth. Annual; _leaves lanceolate, flat_ (3--8''), broad; _spikes numerous in a raceme_, the rhachis somewhat projecting beyond the minute and slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the back.--River-swamps, Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. Sept., Oct.

2. P. Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial; _leaves linear, short; spikes_ 3--7, the lowest partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rhachis blunt; spikelets glabrous.--Low or wet grounds, N. J. (Cape May, _Nuttall_), Del., and southward.

[*][*] _Spikes with a narrow wingless rhachis; perennials, or mostly so._

[+] _Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular; spikes one terminal and often 1--5 lateral._

3. P. setaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1--2 deg. long), slender; leaves (2'' wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs; _spikes very slender_ (2--4' long), smooth, _mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included_; _spikelets_ (1/2'' wide) _narrowly 2-rowed_.--Sandy fields; common from E. Mass. to Ill., and southward. Aug.

4. P. laeve, Michx. (Pl. 13, fig. 1--3.) Bright green, sparingly villous, rather stout; stems somewhat decumbent; leaves and spikes widely spreading; spikes (2--4) approximate, 2--4' long, smooth or nearly so; spikelets about 1'' wide, 2-rowed.--Moist soil, S. New Eng. to Ky., and southward.

5. P. Floridanum, Michx. Stout, erect, 3--6 deg. high, glaucous; sheaths and leaves more or less villous, the latter and the spikes erect or ascending; spikes (2--5) broader, 2--5' long, the smooth spikelets nearly 2'' broad, in 2 rows.--Moist soil; Del. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.

[+][+] _Spikelets acute; spikes several, racemose._

6. P. dilatatum, Poir. Stout, erect, 2--5 deg. high, villous at the top of the sheath; spikes few on a naked peduncle, erect, 2--3' long; spikelets 1'' long or more, the lower glume soft-villous on the margin.--Va. to Tex.

[+][+][+] _Spikelets acute; spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle._

7. P. distichum, L. (JOINT-GRASS.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous; culms ascending (about 1 deg. high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-lanceolate (2--3' long); peduncle usually short; _spikes short_ and closely-flowered (9''--2' long), often slightly separated; rhachis flat on the back; _spikelets ovate, slightly pointed_ (barely 11/2'' long), _approximate on one side of the rhachis_.--Wet fields, Va. and southward. July--Sept.

8. P. Elliottii, Watson. Culms ascending (1--21/2 deg. high) from a creeping base; leaves lanceolate (3--6' long, 4--6'' wide); _spikes slender_, rather sparsely flowered (1--4' long), _both sessile_ upon the long slender peduncle; _spikelets ovate-lanceolate_ (2'' long), _on nearly opposite sides of the rhachis_. (Milium paspalodes, _Ell._ P. Digitaria, _Chapm._; not _Poir._)--Va. and southward.

4. ERIOCHLOA, HBK. (Pl. 16.)

Spikelets ovate, subsessile or shortly pedicelled upon one side of the rhachis of a spike, with a callus at base and jointed on the pedicel, 1-flowered. Glumes 3, the 2 empty ones slightly unequal, membranaceous, acute, the flowering one shorter, indurated, obtuse, enclosing the free grain.--Coarse tufted grasses, with flat leaves, the spikes more or less scattered along a common peduncle, and the pedicels and rhachis of the spike usually pubescent or hairy (hence the name, from [Greek: e)/rion], _wool_, and [Greek: chlo/a], _grass_).

1. E. polystachya, HBK. Culms erect or decumbent, 2 deg. high; spikes 6--12, erect or ascending, 1--2' long, forming a compound spike 3--6' long; spikelets glabrous, very shortly pedicelled, oblong-lanceolate, nearly 2'' long.--S. Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

5. PANICUM, L. PANIC-GRASS. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, ovate, panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, with one perfect and sometimes a second lower rudimentary or staminate flower. Glumes 4, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely even wanting), and the third empty or sterile, membranaceo-herbaceous. Upper flower perfect, closed, coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless (except in Sec. 3), enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Setaria Italica), of uncertain origin and meaning.)

Sec. 1. DIGITARIA. _Spikelets crowded 2--3 together in simple and mostly 1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless, 1-flowered; lower glume minute or obsolete or wanting; annual, often purplish._

[*] _Spikes erect; the rhachis filiform and nearly terete._

1. P. filiforme, L. Culms very slender (1--2 deg. high), upright; lower sheaths hairy; spikes 2--8, alternate, approximate, filiform; spikelets oblong, acute (1/2'' long); lower glume almost wanting.--Dry sandy soil, Mass. to N. J. along the coast, to Iowa, Neb., and southward. Aug.

[*][*] _Spikes spreading; the rhachis flat and thin._

P. GLABRUM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect (5--12' long), glabrous; _spikes 2--6, widely diverging_, nearly digitate; spikelets ovoid (about 1'' long); _upper empty glume equalling the flower, the lower almost wanting_.--Cultivated grounds and waste places; common, especially southward; sometimes appearing indigenous. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

P. SANGUINALE, L. (COMMON CRAB- or FINGER-GRASS.) (Pl. 13, fig. 1--3.) Culms erect or spreading (1--2 deg. high); leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy; _spikes 4--15, spreading_, digitate; spikelets oblong (11/2'' long); _second glume half the length of the flower, the lower one small_.--Cultivated and waste grounds. Aug.--Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

Sec. 2. PANICUM proper. _Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless._

[*] _Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal; the numerous and usually pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting n. 3 and 4._

[+] _Sterile flower none; lower glume short; spikelets 1/2--11/2'' long; annuals except_ n. 4; _leaves flat; sheaths flattened._

[++] _Glabrous and smooth throughout; spikelets appressed, short-pedicelled._

2. P. proliferum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent, branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base; sheaths flattened; ligule ciliate; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender primary branches at length spreading; spikelets pale green, rarely purplish; lower glume broad, {1/3} to 1/4 the length of the upper, which is little longer than the flowering one.--Marshy river-banks and shores, especially if brackish, but also in the interior, from Mass. to Iowa, and southward. Aug.

[++][++] _Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower; spikelets mostly scattered on slender pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle; culms mostly branched from the base, erect or ascending (10--20' high)._

3. P. capillare, L. (OLD-WITCH GRASS.) (Pl. 13, fig. 4, 5.) All the sheaths and usually the leaves _copiously hairy or hispid_; panicle mostly very compound, the branches divaricate when old; spikelets from ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed; _lower glume half the length of the upper empty one_, which is longer than the _elliptical obtuse perfect flower_.--Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. Aug.--Oct.--Varies extremely in size and appearance, the culms erect and simple, or decumbent, geniculate and branched; in depauperate forms the spikelets only 3/4'', in the larger forms 11/2'' in length.

4. P. autumnale, Bosc. Root perennial (?), lower sheaths and margins of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, _otherwise glabrous_, except some _bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle_, its much elongated divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with solitary _spindle_-shaped spikelets; _lower glume minute; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong and pointed_, nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish empty glumes.--Sand-hills, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

[+][+] _Sterile flower rudimentary (staminate in n. 7), its glume fully twice the length of the lower glume; spikelets small (1 or 11/2'' long); root perennial._

5. P. anceps, Michx. _Culms flat, upright_ (2--4 deg. high); leaves rather broadly linear (1--2 deg. long, 4--5'' wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyramidal; _spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed_, a little curved; _second glume 5--7-nerved_; neutral flower one third longer than the perfect one.--Wet sandy soil, N. J. and Penn. to S. Ill., and southward. Aug.--Spikelets larger and branches of the panicle longer and narrower than in the next.

6. P. agrostoides, Muhl. _Culms flattened, upright_ (2--4 deg. high); leaves long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyramidal (4--8' long); _spikelets_ racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spreading branches, _ovate-oblong, acute_ (purplish); _second glume 5-nerved_, longer than the neutral flower; perfect flower shorter, bearded at the apex.--Wet meadows and shores, E. Mass. to Minn., Neb., and common southward. Aug.

7. P. Curtisii, Chapm. Culms stout, 3--4 deg. high, often rooting below; mostly glabrous; panicle slender, simple, spike-like (6--8' long), the spikes appressed; spikelets lanceolate, acute; lower glume half the length of the 5-nerved second one.--Ponds, Del. to Fl. and Tex.

[+][+][+] _Sterile flower staminate; lower glume more than half the length of the next; spikelets large (2--21/2'' long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, etc.; perennials, glabrous, with tall or stout and rigid upright culms._

8. P. virgatum, L. (Pl. 13, fig. 8, 9.) Tall (3--5 deg. high); _leaves very long, flat_; ligule silky-bearded; _branches of the compound loose and large panicle_ (9'--2 deg. long) _at length spreading or drooping_; spikelets scattered, usually purplish.--Moist sandy soil; common. Aug.

9. P. amarum, Ell. Culms (11/2 deg. high or more) sheathed to the top; _leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle_, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed; spikelets pale.--Sandy shores, Conn., Va., and southward. Aug., Sept.--The northern form (var. MINUS, Vasey & Scribn.) somewhat smaller than the southern.

[*][*] _Panicle short or small, loosely spreading or diffuse; perennials._

[+] _Sterile flower none; spikelets warty roughened._

10. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading, very slender (1--2 deg. long), naked above; leaves linear-lanceolate (2--3'' wide), shining; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered; spikelets dark green, oval, acute, 3/4'' long; lower glume 1/4 as long as the faintly nerved second.--Sandy swamps, N. Eng. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

[+][+] _Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in n. 12 and sometimes in n. 11 staminate, the palet scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous._

[++] _Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9--15 principal nerves (obscure or none in n. 17)._

[=] _Spikelets 1--11/2'' long._